Short-distance Expansion Research Articles

Strange-quark mass effects in the Bs meson’s light-cone distribution amplitude

We investigate the differences between the light-cone distribution amplitudes (LCDAs) of Bs mesons and Bq mesons (with q = u, d) induced by a non-vanishing strange-quark mass ms ≠ 0 (compared to mq ≃ 0). To this end, we consider the so-called “radiative tail” which is related to the short-distance expansion of the relevant light-ray operators in heavy-quark effective theory. We extend the calculation of the according matching coefficients, including operators linear in ms for both the leading and sub-leading 2-particle LCDAs. Based on a generic parameterization for the leading LCDA, we discuss the effect on its shape on a quantitative level, and compare our findings with recent results on the inverse moments of the Bq and Bs LCDAs from QCD sum rules.

Nonlocal gluon condensates in QCD sum rules

Nonlocal gluon condensates are vacuum expectations of the product of gluon field strength tensors. Short-distance expansions of two-, three-, and four-gluon condensates are presented up to dimension-8 local operators. We propose a method for calculating the Wilson coefficients based on the presented expansions and the Feynman diagram technique in the background field approach. The method is demonstrated using the glueball current correlators as examples. Methodological aspects of the background field approach are discussed in relation to glueball studies within QCD sum rules. We confirm the results for Operator Product Expansion (OPE) of the two-gluon $0^{\pm +}$ glueball current correlators and calculate additional contributions coming from dimension-6 four-quark condensate and dimension-8 mixed quark-gluon condensates. The OPEs used in QCD sum rules for three-gluon $0^{\pm +}$ glueballs are revisited up to dimension-6 order.

Analytical evaluation of AdS4 Witten diagrams as flat space multi-loop Feynman integrals

We describe a systematic approach for the evaluation of Witten diagrams for multi-loop scattering amplitudes of a conformally coupled scalar ϕ4-theory in Euclidean AdS4, by recasting the Witten diagrams as flat space Feynman integrals. We derive closed form expressions for the anomalous dimensions for all double-trace operators up to the second order in the coupling constant. We explain the relation between the flat space unitarity methods and the discontinuities of the short distance expansion on the boundary of Witten diagrams.

Spacetime curvature from ultrarapid measurements of quantum fields

We write the curvature of spacetime in terms of the excitation probability of particle detectors ultra-rapidly coupled to a quantum field. More precisely, we provide an expansion for the excitation probability of a smeared UDW detector delta-coupled to a real scalar quantum field in a curved background. Using a short distance expansion for the Wightman function, we express the excitation probability of a detector as the transition probability in Minkowski spacetime plus correction terms written as a function of the curvature tensors and the detector size. Comparing the excitation probability in curved spacetimes with its flat analog, we are able to express the components of the Ricci and Riemann curvature tensors as a function of physically measurable excitation probabilities of different shaped detectors.

Operator product expansion of the non-local gluon condensate

We consider the short-distance expansion of the product of two gluon field strength tensors connected by a straight-line-ordered Wilson line. The vacuum expectation value of this nonlocal operator is a common object in studies of the QCD vacuum structure, whereas its nucleon expectation value is known as the gluon quasi-parton distribution and is receiving a lot of attention as a tool to extract gluon distribution functions from lattice calculations. Extending our previous study [1], we calculate the three-loop coefficient functions of the scalar operators in the operator product expansion up to dimension four. As a by-product, the three-loop anomalous dimension of the nonlocal two-gluon operator is obtained as well.

Static force potential of a non-Abelian gauge theory in a finite box in Coulomb gauge

Force potential exerting between two classical static sources of pure non-abelian gauge theory in the Coulomb gauge is reconsidered at a periodic/twisted box of size $L^3$. Its perturbative behavior is examined by the short-distance expansion as well as by the derivative expansion. The latter expansion to one-loop order confirms the well-known change in the effective coupling constant at the Coulomb part as well as the Uehling potential while the former is given by the convolution of two Coulomb Green functions being non-singular at $\bm{x}=\bm{y}$. The effect of the twist comes in through its Green function of the sector.

Short-distance HLbL contributions to the muon anomalous magnetic moment beyond perturbation theory

The hadronic light-by-light contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment depends on an integration over three off-shell momenta squared ( {Q}_i^2 ) of the correlator of four electromagnetic currents and the fourth leg at zero momentum. We derive the short-distance expansion of this correlator in the limit where all three {Q}_i^2 are large and in the Euclidean domain in QCD. This is done via a systematic operator product expansion (OPE) in a background field which we construct. The leading order term in the expansion is the massless quark loop. We also compute the non-perturbative part of the next-to-leading contribution, which is suppressed by quark masses, and the chiral limit part of the next-to-next-to leading contributions to the OPE. We build a renormalisation program for the OPE. The numerical role of the higher-order contributions is estimated and found to be small.

Short-Distance Symmetry of Pair Correlations in Two-Dimensional Jellium

We consider the two-dimensional one-component plasma (jellium) of mobile pointlike particles with the same charge $e$, interacting pairwisely by the logarithmic Coulomb potential and immersed in a fixed neutralizing background charge density. Particles are in thermal equilibrium at the inverse temperature $\beta$, the only relevant dimensionless parameter is the coupling constant $\Gamma\equiv\beta e^2$. In the bulk fluid regime and for any value of the coupling constant $\Gamma=2\times{\rm integer}$, \v{S}amaj and Percus [J. Stat. Phys. {\bf 80}, 811--824 (1995)] have derived an infinite sequence of sum rules for the coefficients of the short-distance expansion of particle pair correlation function. In the context of the equivalent fractional quantum Hall effect, by using specific methods of quantum geometry Haldane [PRL {\bf 107}, 116801 (2011) and arXiv:1112.0990v2] derived a self-dual relation for the Landau-level guiding-center structure factor. In this paper, we establish the relation between the guiding-center structure factor and the pair correlation function of jellium particles. It is shown that the self-dual formula, which provides an exact relation between the pair correlation function and its Fourier component, comes directly from the short-distance symmetry of the bulk jellium. The short-distant symmetry of pair correlations is extended to the semi-infinite geometry of a rectilinear plain hard wall with a fixed surface charge density, constraining particles to a half-space. The symmetry is derived for the original jellium model as well as its simplified version with no background charge (charged wall surface with ``counter-ions only''). The obtained results are checked at the exactly solvable free-fermion coupling $\Gamma=2$.

The Optical Path of Ancient Photons and the Supernova Project

Here we present evidence that the analysis of the Supernova Project failed to consider the simplest model which is capable of predicting all type 1a Supernovae (SN1a) distances from their redshifts z. This model is based upon the Hypergeometrical Universe Theory (HU), where the Universe is a hyperspherical hypersurface under lightspeed radial expansion. This permits simple short-distance compliance with the Hubble Law. The mapping of the Hubble Law with the hyperspherical short-distance expansion provides a Current 4D radius of 13.58 Billion Light Years if we consider H0=72 km/s/Mpc. Notice that the Universe under the Hypergeometrical Universe Theory is an embedded hypersurface within a 4D Spatial Manifold, with a lightspeed expanding radius. Because of that it is possible to speak of Current (in absolute time) Universe. Einstein’s ideas about Time and Relativity are refuted by HU and astronomical observations. Redshifting is shown to have a geometrical nature.

Conical twist fields and null polygonal Wilson loops

Using an extension of the concept of twist field in QFT to space–time (external) symmetries, we study conical twist fields in two-dimensional integrable QFT. These create conical singularities of arbitrary excess angle. We show that, upon appropriate identification between the excess angle and the number of sheets, they have the same conformal dimension as branch-point twist fields commonly used to represent partition functions on Riemann surfaces, and that both fields have closely related form factors. However, we show that conical twist fields are truly different from branch-point twist fields. They generate different operator product expansions (short distance expansions) and form factor expansions (large distance expansions). In fact, we verify in free field theories, by re-summing form factors, that the conical twist fields operator product expansions are correctly reproduced. We propose that conical twist fields are the correct fields in order to understand null polygonal Wilson loops/gluon scattering amplitudes of planar maximally supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory.

Products of composite operators in the exact renormalization group formalism

We discuss a general method of constructing the products of composite operators using the exact renormalization group formalism. Considering mainly the Wilson action at a generic fixed point of the renormalization group, we give an argument for the validity of short distance expansions of operator products. We show how to compute the expansion coefficients by solving differential equations, and test our method with some simple examples.

BPHZ renormalization in configuration space for the [formula omitted]-model

Recent developments for BPHZ renormalization performed in configuration space are reviewed and applied to the model of a scalar quantum field with quartic self-interaction. An extension of the results regarding the short-distance expansion and the Zimmermann identity is shown for a normal product, which is quadratic in the field operator. The realization of the equation of motion is computed for the interacting field and the relation to parametric differential equations is indicated.

Universal Tan relations for quantum gases in one dimension

We investigate universal properties of one-dimensional multi-component systems comprised of fermions, bosons, or an arbitrary mixture, with contact interactions and subjected to an external potential. The masses and the coupling strengths between different types of particles are allowed to be different and we also take into account the presence of an arbitrary magnetic field. We show that the momentum distribution of these systems exhibits a universal $n_\sigma(k) \sim C_\sigma/k^4$ decay with $C_\sigma$ the contact of species $\sigma$ which can be computed from the derivatives of an appropriate thermodynamic potential with respect to the scattering lengths. In the case of integrable fermionic systems we argue that at fixed density and repulsive interactions the total contact reaches its maximum in the balanced system and monotonically decreases to zero as we increase the magnetic field. The converse effect is present in integrable bosonic systems: the contact is largest in the fully polarized state and reaches its minimum when all states are equally populated. We obtain short distance expansions for the Green's function and pair distribution function and show that the coefficients of these expansions can be expressed in terms of the density, kinetic energy and contact. In addition we derive universal thermodynamic identities relating the total energy of the system, pressure, trapping energy and contact. Our results are valid at zero and finite temperature, for homogeneous or trapped systems and for few-body or many-body states.

Deep Inelastic Scattering on Ultracold Gases

We discuss Bragg scattering on both Bose and Fermi gases with strong short-range interactions in the deep inelastic regime of large wave vector transfer $q$, where the dynamic structure factor is dominated by a resonance near the free-particle energy $\hbar\omega=\varepsilon_{\bf q}=\hbar^2q^2/2m$. Using a systematic short-distance expansion, the structure factor at high momentum is shown to exhibit a nontrivial dependence on frequency characterized by two separate scaling regimes. First, for frequencies that differ from the single-particle energy by terms of order ${\cal O}(q)$ (i.e., small deviations compared to the single-particle energy), the dynamic structure factor is described by the impulse approximation of Hohenberg and Platzman. Second, deviations of order ${\cal O}(q^2)$ (i.e., of the same order or larger than the single-particle energy) are described by the operator product expansion, with a universal crossover connecting both regimes. The scaling is consistent with a number of sum rules in the large momentum limit. Furthermore, we derive an exact expression for the shift and width of the single-particle peak at large momentum due to interactions, thus extending a result by Beliaev [JETP 7, 299 (1958)] for the low-density Bose gas to arbitrary values of the scattering length $a$. The shift exhibits a maximum around $qa \simeq 1$, which is connected with a maximum in the static structure factor due to strong short-range correlations. For Bose gases with moderate interaction strengths, the theoretically predicted shift is consistent with the value observed by Papp et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 135301 (2008)]. Finally, we develop a diagrammatic theory for the dynamic structure factor which accounts for the correlations beyond Bogoliubov theory and which covers the full range of momenta and frequencies, showing the correct asymptotic scaling at large momentum.

The three-dimensional O(n) ϕ 4 model on a strip with free boundary conditions: Exact results for a nontrivial dimensional crossover in the limit n→∞

We briefly review recent results of exact calculations of critical Casimir forces of the O(n) ϕ4 model as n→∞ on a three-dimensional strip bounded by two planar free surfaces at a distance L. This model has long-range order below the critical temperature Tc of the bulk phase transition only in the limit L→∞ but remains disordered for all T > 0 for an arbitrary finite strip width L /< 0, and the low-temperature asymptotic behavior of the residual free energy and the Casimir force) by a combination of boundary-operator and short-distance expansions, proper extensions of the inverse scattering theory, new trace formulas, and semiclassical expansions.

Трехмерная $O(n)$-$\phi^4$-модель в плоско-параллельном слое со свободными граничными условиями: точные результаты для нетривиального размерного кроссовера в пределе $n\to\infty$

Дан краткий обзор недавних результатов точных расчетов критических сил Казимира в $O(n)$-$\phi^4$-модели при $n\to\infty$ для трехмерного слоя ширины $L$, ограниченного двумя параллельными плоскостями со свободными граничными условиями. В этой модели дальний порядок имеет место при температурах ниже критической точки $T_{\mathrm c}$ объемного фазового перехода только в пределе $L\to\infty$, однако дальний порядок в модели отсутствует при всех температурах $T&gt;0$ при произвольной конечной ширине слоя $L&lt;\infty$. Последовательное описание скейлингового поведения системы вблизи $T_{\mathrm c}$ оказывается весьма сложной задачей, так как наряду с объемным и поверхностным скейлингом, а также конечно-размерным скейлингом необходимо учитывать нетривиальный размерный кроссовер. Модель допускает точное решение в пределе $n\to\infty$ в терминах собственных значений и собственных функций самосогласованного уравнения Шредингера. Это решение содержит потенциал $v(z)$, который имеет при $z\to +0$ сингулярное поведение $v(z)\approx-1/(4z^2)+4m/(\pi^2z)$ в приграничном слое, где $m=1/\xi_+(|t|)$ - обратная корреляционная длина в объемной системе, $t\sim(T-T_{\mathrm c})/T_{\mathrm c}$, и аналогичная сингулярность имеет место вблизи второй граничной плоскости. В недавней работе нами совместно с соавторами численными методами с высокой точностью были вычислены потенциал $v(z)$, избыточная свободная энергия и сила Казимира. Дано объяснение того, как эти численные результаты могут быть дополнены точными аналитическими результатами для целого ряда величин (коэффициенты разложения потенциала $v(z)$, данные рассеяния для потенциала $v(z)$ в полубесконечной геометрии $L=\infty$ при всех значениях $m\gtreqless 0$, низкотемпературная асимптотика избыточной свободной энергии и силы Казимира). Эти аналитические результаты были получены сочетанием таких методов, как операторные разложения, обобщенная теория обратной задачи рассеяния, новая формула следов и квазиклассические (ВКБ) разложения.

Critical behavior in the presence of an order-parameter pinning field

Can one investigate more efficiently quantum critical behavior by employing a local order-parameter pinning field, which explicitly breaks the symmetry of the model under investigation? To answer this question, the authors consider the two-dimensional square-lattice bilayer quantum Heisenberg model using a world-line quantum Monte Carlo method. The pinning-field approach is found to accurately locate the quantum critical point over a wide range of pinning-field strengths. However, the identification of the quantum critical scaling behavior is found to be complicated by the fact that the pinning field introduces strong corrections to scaling. A renormalization group analysis exhibits important analogies to surface critical phenomena, and a crossover effect to an infinite pinning-field fixed point, which the authors study in detail by simulations of an improved classical lattice model in the three-dimensional Ising universality class. At the infinite pinning-field fixed point, the short-distance expansion of the order-parameter profile exhibits a new universal critical exponent, which characterizes the experimentally relevant critical adsorption on a line defect. This result also implies the presence of slowly decaying scaling corrections, which are analyzed here in detail.

Exact Casimir interaction of perfectly conducting three-spheres in four euclidean dimensions

Exploiting conformal symmetry, we derive a simple exact formula for the classical electromagnetic Casimir interaction of two perfectly conducting three-spheres, including the sphere-plate geometry as a special case, in four Euclidean dimensions. We verify that the short distance expansion of the Casimir energy agrees to leading order with the proximity force approximation (PFA), while the next-to-leading order is in agreement with a recently proposed derivative expansion of the Casimir energy. At the next-to-next-to-leading order we find a nonanalytic correction to PFA, which for a sphere-plate system is of the order of $(d/R{)}^{3/2}\mathrm{log}(d/R)$, where $d$ is the separation and $R$ the sphere radius.

Critical Casimir effect in the Ising strips with standard normal and ordinary boundary conditions and the grain boundary

We consider critical Casimir force in the Ising strips with boundary conditions defined by standard normal and ordinary surface universality classes containing also the internal grain boundary. Using exact variational approach of Mikheev and Fisher we have elaborated on behaviors of Casimir amplitudes Δ++(g), ΔOO(g) and Δ+O(g), corresponding to normal–normal, ordinary–ordinary and mixed normal–ordinary boundary conditions, respectively, with g as a strength of the grain boundary. Closed analytic results describe Casimir amplitudes Δ++(g) and ΔOO(g) as continuous functions of the grain boundary’s strength g, changing the character of the Casimir force from repulsive to attractive and vice versa for certain domains of g. Present results reveal a new type of symmetry between Casimir amplitudes Δ++(g) and ΔOO(g). Unexpectedly simple constant result for the Casimir amplitude Δ+O(g)=π12 we have comprehensively interpreted in terms of equilibrium states of the present Ising strip as a complex interacting system comprising two sub-systems. Short-distance expansions of energy density profiles in the vicinity of the grain boundary reveal new distant-wall correction amplitudes that we examined in detail. Analogy of present considerations with earlier more usual short-distance expansions near one of the (N), (O) and (SB) boundaries, as well as close to surfaces with variable boundary conditions refers to the set of scaling dimensions appearing in the present calculations but also to the discovery of the de Gennes–Fisher distant wall correction amplitudes.

Spectral density constraints in quantum field theory

Determining the structure of spectral densities is important for understanding the behaviour of any quantum field theory (QFT). However, the exact calculation of these quantities often requires a full non-perturbative description of the theory, which for physically realistic theories such as quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is currently unknown. Nevertheless, it is possible to infer indirect information about these quantities. In this paper we demonstrate an approach for constraining the form of spectral densities associated with QFT propagators, which involves matching the short distance expansion of the spectral representation with the operator product expansion (OPE) of the propagators. As an application of this procedure we analyse the scalar propagator in $\phi^4$-theory and the quark propagator in QCD, and show that constraints are obtained on the spectral densities and the OPE condensates. In particular, it is demonstrated that the perturbative and non-perturbative contributions to the quark condensate in QCD can be decomposed, and that the non-perturbative contributions are related to the structure of the continuum component of the scalar spectral density.