Short Index Of Self-Actualization Research Articles

The Content of Priority Values Among Military and Civil Retirees with Different Levels of Self-actualization

Introduction. This paper deals with the issues of personal values in relation to the late periods of personal ontogenesis. Self-actualization is a criterion for retirees’ adaptive readiness for new conditions of life related to changes in social status. The characteristics of retirees’ self-actualization should be considered in the context of the subjective approach. An empirical analysis of the value and meaning characteristics in military retirees tests the hypothesis of their dependence on the level of retirees’ self-actualization.
 Methods. This study employed the Schwartz Value Survey and the Short Index of Self-actualization. The sample comprised 130 individual participants. The design of this study involved the experimental (n = 65 military retirees) and the control (n = 65 civil retirees) groups.
 Results and Discussion. The author compared the characteristics of value and meaning sphere in military and civil retirees. Conformity, traditions, and security are value priorities of military retirees. A significant differentiation of individual value choices was observed in the group of civil retirees. The control and experimental subjects demonstrated statistically significant differences in the following value choices: power, achievement, stimulation, universalism, benevolence, traditions, and conformity.
 Independence is a value priority for both military and civil retirees with a high level of self-actualization. Power and stimulation are value priorities for retirees with a low level of self-actualization.

On the relationship between multiple intelligences and self-actualization among Iranian EFL learners

The present study aimed at taking steps to draw language instructors to new educational approaches in foreign language learning context in which the learners’ potentials concerning target language skills are realized at their maximum rate. To that end, the researchers opted to investigate the correlation between multiple intelligences theory and self-actualization to find out if any of the intelligence types as well as total multiple intelligence scores are significantly related to learners’ self-actualization. To collect the data, 278 junior students majoring in English language teaching and English literature at B.A. level were randomly selected from several universities of Razavi Khorasan province, Iran to answer the questionnaires. After the two completed questionnaires of multiple intelligences and short index of self-actualization were collected, the data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software. The results revealed that among nine multiple intelligence types; naturalist, linguistic, logical-mathematical, intrapersonal, and existential intelligences are significantly related to self-actualization. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that there is a statistically significant relationship between total multiple intelligence scores and self-actualization. Finally, multiple regression analysis was run to find out the intelligence type that makes the most contribution to the prediction of self-actualization. The results showed that intrapersonal intelligence is the best predictor of self-actualization which uniquely explained 6.8 percent of the variance in self-actualization score.

Self-Actualization and the Tragedy of Beauty

A tragedy of beauty has occurred in Western culture and perhaps worldwide: The importance of beauty for a flourishing and self-actualizing life is largely going unnoticed by both the general public and by psychologists. Philosophers, sacred scriptures, and a range of empirical findings point to the centrality of engaging with beauty for a meaningful life and suggest engagement with beauty as a means of pursuing self-actualization. However, not only American culture but humanistic psychologists have severely undervalued the fulfillment of aesthetic needs and a life engaged by beauty. We examined the relationship between the Engagement with Beauty Scale and the Short Index of Self-Actualization ( N = 252). Very small, nonsignificant correlations were found between the Short Index of Self-Actualization and engagement with natural beauty, engagement with artistic beauty, and engagement with moral beauty. This indicates that persons high in self-actualization have no more interest in beauty than those low in self-actualization; this implies that those in our sample do not take the importance of beauty into account as they make choices to grow as a person. We conclude that American culture has been infected by a tragedy of beauty, which is a serious impediment toward fully self-actualizing, and to moving toward self-transcendence.

The short index of self-actualization: a factor analysis study in an Italian sample

The concept of self-actualization has been the subject of much theoretical speculation over the years. The essential meaning entails the discovery of the real self and its expression and development. As for the instruments available to measure the construct, there are currently several scales considered to be suitable to this end. However, many of these have been considered too long or presented problems with inadequate validation. This is the reason why a short index of self-actualization has been developed (Jones & Crandall, 1986). This index, best known as the Short Index of Self-Actualization or the Self-Actualization Scale (SAS), is now a widely used short form to measure self-actualization. The present study provides a psychometric analysis of the SAS, in order to highlight its strengths and weaknesses and to offer a starting point to a further and broaden investigation.

Humanistic experience and psychodynamic understanding: empirical associations among facets of self-actualization and psychological mindedness

The aim of this study was to investigate empirical connections between humanistic psychology and psychoanalysis by exploring a single measurable construct from each discipline. Specifically, we examined the relationship between self-actualization (SA) and psychological mindedness (PM). A cross-sectional design was selected to explore interrelations among study variables at a single timepoint. The participants were 204 students enrolled at midsize Eastern (Fordham) and Western (Boise State) US universities. Participant volunteers filled out the following measures: the Psychological Mindedness Scale (PM Scale), the Balanced Index of Psychological Mindedness (BPIM), the Brief Index of Self-Actualization – Revised (BISA-R), and the Short Index of Self-Actualization (SISA) along with a demographic form. SA and PM were not affected by demographic variables of age, gender, or ethnicity/race but were strongly and positively associated with one another. This study establishes empirical connections between humanistic psychology and psychoanalysis at the construct level. These connections have disciplinary and interdisciplinary implications.

Stillness and motion: An empirical investigation of mindfulness and self-actualization

The primary aim of this study was to promote an empirically-based dialogue between Western psychology and Buddhism. To this end, we explored one type of Western psychology (Humanistic Psychology, based on Rogers and Maslow) and one type of Buddhist tradition (a Westernized interpretation of Theravada). Even more specifically, we explored the empirical relationship between mindfulness and self-actualization (SA), exemplars of each discipline. A cross-sectional design was employed to assess correlations among study variables. Participants were 204 students attending midsize Eastern (Fordham) or Western (Boise State) US universities. Participants completed general measures of mindfulness (Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)) and SA (Short Index of Self-Actualization (SISA)). They also filled out multifaceted measures of each construct: the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS) and the Brief Index of Self-Actualization – Revised (BISA-R). A demographic form was also administered. While mindfulness and SA were not associated with the demographic variables of age, gender, or ethnicity/race, they were associated with one another in various ways. The findings indicate similarities and differences between the two constructs. This study provides evidence for empirical links between mindfulness and SA, suggesting points of contact between Buddhist and humanistic psychologies more generally. Specifically, these findings provide an empirical starting point for increased cross-fertilization between these two traditions.

Natural stress relief meditation as a tool for reducing anxiety and increasing self-actualization

Natural Stress Relief (NSR) Meditation, a mental technique practiced for 15 minutes twice a day, reduces stress and anxiety by inducing a physiological state of deep rest. Regular practice of this technique appears to reduce trait anxiety and to develop qualities associated with self-actualization, such as inner peace, satisfaction, and creativity. This article reports new research that documents this effect using psychometric measures. A group of 31 practitioners showed, after four weeks of regular practice, a significant reduction of trait anxiety as measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983) (effect size d = .69, calculated following Cohen), and a significant increase of self-actualization as measured by the Jones and Crandall (1986) Short Index of Self-Actualization (SISA; effect size d = .47).

Age-Segregated and Gated Retirement Communities in the Third Age: The Differential Contribution of Place — Community to Self-Actualization

The author focuses on the role of place-based community both in in-situ aging and in age-segregated (often gated and walled) retirement villages within cities as a potential contributor towards self-actualization. Elderly individuals in a case study in Calgary, Alberta, were measured on the short index of self actualization and a series of multivariate ‘structures’ of place — community associated with behavioral, cognitive, and affective features of community derived from a principal components analysis of community indicator variables. Self-actualization tendencies were not found to differ by residential context. Multiple regression models showed a similar overall contribution of all community structures to self-actualization in the different residential contexts, but different sets of community structures were identified as unique and significant predictors of self-actualization in the two residential settings. This differential impact may signal that a variety of forms and structures of person–environment congruence amongst the elderly yield similar psychological outcomes.

Criterion Validity of a New Measure of Self-Actualization

Many authors have questioned the validity of the major existing measures of self-actualization (the Personal Orientation Inventory, the Personal Orientation Dimensions, and the Short Index of Self-actualization), given their serious theoretical and methodological limitations. A new inventory was developed, the Measure of Actualization of Potential, and various studies were conducted to assess its theoretical and empirical content as well as its construct validity, internal consistency, and temporal reliability. The present aim was to estimate the criterion validity of the new measure using humanistic clinical psychologists' assessments as the criterion. The results show that eight clinical psychologists' rankings of 73 individuals are positively and highly correlated with the scores obtained by the same individuals on the Measure of Actualization of Potential.

Measures of mental health and a five factor theory of personality.

Principal components analyses were calculated with intercorrelations of scores on scales measuring mental health and the five-factor model of personality on a sample of 296 university students. Mental health was measured with Affect Balance scale, Happiness Measure, Satisfaction with Life scale, Life Orientation test, Short Index of Self-actualization, Social Interest scale, and the Self-control Schedule, along with subscales from Scales of Psychological Well-being, Openness to Experience scale, and the Perceived Self Questionnaire. The five-factor model was measured with the Interpersonal Adjective Scale Revised-B5. Separate analyses for both the traditional five-factor model and the expanded interpersonal circumplex model of personality gave six-factor solutions. Scores on scales measuring subjective well-being, openness, and social interest loaded on the same factors as Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, and Agreeableness, respectively. Scales that measured autonomy and self-actualization formed a factor that was separate from the five-factor model.

The examinations of a measurement of self-actualization to use it as outcome evaluation for social welfare services of the elderly : A cross-validity and a criterion-related validity of a Short Index of Self-Actualization (SSA)

The examinations of a measurement of self-actualization to use it as outcome evaluation for social welfare services of the elderly : A cross-validity and a criterion-related validity of a Short Index of Self-Actualization (SSA)

Humanistic Constructs and Counseling Homeless Men

The present humanistic model for counseling homeless men assumed that counseling goals evolve from each client's internal frame of reference and may include a positive adaptation to his homeless experience. The model encompasses Rogers' necessary components of psychotherapy, Sullivan's interpersonal theory of psychiatry, Adler's use of wellness and encouragement, and Privette's peak-performance contribution. Factor analysis of history of homelessness, background data, ratings of subjective health and of happiness, and scores on Jones and Crandall's Short Index of Self-actualization yielded nine factors relevant to counseling. Empirical support was reported for placing a counseling services program in a multiservice facility for homeless persons.

The Short Index of Self-Actualization and death anxiety.

(1993). The Short Index of Self-Actualization and Death Anxiety. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 127, No. 3, pp. 359-360.

The Short Index of Self-Actualization and Purpose in Life

Jones and Crandall's recently developed Short Index of Self-actualization was statistically significantly correlated .49 ( n = 46) with a measure of purpose in life, thereby providing further construct validation for the former measure.

Intrinsicness, Self-Actualization, and the Ideological Surround

Previous data have suggested that observation of positive relationships between self-actualization and intrinsic religiosity may be made difficult by an antireligious, humanistic element within self-actualization scales. In the present project, the Allport and Ross (1967) Intrinsic Religious Orientation Scale was found to correlate positively with the Short Index of Self-Actualization (SISA), an instrument derived from the humanistically informed Personal Orientation Inventory. Evaluation of each SISA item in terms of personal religious commitments revealed none of the statements to be antireligious, with the vast majority instead being proreligious. Intrinsic Scale relationships with other measures of self-adjustment were roughly explicable in terms of their degree of congruence with religious articulations of self-functioning. These data confirmed that no fundamental incompatibility exists between religiosity and self-actualization and that a direct relationship between the two can occur when no antireligious elements are present in the measure of self-functioning.

Factors Affecting Censorship by Canadian Librarians

ABSTRACT This study investigated the risk propensity and self-actualization of public librarians with regard to censorship behavior. A sample of 169 librarians from the province of Ontario responded to a 124-item mail questionnaire that incorporated a number of previously validated instruments, including the Adorno F Scale (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswick, Levinson, & Sanford, 1950), the Short Index of Self-Actualization (Jones & Crandall, 1986), and the Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire (Kogan & Wallach, 1964). Analyses indicated that the librarians were generally liberal in attitude but conservative in behavior with respect to censorship and book selection. Moreover, they appear to have been averse to taking risks and not selfactualized. These results are discussed in terms of cognitive dissonance theory and risk propensity theory.

Factorial Validity of Jones and Crandall's Short Index of Self-Actualization

Jones and Crandall (1986) have reported initial psychometric data on the Short Index of Self-actualization. Included in their study was a principal components analysis. The authors reported that the instrument was characterized by four factors and a fifth uninterpretable factor. The present authors submitted the Jones-Crandall model to a confirmatory factor analysis using the confirmatory factor analytic model. The results showed substantial agreement with the Jones-Crandall model—a five-factor model with the fifth considered uninterpretable. The main difference in the findings was in the factor correlations. Jones and Crandall used an orthogonal rotation whereas the present study determined that an oblique solution is more in harmony with the data.