Shorter Breastfeeding Duration Research Articles

The Breastfeeding Experiences of Mother-Infant Dyads and the Effects of an FMR1 Mutation.

This study examined the early breastfeeding experiences of mothers with an FMR1 premutation (FXPM) and their infants with and without fragile X syndrome (FXS) to identify early feeding needs and potential opportunities for intervention. Data collection occurred through a retrospective national survey that captured data on breastfeeding experiences and co-occurring conditions of mother and child. Participants were 246 mothers with an FXPM. Of their 384 infants, 287 had FXS and 97 were unaffected (i.e., they did not have FXS or an FXPM). Unaffected infants had a longer breastfeeding duration relative to infants with FXS, and infants of mothers who had postpartum depression (PPD). Additionally, infants who were reported to display aggressiveness towards others later in childhood had a shorter breastfeeding duration than those who did not go on to display aggression. Approximately 42% percent of mothers reported difficulties with breastfeeding infants with FXS compared to only 17% of unaffected infants. The most common reason for breastfeeding cessation for mothers of children with FXS was perceived difficulties in breastfeeding for the child (37%), whereas the most common reason for mothers of unaffected infants was a personal choice to stop (37%). This study provides preliminary evidence that infants with FXS show early phenotypes that make breastfeeding more difficult. Future research should investigate whether interventions for infants with FXS could improve breastfeeding outcomes.

Perinatal Depression and Breastfeeding Outcomes: A Systematic Review from South Asian Countries

Background: Breastfeeding is very beneficial to both mothers and infants. However, perinatal depression, encompassing both antenatal and postnatal depression, can significantly impact breastfeeding. Prior research suggests a link between postpartum depression and breastfeeding difficulties. This systematic review focuses on the duration of breastfeeding, the duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), initiation, as well as the early cessation of breastfeeding among mothers in South Asian countries with unique sociocultural practices and mental health experiences. Methodology: The searched databases were PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, ProQuest PsycINFO, EBSCOhost CINAHL, and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (gray literature) for relevant records till February 2024. Studies conducted in South Asian countries with cross-sectional, cohort, or case–control designs were included, and all interventional studies, qualitative studies, case reports, and case series were excluded. The review examined breastfeeding duration among mothers with perinatal depression. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies, extracted data, and used the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for quality assessment. Results: This systematic review identified 109 records, of which 14 were eligible. Ten studies were cross-sectional and 4 were cohort studies. It involved 11,944 perinatal women, with sample sizes ranging from 100 to 8189 participants. Conclusion: Perinatal depression was associated with shorter breastfeeding duration, especially EBF and early cessation of all breastfeeding. However, any association between perinatal depression and the initiation of breastfeeding was unclear. Overall, supporting mothers suffering from perinatal depression is crucial for successful breastfeeding practice. Certain limitations of the review were data heterogeneity, risk of recall bias in breastfeeding practices, and different data collection time points. Future research could study the various sociocultural and economic factors and biological mechanisms in breastfeeding and maternal depression.

Determinants of suboptimal birth spacing among reproductive-age women in Adama district, Ethiopia: a community-based unmatched case-control study

BackgroundBirth spacing is crucial for ensuring the health of mothers and their children, as well as determining population growth. Short birth intervals represent a universal public health problem associated with adverse maternal, fetal, neonatal, and child outcomes. However, there is limited information in the study area regarding the determinants of suboptimal birth spacing. Thus, this study aimed to identify the determinants of suboptimal spacing among women of reproductive age in the Adama district, Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based unmatched case-control study was conducted among 568 randomly selected reproductive-age women using the multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered, structured questionnaire. The collected data were entered into Epi Info version 7.2 and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to model the association between suboptimal birth spacing and independent variables. Adjusted odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the strength of the association. A p-value < 0.05 was considered to declare statistical significance.ResultEducational status (no formal education) (AOR = 2.40; 95% CI: 1.23–1.75), inadequate knowledge of optimal birth space (AOR = 2.60; 95% CI; 1.80–3.90), non-use of modern contraceptives (AOR = 3.00; CI: 1.90–4.20), short breastfeeding duration (AOR = 2.30; 95% CI: 1.50–3.40), and having female index child (AOR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.13–2.50) were independent determinants of suboptimal birth spacing practice.ConclusionEncouraging women’s education, contraceptive use, and breastfeeding is crucial for birth spacing. Community health initiatives should also focus on preventing sex-based birth intervals.

Assessment of Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) in Children with Complicated and Uncomplicated Community Acquired Pneumonia

Abstract Background Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of hospitalization and death throughout the world. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily, which can trigger the apoptosis pathways and is implicated in several biological processes of pulmonary diseases. Aim To assess the correlation between serum TRAIL level in complicated and uncomplicated CAP children and their prognosis and to determine the risk factors of complications in children hospitalized with CAP in Pediatric Department Children's Hospital Ain Shams University. Methods we measured serum levels of TRAIL using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in 30 patients with complicated CAP their age ranged from 1 year to 9 years with a median (IQR) of 4 (3 – 5) years and compared them to 30 patients with uncomplicated CAP their age ranged from 4 months to14 years with a median (IQR) of 2.5 (1 – 10) years and compared both groups to 20 age-and sex matched healthy children with a median age 3.5 years (range 5 months – 14 years). All included patients were subjected to the following 1. Detailed medical history with special emphasis on history of second hand smoking (passive exposure to cigarette smoke), duration of breast feeding, duration of symptoms before hospitalization, the duration of ward admission, need of PICU admission, interventions needed in management, need for surgical intervention and outcome.2. Thorough clinical examination laying stress on: Local chest examination. 3. Laboratory Investigations: CBC with differential, CRP and microbiological cultures. 4. Radiological investigations to confirm the diagnosis and determine the presence of complications or not: Chest X Ray, CT Chest (in complicated CAP patients) and Chest ultrasound. Results Serum TRAIL level was significantly higher in CAP patients than healthy controls with median (IOR)= 469.95 (323.9 - 743) ng/l and 41.44 (30.98 -51.16) ng/l respectively. Serum TRAIL level was significantly higher in complicated CAP patients than in uncomplicated CAP patients with median (IOR)= 743 (602–981.9) ng/l and 323.9 (236.3–422.6) ng/l respectively. second hand smoking (passive exposure to cigarette smoke) was significantly higher in complicated CAP patients than in uncomplicated CAP and healthy controls (P = 0.023). Shorter duration of breast feeding was significantly higher in complicated CAP patients than in uncomplicated CAP and healthy controls (P = 0.001). complicated and uncomplicated CAP patients were generally under-weight with median (IQR) Z score for weight 0 (-1 – 0) in complicated CAP and -1 (-2 – 0) for uncomplicated CAP. The duration of symptoms before hospitalization was significantly longer in complicated CAP patients than uncomplicated CAP patients with median (IOR)= 10 (7-15) days and 4 (2-7) days respectively. The duration of hospital admission was significantly longer in complicated CAP patients than uncomplicated CAP patients with median (IOR)= 21.5 (16-30) days and 7 (5-9) days respectively. the outcome of all patients was improvement with no mortality. Conclusion Serum TRAIL is statistically significant higher in complicated CAP patients compared to uncomplicated CAP patients; hence it can be regarded as biomarker for severity and complications among CAP children.

Effect of intimate partner violence on breast feeding practices: A systematic review

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the correlation between breastfeeding practices and intimate partner violence (IPV). Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed in Google Scholar, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and PubMed, focusing on articles published in English from 2000 to 2023. The review included original cohort and cross-sectional studies that assessed the impact of IPV (sexual, emotional, and/or physical) on breastfeeding practices. The quality of the included articles was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results: The review incorporated 22 original articles (16 cohort and 6 cross-sectional) from various countries. Different forms of IPV, including physical, emotional, and sexual violence, were examined. Out of these studies, 19 reported a negative impact of IPV on breastfeeding practices, including delayed breastfeeding initiation, early cessation, lower intention to exclusively breastfeed, and shorter breastfeeding duration among mothers who experienced IPV. The quality assessment revealed that only two of the six cross-sectional studies were of fair quality, while the rest were good to fair. For cohort studies, only five were satisfactory, with overall quality ranging from fair to poor. Most studies indicated that IPV, at any stage and in any form, was associated with unfavorable breastfeeding outcomes. This was particularly evident in low- and middle-income countries such as Kenya, Zimbabwe,Nepal, India, Nigeria, and Bangladesh. Determinants like maternal education, age, delivery mode, and employment also influenced breastfeeding initiation. Conclusion: The review concluded that IPV exposure is significantly related to poor breastfeeding practices. It highlighted the need for individual study meta-analyses to quantify the correlation between IPV and breastfeeding practices. Additionally, it called for more high-quality longitudinal studies that control for potential confounders to better understand this relationship. Keywords: Breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, domesticviolence, intimate partner violence, spousal abuse

Negative association between higher maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and breastfeeding outcomes is not mediated by DNA methylation

The benefits of breastfeeding for the health and wellbeing of both infants and mothers are well documented, yet global breastfeeding rates are low. One factor associated with low breast feeding is maternal body mass index (BMI), which is used as a measure of obesity. The negative relationship between maternal obesity and breastfeeding is likely caused by a variety of social, psychological, and physiological factors. Maternal obesity may also have a direct biological association with breastfeeding through changes in maternal DNA methylation. Here, we investigate this potential biological association using data from a UK-based cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We find that pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is associated with lower initiation to breastfeed and shorter breastfeeding duration. We conduct epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of pre-pregnancy BMI and breastfeeding outcomes, and run candidate-gene analysis of methylation sites associated with BMI identified via previous meta-EWAS. We find that DNA methylation at cg11453712, annotated to PHTP1, is associated with pre-pregnancy BMI. From our results, neither this association nor those at candidate-gene sites are likely to mediate the link between pre-pregnancy BMI and breastfeeding.

IJCM_94A: Risk Factors for Short Birth Intervals in women: A Case-Control Study from a Tertiary Health Care facility in Central India

Background: The interval between successive pregnancies, commonly referred to as the birth interval, plays a crucial role in maternal and child health outcomes. Optimal birth spacing is associated with improved maternal nutritional status, reduced risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes, and enhanced child survival. Conversely, short birth intervals, defined as intervals less than 24 months between two consecutive live births, have been linked to an increased likelihood of adverse maternal and child health consequences. Through a comprehensive examination of the contextualized risk factors, we aim to provide evidence that can guide healthcare practitioners, policymakers, and public health professionals in their efforts to improve maternal and child health outcomes in Central India. Objective: To determine risk factors for short birth interval among women in the tertiary health care centre of Central India. Methodology: A hospital-based unmatched case-control study was employed on 45 cases and 45 controls. Cases were women who gave birth within the last 6 months and with at least two consecutive alive births with a birth interval of less than 33 months. Controls were women who gave birth within the last 6 months and had a birth interval between 33 to 59 months between two successive live births. The data was collected by predesigned and pretested semi structured questionnaire from selected respondents. Results: Some important risk factors identified in the present study were age less than 30 years, use of contraception and shorter duration of breastfeeding. Conclusion: Encouraging postpartum family planning and effective breastfeeding will go a long way to reduce the prevalence of short birth interval and its consequences on maternal, neonatal and child health

'The way to obtain freedom and equality': Experiences and needs of Thai adolescent mothers in terms of the use smartphone applications for breastfeeding support.

Breastfeeding brings about a positive impact on both child and maternal health in the short and long terms. However, adolescent mothers have a lower breastfeeding initiation rate and a shorter breastfeeding duration than adult mothers. Although mobile applications have been found to be the most widely used platform for breastfeeding support, there is still a lack of design specific for adolescents. To explore the experiences, perspectives and needs of adolescent mothers and professional nurses using smartphone applications for breastfeeding support and the influence of this technology on healthcare in Thailand. This formative qualitative research of the 'Development of smartphone application for promoting breastfeeding and learning of infant responsiveness for Thai teenage pregnant women' study intends to design a smartphone application and develop an implementation plan. A purposive sample was used to elicit experiences from adolescent mothers and nurses. Data were collected from 48 adolescent mothers through in-depth interviews with six focus group discussions and 12 nurses, following the data saturation principle. Thematic analysis was conducted, and potential factors and needs were mapped to the capability, opportunity, and motivation model of behaviour change (COM-B). Most adolescent mothers perceived the usefulness of smartphone apps as breastfeeding support resources. The qualitative findings of adolescent mothers were grouped into the following three themes: a friendly breastfeeding tool; allows them to manage their breastfeeding activities; and enhances the accessibility and equality of breastfeeding support. The professional nurses perceived the benefits of using smartphone applications in their work, which included the following three themes: reducing workload and making their work easier; preparation is always better; and increasing the standards of breastfeeding support. Adolescent mothers and professional nurses showed favourable attitudes toward smartphone apps for breastfeeding support. These smartphone apps should be tailored to these groups to achieve optimal BF outcomes.

Plasma per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance mixtures during pregnancy and duration of breastfeeding in the New Hampshire birth cohort study

BackgroundPrior studies suggest that prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposures are associated with shorter breastfeeding duration. Studies assessing PFAS mixtures and populations in North America are sparse. MethodsWe quantified PFAS concentrations in maternal plasma collected during pregnancy in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (2010–2017). Participants completed standardized breastfeeding surveys at regular intervals until weaning (n = 813). We estimated associations between mixtures of 5 PFAS and risk of stopping exclusive breastfeeding before 6 months or any breastfeeding before 12 months using probit Bayesian kernel machine regression. For individual PFAS, we calculated the relative risk and hazard ratio (HR) of stopping breastfeeding using modified Poisson regression and accelerated failure time models respectively. ResultsPFAS mixtures were associated with stopping exclusive breastfeeding before 6 months, primarily driven by perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). We observed statistically significant trends in the association of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), PFOA, and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) (p-trends≤0.02) with stopping exclusive breastfeeding. Participants in the highest PFOA quartile had a 28% higher risk of stopping exclusive breastfeeding before 6 months compared to those in the lowest quartile (95% Confidence Interval: 1.04, 1.56). Similar trends were observed for PFHxS and PFNA with exclusive breastfeeding (p-trends≤0.05). PFAS were not associated with stopping any breastfeeding before 12 months. ConclusionsIn this cohort, we observed that participants with greater overall plasma PFAS concentrations had greater risk of stopping exclusive breastfeeding before 6 months and associations were driven largely by PFOA. These findings further support the growing literature indicating that PFAS may be associated with shorter duration of breastfeeding.

Scoping Review: Inhibiting and Supporting Factors of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Teenage Moms

Breast milk has a very important role and is the best nutrition in preventing the onset of disease, and it can save lives and provide healthy growth and development during the first 1000 days of life. Findings in several studies show that adolescent mothers have a shorter duration of breastfeeding and have a lower proportion of breastfeeding initiation when compared to adult mothers, so this scoping review aims to review the inhibiting and supporting factors in adolescent mothers in breastfeeding. This scoping review method uses the Arksey &amp;; O'Malley framework, which was developed using the PEOs framework; in searching and selecting articles through relevant databases, namely Pubmed, Ebsco, and Wiley, and using Grey Literature through Google Scholar; The literature search process used PRISMA Flowchart, and found that from 73 articles there were 7 articles selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings based on inhibiting factors show that adolescent mothers lack knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding, practical knowledge in breastfeeding, difficult childbirth or other maternal complications, while supporting factors include maternal education, husband desires and support and support. It can be concluded that previous studies show that breastfeeding among adolescent mothers still requires special attention, which is related to inhibiting factors and very diverse supporting factors that occur among adolescent mothers

Sustainable Breastfeeding: A State-of-the Art Review.

Disparities in breastfeeding rates and exclusivity exist across regions and countries despite multifaceted breastfeeding promotion efforts in recent decades. Markets for artificial milk formula continue to grow as its substitution for breastfeeding is common. A new approach is needed for breastfeeding promotion strategies. This state-of-the-art review aimed to describe the implications of not-breastfeeding on the environment within the context of food system sustainability. A total of 19 peer-reviewed articles within a 20-year timeframe were included in this review. Authors searched five databases for articles including Science Direct, GreenFILE, Springer Link, ProQuest, and PubMed. The demand for artificial milk formula production as a replacement for breastfeeding results in increased greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, and waste, thereby aggravating problems with freshwater scarcity. A short duration of breastfeeding and limited exclusivity have been associated with close birth spacing and contributing to global population growth. Breastfeeding is a healthy, sustainable diet, and a culturally acceptable first food. It advances health equity and food security. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life can be promoted with emphasis on total carbon footprint reduction, prevention of waterway degradation, and natural birth spacing, thereby sustaining food systems at large. It is important to reform food, nutrition, and environmental policies to protect exclusive breastfeeding while decarbonizing artificial milk formula production. More research is needed to provide directions for new breastfeeding promotion strategies connecting breastfeeding with environmental stewardship.

Introduction of Breast Milk Substitutes During the First 3 Days of Life: Results of the Mexican National Survey of Demographic Dynamics, 2018.

Background: The introduction of foods or fluids other than breast milk in the first few days after birth interferes with the establishment of breastfeeding. This study aimed to investigate the association of formula introduction during the first 3 days of life with maternal sociodemographic characteristics, hospital practices, and breastfeeding duration. Materials and Methods: Information from the National Survey of Demographic Dynamics, 2018, which includes 17,686 mother-baby pairs was analyzed. Mother-baby pairs were classified into categories according to breastfeeding duration: <5 months and ≥5 months. Statistical methods and a machine learning algorithm (Bayesian network, BN) were used to analyze the data. Results: In general, 3,720 (21%) mothers reported introducing formula during the first 3 days of life. A lower education level, lower sociodemographic stratum, living in a rural area, and considering oneself indigenous were factors associated with not introducing formula during the first 3 days of life. A total of 5,168 (29.2%) mother-baby pairs practiced breastfeeding for <5 months, and 12,518 (70.8%) for ≥5 months. Almost twice as many mothers who practiced breastfeeding for <5 months introduced formula during the first 3 days of life (31.7%) compared with those who practiced breastfeeding for ≥5 months (16.6%). The BN model can sufficiently predict cases with a breastfeeding duration ≥5 months (precision-recall curve area = 0.792). Discussion: Introducing formula during the first 3 days of life was associated with a shorter breastfeeding duration. BN analysis showed a probabilistic dependency between the type of delivery and variables associated with the establishment of breastfeeding.

Modeling the Risk Factors of Undernutrition among Children below Five Years of Age in Uganda Using Generalized Structural Equation Models.

The prevalence of undernutrition among children below five years of age, in Uganda and the world over, remains very high. About 45% of all global deaths among children below five years of age are attributed to undernutrition. A number of studies using different statistical approaches affirm this effect, yet some factors indicate the influence of other factors within the system. This study, therefore, uses a method that demonstrates how different variables feed into each other. The aim of this study was to establish the major factors associated with an increased likelihood of undernutrition and the paths showing how these risk factors influence undernutrition. Data from the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS, 2016) were used for this study. A sample of 4530 children, whose age, height, and weight measurements were recorded, was considered for this study. Additionally, the study used generalized structural equation models to identify the multifaceted natures and paths of the risk factors that influence undernutrition among children below five years of age. The study relied on the UNICEF 2020 conceptual framework to identify and analyze the direct and indirect effects of these risk factors of undernutrition. From the perspective of a male child, having a perceived small size at birth, a low birth weight, being breastfed for less than 6 months, having no formal education from mothers, limited income-generating opportunities, a low wealth status, and notable episodes of diarrhea were among the key factors associated with an increased likelihood of undernutrition. The identified paths were as follows: (i) Having no education, as this was associated with limited working opportunities and a low income, which increases the likelihood of low household wealth status, hence increasing the chances of undernutrition. (ii) Exposure to a rural setting was associated with an increased likelihood of undernutrition through association with poor and or low employment levels within the rural areas. (iii) A shorter duration of breastfeeding was associated with children in urban areas, resulting in an increased likelihood of undernutrition. (iv) Children aged between 6 and 47 months had a higher likelihood of undernutrition. An approach that addresses and recognizes all these factors at different levels, along the established paths, should be implemented to effectively reduce undernutrition among children below five years of age.

Prenatal tobacco exposure associations with physical health and neurodevelopment in the ABCD cohort.

To investigate the strength and reproducibility of the teratogenic impact of prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) on child physical health and neurodevelopmental outcomes, in the context of intersecting sociodemographic and other prenatal correlates, and test if early postnatal health mediates PTE associations with childhood outcomes. Among 9-10-year-olds (N = 8,803) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, linear mixed-effect models tested PTE associations with birth and childhood outcomes of physical health, cognitive performance, and brain structure, controlling for confounding sociodemographic and prenatal health correlates. Mediation analysis tested the extent to which health at birth explained the associations between PTE and childhood outcomes. PTE was reported by 12% of mothers (8% [n = 738] pre-knowledge of pregnancy only, and 4% [n = 361] pre- and post-knowledge of pregnancy). PTE was highest for children with a risk for passive smoke exposure. Overall, children with any PTE had shorter breastfeeding durations than those without PTE, and PTE following knowledge of pregnancy was associated with being small for gestational age having lower birth weight, and obesity and lower cortical volume and surface area in childhood. Among children from high-parent education households, any PTE was related to lower cognitive performance, which was partially mediated by duration of breastfeeding. PTE was linked to poorer health indicators at birth and neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 9-10 years in a large community cohort, independent of sociodemographic factors. Efficacious interventions for smoking-cessation during pregnancy are still needed and should incorporate support for breastfeeding to promote healthier development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Etiological Theories of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA): A Narrative Review

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common pediatric rheumatic disease. It can be classified by diverse clinical presentations across subtypes classified by inflammation, swelling, and pain. This review examines current perspectives on factors impacting JIA etiology and future areas of development. Genetic and environmental factors, including early-life nutrition (i.e. breastmilk), mode of infant delivery, antibiotic exposure, and infections have been proposed as etiological candidates in the literature. Various human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes and non-HLA genes related to immune signaling are risk factors for specific JIA subtypes. The impact of infection on JIA development has also been examined; it remains unclear whether infection plays a protective or harmful role. Moreover, shorter durations of breastfeeding during childhood may be associated with an increased risk of JIA development, given that breast milk consumption favorably increases bifidobacterium, changes the composition of the microbiome, and increases microbial diversity. Additionally, mode of delivery can play a role in the onset of JIA as birth delivery through Cesarean section puts children at a higher risk of JIA compared to infants born vaginally. Lastly, antibiotic exposure and its dose- and timedependent relationship also play a role in the microbiome and JIA pathogenesis. This research is significant, as an increased understanding of the etiology of clinically heterogeneous JIA subtypes may improve future treatments. Current limitations, research gaps, and future directions in the field are also discussed.

I don't want to leave my child: How mothers and fathers affect mother's breastfeeding duration and leave length

AbstractAfter the birth of a child, employed mothers must make return‐to‐work and breastfeeding decisions. Prior organizational research focuses on how the mother's work environment affects these decisions, yet they are made with personal and relationship considerations in mind. We use the work‐home resources model and identity theory to address two pressing questions. First, do mothers' identity and fathers' paternity leave provide resources for supporting breastfeeding and return to work? Second, can mothers' separation anxiety help explain the psychological mechanisms for this process? We expect more work‐centric mothers and those whose partners take longer leaves to have lower maternal separation anxiety, and thereby shorter maternity leave length and shorter breastfeeding duration. We leverage the National Institute of Child Health and Development's Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. We conducted analyses using data from 491 families and nine time points from childbirth to 3 years post birth. Consistent with the work‐home resources model, the father's leave length is negatively related to mother's separation anxiety, which is positively related to her leave length. We also found that the father's leave length is directly and positively related to mother's leave length and breastfeeding duration, and the mother's work centrality is negatively related to her leave length. We explain how these results fit into the work‐home resources model and suggest organizations should provide mothers with control over return‐to‐work decisions and encourage longer paternity leave.

Factors Associated with Early Child Development: A Pre-Screening Study

Early child development is a critical phase for lifelong health, resulting from the influence of various factors. The present study assessed the factors associated with children’s deviant development. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 88 infants aged 6-12 months in six Public Health Centres in East Pontianak, West Kalimantan. Breastfeeding duration at each session, the frequency in a day and the length of breastfeeding in months, mothers’ knowledge, behavior, and the habit of squeezing in children were the risk factors for early development. A chi-square analysis of the relationship between risk factors and children’s development. Overall, the results indicated that shorter breastfeeding duration at each session (p=0.027), non-exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.050), and low mothers’ knowledge (p=0.032) significantly affected children’s development. These results suggested that exclusive breastfeeding and enough knowledge enhance infant development.

Infant gut microbiota and environment associate with juvenile idiopathic arthritis many years prior to disease onset, especially in genetically vulnerable children.

The etiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is poorly understood. This study investigated genetic and environmental factors and infant gut microbiota in a prospective birth cohort to assess disease risk. Data was collected from the All Babies in Southeast Sweden (ABIS) population-based cohort (n=17,055), 111 of whom later acquired JIA (ABISJIA). Stool samples were collected at one year of age for 10.4%. To determine disease association, 16S rRNA gene sequences were analyzed, with and without confound adjustment. Genetic and environmental risks were assessed. ABISJIA had higher abundance of Acidaminococcales, Prevotella 9, and Veillonella parvula and lower abundance of Coprococcus, Subdoligranulum, Phascolarctobacterium, Dialister spp., Bifidobacterium breve, Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans, Roseburia intestinalis, and Akkermansia muciniphila (q's<0.05). Parabacteroides distasonis greatly increased the odds of later contracting JIA (OR=6.7; 1.81-24.84, p=0.0045). Shorter breastfeeding duration and increased antibiotic exposure compounded risk in a dose-dependent manner, especially in those with genetic predisposition. Microbial dysregulation in infancy may trigger or accelerate JIA development. Environmental risk factors have a stronger impact on genetically predisposed children. This study is the first to implicate microbial dysregulation in JIA at such an early age, with many bacterial taxa associated with risk factors. These findings provide opportunities for intervention or early screening and offer new insights into JIA pathogenesis. Barndiabetesfonden; Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research; Swedish Research Council; Östgöta Brandstodsbolag; Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden; JDRF-Wallenberg Foundation; Linköping.

Predictors of breastfeeding duration on mothers who return to work: a systematic review

Introduction: the idea of continuing breastfeeding and work raises conflicting demands on the mother. Work correlates with early termination of breastfeeding and full-time work is associated with a shorter duration of breastfeeding than working part time.Objective: we aimed to systematically explore literature relating to factors related to breastfeeding duration in mothers returning to work.Materials and Methods: this research uses systematic review where systematic review is carried out following a combination of selected reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis.Results: many selected articles were found related to factors affecting the duration of breastfeeding in breastfeeding mothers who returned to work.Discussions: delaying return to work until at least 15 weeks postpartum indicates a long duration of breastfeeding (at least 6 months). Part-time work is also positively related to the duration of feeding.Conclusions: employment and early return to work, support from social environment, perception of milk production, higher maternal occupational and education, household income, delaying return to work at least 15 weeks postpartum, working part time and longer maternity leave are predictors of breastfeeding duration on mother return to work.

A new technology for pacifier weaning: a thematic analysis.

Babies and toddlers often become accustomed to using baby pacifiers. However, pacifiers may harm children's health and lead to various problems, such as less frequent breastfeeding, shorter breastfeeding duration, dental deformities, tooth decay, recurrent acute otitis media, sleep disorders, and the potential for accidents. This study aims to introduce new technology that may prevent babies from becoming used to a pacifier (patent titled "Prevents Getting Used to Pacifier Baby, Number SA10609, Saudi Authority for Intellectual Property"). This study used a descriptive qualitative design. The participants included three pediatricians, three psychologists, three dentists, three family doctors, and three mothers of babies and toddlers, with a mean age of 42.6 years old (SD = 9.51). Semi-structured interviews were used, and thematic analysis was conducted to generate a thematic tree. The thematic analysis resulted in three themes: (1) the disadvantages of pacifier use, (2) the introduction of new technology for the patent, and (3) the expectations for this technology. The results showed that a pacifier might negatively affect the health of babies and toddlers. However, the new technology may prevent children from becoming used to pacifiers and protect them from any possible physical or mental issues.