Shoreline Change Analysis Research Articles

Time series analysis of shoreline changes in Gonghyunjin and Songjiho Beaches, South Korea using aerial photographs and remotely sensed imagery

Kim, I.H., Lee, H.S. and Song, D.S., 2013. Time series analysis of shoreline changes in Gonghyunjin and Songjiho Beaches, South Korea using aerial photographs and remotely sensed imageryGiven the speed and pervasiveness of anthropogenic landcover changes, especially in coastal areas, monitoring shoreline alterations and their impacts is critical for intelligent coastal development and beach use management. In this study, we describe a monitoring and analysis framework that uses aerial photography, remotely sensed imagery, and field surveys to detect changes in beach width and area along Gonghyunjin and Songjiho Beaches in South Korea. We used IKONOS imagery acquired in 2004; aerial photographs captured in 1991, 2005, 2009 and 2010; and field surveys conducted in 2010 and 2011. Based on comparisons of these data sources, we detected widespread erosion on both beaches starting in 2004, resulting in 12% reduction in the plane area of these beaches between 2004 and 2010. Most dramatically, we noted that beach width eroded by 28.5 m at the point 700 m south of Gonghyunjin Harbor, and similar declines occurred at several other locations. Erosion occurred at these locations because extended breakwaters in the Gonghyunjin Harbor either blocked or interrupted drift sand transport processes, causing sand to be carried away from some locations without accretion to replenish it. In addition, according to field surveys, we determined that erosion and accretion processes continued to vary seasonally in 2010 and 2011, resulting in smaller overall changes than those in the study years prior to 2010. However, we suggest that severe erosion may occur in the future at some locations if sand continues to be transported north onto Songjiho Beach without replenishment. Thus, we demonstrated that the construction of artificial structures around the harbor caused changes along the shoreline. Our monitoring framework has important applications for future observation of anthropogenically driven changes to this coastal area and serves as an applicable tool in other coastal regions worldwide.

Medium resolution satellite imagery as a tool for monitoring shoreline change. Case study of the Eastern coast of Ghana

ABSTRACT Jayson-Quashigah, P-N., Appeaning Addo, K. and Kufogbe, S.K., 2013. Shoreline monitoring using medium resolution satellite imagery, a case study of the eastern coast of Ghana. Shoreline change analysis provides important information upon which most coastal zone management and intervention policies rely. Such information is however mostly scarce for large and inaccessible shorelines largely due to expensive field work. This study investigated the potential of medium resolution satellite imagery for mapping shoreline positions and for estimating historic rate of change. Both manual and semi-automatic shoreline extraction methods for multi-spectral satellite imageries were explored. Five shoreline positions were extracted for 1986, 1991, 2001, 2007 and 2011 covering a medium term of 25 years period. Rates of change statistics were calculated using the End Point Rate and Weighted Linear Regression methods. Approximately 283 transects were cast at simple right angles along the entire coast at 200m int...

Coastal Vulnerability and Shoreline Changes for Southern Tip of India-Remote Sensing and GIS Approach

The present research aims to classify the vulnerable risk zones of the Southern tip of India using shoreline change analysis and coastal vulnerability index (CVI). The shoreline change analysis has been done by automatic image analysis techniques using multi-temporal Landsat data (1973, 1992, 2000 and 2006). The results have shown remarkable erosion was found in Cape Camoron (Left) (4.21 m/year), Idindakarai (4.56 m/year) and Vijayapathi (4.66 m/year). In contrast, the station between Chinna muttam and Visvanarayanapuram has predominant deposition. The CVI index were established based on following six variables: Geomorphology, Shoreline change rate (m/yr), Coastal slope (deg), Relative Sea level change (mm/yr), Mean wave height (m), Mean Tide range (m). According to the CVI value, Cape Camoron (Left), Idindakarai and Vijayapathi sites are identified as highly vulnerable zones. Overall the study, remarkable coastal landform dynamics observed in chinna muttam. The vulnerable map prepared for the southern tip of Indian coast can be useful to prevent the coastline erosion and future disaster mitigation.

Geologic Evidence for Onshore Sediment Transport from the Inner Continental Shelf: Fire Island, New York

Schwab, W.C.; Baldwin, W.E.; Hapke, C.J.; Lentz, E.E.; Gayes, P.T.; Denny, J.F.; List, J.H., and Warner, J.C., 2013. Geologic evidence for onshore sediment transport from the inner continental shelf: Fire Island, New York. Sediment budget analyses along the south shore of Fire Island, New York, have been conducted and debated in the scientific and coastal engineering literature for decades. It is well documented that a primary component of sediment transport in this system is directed alongshore from E to W, but discrepancies in volumetric sediment budget calculations remain. An additional quantity of sand, averaging about 200,000 m3/y is required to explain the growth of the western segment of the barrier island, a prograding spit. Littoral sediment derived from updrift erosion of the coast, addition of beach nourishment fill, and onshore transport of inner continental shelf, shoreface sediments, or both have all been proposed as potential sources of the additional sediment needed to balance the sediment budget deficit. Analysis of high-resolution seafloor mapping data collected in 2011, including seismic reflection profiles and inteferometric sonar acoustic backscatter and swath bathymetry; comparison with seafloor mapping data collected in 1996–1997; and shoreline change analysis from 1933 to 2011 support previous suggestions that the inner-shelf Holocene sedimentary deposit is a likely source to resolve this sediment budget discrepancy.

Analysis of Land Use and Shoreline Changes at the Dawenliu Nature Reserve of Yellow River Delta Based on Remote Sensing

Analysis of Land Use and Shoreline Changes at the Dawenliu Nature Reserve of Yellow River Delta Based on Remote Sensing

DEVELOPMENT OF DYNAMIC SEDIMENT BUDGET TO PREDICT FUTURE SHORELINE POSITIONS ON A SAND LIMITED SHORELINE IN LOUISIANA

A shoreline change analysis was performed along the shoreline of the chenier plain in southwestern Louisiana in an attempt to forecast future shoreline position and to determine the performance of a proposed sand beach nourishment project along the shoreline which extends 14 km west of the western jetty of Calcasieu Pass, Louisiana and runs through the community of Holly Beach, Louisiana. Observations of shoreline morphology revealed a solitary sediment wave traversing the project site from east to west since the 1960’s. The genesis of the sediment wave is unknown and is unexplored in this work. The presence of the sediment wave masked the long-term shoreline change rates along the project site and therefore biased the predictions of future shoreline positions due to the transient nature of the sediment wave morphology. Standard coastal engineering methods used to predict future shoreline positions include simple translation of the shoreline based on measured shoreline change rates (referred to herein as historical linear progression or HLP) and one-line numerical models. For the project site, due to the presence of this sediment wave the HLP approach to predict future shoreline positions is not applicable. One-line shoreline morphology models such as the US Army Corps of Engineer's GENESIS model require the assumption that the beach profile can be represented by an equilibrium beach profile which was developed for sand rich shorelines. The project site profile composition of a sandy veneer extending to a depth of approximately -1.2 to -2 m over a muddy bottom violates this assumption, and therefore the traditional one-line model cannot be applied. Therefore, a dynamic sediment budget (DSB) method was developed to predict future shoreline positions based on available historical data, longshore transport rates, known morphological processes, statistical estimates of storm events, beach nourishment diffusion, and a relationship between volume change and shoreline change based on existing profile composition. This method was validated with existing data and was able to predict 20 years of morphology within ±15 m of measured shoreline positions.

Shoreline change analysis of Vedaranyam coast, Tamil Nadu, India

The coastal zone is one of the nation's greatest environmental and economic assets. The present research aims at studying the shoreline changes along Vedaranyam coast using conventional and modern techniques including field sampling, remote sensing, and geographical information system (GIS). The study area was divided into three zones. Dynamic Land/Sea polygon analysis was performed to obtain the shore line changes at different time periods between 1930 and 2005. From the multidate shoreline maps, the rate of shoreline change was computed using linear regression rate and end point rate. Further, the shoreline was classified into eroding, accreting, and stable regions through GIS analysis. The eroding, accreting, and stable coastal stretch along Vedaranyam is observed as 18 %, 80.5 %, and 1.5 %, respectively. Net shoreline movement is seaward, i.e., the coast is progressive with an average rate of 5 m/year. A maximum shoreline displacement of 1.3 km towards the sea is observed near Point Calimere. During the Asian Tsunami 2004, the eastern part of the study area showed high erosion. Sediment transport paths derived from the grain size analysis of beach sediments collected during different seasons help to identify the major sediment source and sinks. Point Calimere acts as the major sink for sediments whereas Agastiyampalli and Kodiakkarai are found to be the major sources for the sediment supply along the Vedaranyam coast. Shoreline change study from field and satellite data using GIS analysis confirms that Vedaranyam coast is accreting in nature.

Sea erosion at Ada Foah: assessment of impacts and proposed mitigation measures

Sea erosion is a serious threat to life and property in coastal towns. The coastline of Ada Foah has been facing sea erosion and occasional flooding for several decades. This research investigated the socio-economic and environmental impacts of these geomorphic processes using social survey methods of data collection and shoreline change analysis. The main research tools used include questionnaire survey, interviews and Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) 4.2 software using extracted shorelines of 1926 ground survey sheet and 2008 Landsat ETM+ image to determine shoreline change between the periods. The research identified some environmental and socio-economic impacts of the sea erosion on the coastal community, and these include the destruction of coastal ecosystems and infrastructure such as offices of institutions, school blocks and roads. The ramifications of these problems include homelessness, unemployment and poverty, which compel victims to migrate. Results of shoreline change analysis indicate that, the Ada Foah shoreline has been receding since 1926 to date with a mean change in shoreline of 280.49 m and an average annual rate of 3.46 m/year. To protect the coastline from the battering sea, a sea defence project, comprising sand nourishment and the construction of groynes, is being undertaken.

Quantitative Analysis of Shoreline Change Using Medium Resolution Satellite Imagery in Keta, Ghana

Shoreline change analysis provides important information upon which most coastal zone management and intervention policies rely. Such information is however mostly scarce for large and inaccessible shorelines largely due to expensive field work. This study investigated the reliability of medium resolution satellite imagery for mapping shoreline positions and for estimating historic rate of change. Both manual and semi-automatic shoreline extraction methods for multi-spectral satellite imageries were explored. Five shoreline positions were extracted for 1986, 1991, 2001, 2007 and 2011 covering a medium term of 25 years period. Rates of change statistics were calculated using the End Point Rate and Weighted Linear Regression methods. Approximately 283 transects were cast at simple right angles along the entire coast at 200m interval. Uncertainties were quantified for the shorelines ranging from ±4.1m to ±5.5m. The results show that the Keta shoreline is a highly dynamic feature with average rate of erosion estimated to be about 2m/year ±0.44m. Individual rates along some transect reach as high as 16m/year near the estuary and on the east of the Keta Sea Defence site. The study con- firms earlier rates of erosion calculated for the area and also reveals the influence of the Keta Sea Defence Project on erosion along the eastern coast of Ghana. The research shows that shoreline change can be estimated using medium resolution sat- ellite imagery.

Erosion chain reaction at El Alamein Resorts on the western Mediterranean coast of Egypt

Rate of shoreline changes, seabed morphology and coastal processes are integrated to assess erosion resulting from construction of a series of jetties and groins built in stages to support recreation facilities at the Marina Resort Center at El Alamein historic site on the western Mediterranean coast of Egypt. Analysis of shoreline changes using satellite images spanning between 1988 (pre-construction) and 2011 (present situation) indicates that coastal stretch with these hard structures, 8km long, has experienced a state of stability with a general tendency toward accretion (2.1–16.4m/yr), mostly occurring to the west of these structures under the action of the prevailing easterly longshore current. As a consequence, the accretion systematically continues eastward for a 3.5km distance and then reverses to erosion between −1.2 and −3.9m/yr, threatening the adjacent resort beaches. Annual sand nourishment operations undertaken downcoast of these structures between 1989 and 2009 were unsuccessful in maintaining stability of this eroded sector because of its steeply sloped beachface and incompatibility of borrowed sand for nourishment. Therefore, establishing a sustainable erosion mitigation with minimum impacts has been the ultimate goal to stabilize the area and also to create a calm beach safe enough for recreation and swimming. As a practical response, an environmentally acceptable “Perched Beach” was designed in 2011 and is now under construction.

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Shoreline Changes in Bonny Island, Nigeria

The study examined the shoreline changes over time in Bonny Island of Rivers State, Nigeria. Satellite images comprising of Landsat TM of 30m by 30m of 1986, 2001, 2003 and 2006; and Nigersat image of 30m by 30m of 2004 were used as the sources of data. The satellite images underwent series of geo-processing. The bands (red, blue and green) of each image were combined using Erdas Imagine 9.0. The images were imported to ArcGIS 9.2 whereby the shoreline from each image was digitized as polylines. The shoreline of 1986 was overlaid on that of 2001, shoreline of 2001 was overlaid on 2003, 2003 on 2004 and that of 2004 on 2006. Thereafter, overlaid maps were converted to polygons using Features to Polygon module of ArcGIS 9.2. The polygons were grouped to advanced (land gained) or retreat (land lost) with which spatial query was done. The result revealed that Bonny Island lost about 1793.24 km 2 of land while 419.31 km 2 was gained between 1986 and 2001 whereas between 2001 and 2003; 1246.46 km 2 was lost while 1200.43 km 2 of land was gained. During the period between 2003 and 2004, the analysis showed that 858.47 km 2 was gained while 3408.68 km2 was lost whereas between 2004 and 2006, the 2460.30 km 2 of land advanced seaward while 2450.03 km2 of land was lost. The percentage change was highest between 1986 and 2001 with 76.62% of land loss. The study recommended periodic monitoring of the coastal area on monthly and yearly bases. Keywords: Shoreline, GIS, Remote sensing, Bonny Island, Water transport, ArcGIS 9.2, Erdas Imagine

Shoreline Extraction and Change Analysis of the Jiuduansha Islands with the Support of Remote Sensing and GIS Technologies

With the support of remote sensing and GIS technologies,the shoreline information of the Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve in Shanghai obtained in 2001,2005 and 2008 was interpreted respectively through an ArcInfo embedded software,shorelineExtractor,which integrates unsupervised classifiers,map generalization,discrete surface features removal and shoreline tracking.The extracted shorelines were re-sampled at 30,90,150,210,and 270 m respectively to compute the fractal dimensions.A consequent analysis of the shoreline lengths,shoal areas and key positions experiencing growth was conducted in detail.The results demonstrate that there are remarkable differences between the positions of silt growth in three shoals of the Jiuduansha Islands,i.e.upper,middle and lower shoals.The silt growth is dramatically fast in northern upper shoal,northeastern and southwestern middle shoal,and northeastern and southwestern lower shoal.The growths of shoreline length and shore area have the same tendency,indicating a fast growth in upper shoal,a moderate growth in lower shoal and a slow growth in middle shoal.In addition,the fractal property of the Jiuduansha Island is evident,with high values of goodness-of-fit.The fractal dimension of the whole Jiuduansha Island was growing from 2001 to 2008,and the fractal dimensions of upper and middle shoals are less than the dimension of the whole Jiuduansha,whereas the fractal dimension of lower shoal is larger than that of the whole Jiuduansha.

Shoreline Changes on an Urban Atoll in the Central Pacific Ocean: Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands

FORD, M., 2012. Shoreline changes on an urban atoll in the central Pacific Ocean: Majuro atoll, Marshall Islands.Majuro is the capital and most populated atoll in the Republic of the Marshall Islands and is located approximately 3700 km W–SW of Oahu, Hawaii. Like other atolls, Majuro is considered highly vulnerable to sea level rise. One of the widely perceived impacts of sea level rise on atoll islands is widespread chronic erosion. Using a combination of aerial photos and satellite imagery, this study presents an analysis of shoreline change over a 34- to 37-year study period, characterized by rapidly increasing population, coastal development, and rising sea level (3.0 mm y−1). Results show most (93%) urban and rural villages have increased in size over the study period. Shoreline change analysis indicates the urban area has expanded both toward the lagoon and onto the ocean-facing reef flat. Shoreline change within the urban area of Majuro has been largely driven by widespread reclamation for a mix of residential, commercial, and industrial activities. Rural areas of the atoll typically have lower rates of shoreline change relative to those of urban areas. Analysis indicates that the rural lagoon shore is predominantly eroding, whereas the ocean-facing shore is largely accreting. Any shoreline response to sea level rise along the Majuro coast is likely masked by widespread anthropogenic impacts to the coastal system.

Shoreline change analysis along the coast between Kanyakumari and Tuticorin of India using remote sensing and GIS

Shoreline is one of the rapidly changing landform in coastal area. So, accurate detection and frequent monitoring of shorelines are very essential to understand the coastal processes and dynamics of various coastal features. The present study is to investigate the shoreline changes along the coast between Kanyakumari and Tuticorin of south India, where hydrodynamic and morphologic changes occur continuously after the December 2004 tsunami. Multi-date satellite data of Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites (1999, 2000, 2003, 2005, and 2006) are used to extract the shorelines. The satellite data is processed by using the ERDAS IMAGINE 9.1 software and analyzed by ArcGIS 9.2 workstation. The different shoreline change maps are developed and the changes are analyzed with the shoreline obtained from the Survey of India Toposheets (1969). The present study indicates that accretion was predominant along the study area during the period 1969–1999. But recently (from 1999 onwards), most of the coastal areas have experienced erosion. The study also indicates the reversal of shoreline modifications in some coastal zones. The coastal areas along the headlands have experienced both erosion and accretion. Though the coastal erosion is due to both natural and anthropogenic activities, the coastal zones where sand is mined have more impacts and relatively more rate of erosion than that of other zones. Improper and in-sustainable sand mining leads to severe erosion problem along this area. So the concept of sustainable management should be interpreted in the management of the near-shore coastal sand mining industry.

Analysis of Shoreline Changes (1959–2004) in Point Pelee National Park, Canada

Abstract Shoreline change rates of Point Pelee National Park, Ontario are estimated for the period 1959–2004 using orthoair photos. The eastern side of the park had varying recession regardless of Lake Erie water-level changes, especially in Northeast Beach, where it averaged −3.14 m/y. The western side of the park generally exhibited accretion and had an inverse relationship with Lake Erie water levels. Longer duration of ice coverage during winter, favourable topography, and sedimentary conditions led to the observed difference in shoreline response. Future climate change patterns are expected to result in lower lake levels and less winter ice coverage, both of which will likely result in a net loss to the park's land habitat.

Assessing threatened coastal sites: Applications of ground-penetrating radar and geographic information systems

Abstract Rainsford Island is an 11-acre island located in central Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. The proximity to the City of Boston resulted in the Island being used as a quarantine facility, poorhouse, veteran's hospital and school for wayward boys from 1737 to 1920. The Island consists of two linked topographic highs of glacial origin connected by a spit formed from reworked glacial material. The majority of the southern “high” is only slightly elevated above present-day sea level and was the site of a cemetery that serviced the quarantine facility, poorhouse and veteran's hospital. Historical research indicates that more than 1100 persons were buried on Rainsford during this time. The records for the cemetery have been lost through fire and only four sandstone posts presently mark the cemetery. Our team sought to (1) assess shoreline change on the southern portion of the Island; (2) map the boundaries of the unmarked cemetery using ground-penetrating radar and (3) determine the vulnerability of the cemetery to coastal erosion caused by long-term sea-level rise and episodic flooding. Shoreline change analysis indicates that the southern portion of the island has eroded on the north-facing beach at a rate of 0.2 m/yr while the south-facing beach has been stable. Topographic analysis of the landscape indicates that the central area of the southern portion is less than 1 m above sea level with a slightly elevated rim approximately 2 m above sea level. The ground-penetrating radar surveys indicated that the low-lying central portion exhibited evidence for burials. The results indicate that the cemetery is vulnerable to erosion and coastal flooding. A storm with a coastal storm surge of approximately 1 m will result in flooding of the cemetery. The northern edge of the cemetery is extremely vulnerable to erosion and the first mapped burial on the northern side will be impacted in approximately 10 years. The southern edge of the cemetery is protected by horizontal and vertical accretion. As a result, conservation resources should be concentrated on the northern edge of the cemetery.

Anthropogenic influences on shoreline and nearshore evolution in the San Francisco Bay coastal system

Analysis of four historical bathymetric surveys over a 132-year period has revealed significant changes to the morphology of the San Francisco Bar, an ebb-tidal delta at the mouth of San Francisco Bay estuary. From 1873 to 2005 the San Francisco Bar vertically-eroded an average of 80 cm over a 125 km 2 area, which equates to a total volume loss of 100 ± 52 million m 3 of fine- to coarse-grained sand. Comparison of the surveys indicates the entire ebb-tidal delta contracted radially, with the crest moving landward an average of 1 km. Long-term erosion of the ebb-tidal delta is hypothesized to be due to a reduction in the tidal prism of San Francisco Bay and a decrease in coastal sediment supply, both as a result of anthropogenic activities. Prior research indicates that the tidal prism of the estuary was reduced by 9% from filling, diking, and sedimentation. Compilation of historical records dating back to 1900 reveals that a minimum of 200 million m 3 of sediment has been permanently removed from the San Francisco Bay coastal system through dredging, aggregate mining, and borrow pit mining. Of this total, ∼54 million m 3 of sand-sized or coarser sediment was removed from central San Francisco Bay. With grain sizes comparable to the ebb-tidal delta, and its direct connection to the bay mouth, removal of sediments from central San Francisco Bay may limit the sand supply to the delta and open coast beaches. SWAN wave modeling illustrates that changes to the morphology of the San Francisco Bar have altered the alongshore wave energy distribution at adjacent Ocean Beach, and thus may be a significant factor in a persistent beach erosion ‘hot spot’ occurring in the area. Shoreline change analyses show that the sandy shoreline in the shadow of the ebb-tidal delta experienced long-term (1850s/1890s to 2002) and short-term (1960s/1980s to 2002) accretion while the adjacent sandy shoreline exposed to open-ocean waves experienced long-term and short-term erosion. Therefore, the recently observed accelerating rates of bay sediment removal, ebb-tidal delta erosion, and open coast beach erosion are all correlated temporally.

A shoreline change analysis along the coast between Kanyakumari and Tuticorin, India, using digital shoreline analysis system

The shoreline is one of the rapidly changing landforms in coastal areas. They are the key element in coastal GIS and provide the most information on coastal land form dynamics. Therefore, accurate detection and frequent monitoring of shorelines is very essential to understand the coastal processes and dynamics of various coastal features. The present study is to investigate the shoreline changes along the coast between Kanyakumari and Tuticorin of south India (where hydrodynamic and morphologic changes occur continuously after the December 2004 tsunami) by using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), an extension of ArcGIS. Multidate IRS and Landsat Satellite data (1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009) are used to extract the shorelines. The data is processed by using the ERDAS IMAGINE 9.1 software and analyzed by ArcGIS 9.2 workstation. The rates of shoreline changes are estimated by three statistical methods, namely, End Point Rate (EPR), Linear Regression Rate (LRR), and Least Median of Squares (LMS) by using DSAS. The study reveals that most of the study area has undergoing erosion. Both natural and anthropogenic processes along the coast modify the shoreline configuration and control the erosion and accretion of the coastal zones. The coastal zones along the estuary have experienced accretion due to the littoral processes. The zones with headlands have more eroded than other zones along the study area. The study also shows that the coastal zones where sand is mined have relatively more rate of erosion than that of the other zones. Improper and unsustainable sand mining may also lead to severe erosion problem along this area. The shoreline change rates are altered by various geological processes along the coast. Thus, the present study implies that proper beach filling and nourishment projects should be made in the study area to save from hazards. It also indicates the advantage and suitability of DSAS to assess the shoreline changes compared with the traditional manual shoreline change analysis and promising its applications for coastal zone management in other regions.

Analytical Development of a One-Line Model for the Analysis of Shoreline Change by Wind Generated Waves~!2010-03-03~!2010-05-04~!2010-06-25~!

This paper deals with an analytical solution of the shoreline evolution due to random sea waves. The phenome- non of the shoreline change is modeled by means of a one-line theory. The solution is based on the hypotheses that the deviation of the shoreline planform from the general shoreline alignment (x-axis) approaches zero and that a particular re- lationship between higher order derivatives of the shoreline holds. It is proved that the shoreline evolution is described by a diffusion equation, in which the diffusivity G 1R is a function of the sea state and the sediment characteristics. Next, par- ticular attention is dedicated to the longshore diffusivity. Its behaviour is analysed and effects of different spectral shapes and of different breaking depths are investigated. It is shown that the diffusivity assumes both positive and negative val- ues.

The Shoreline Change Analysis of the Taean Peninsula Region Using Topograpic Map and Satellite Imagery Data

The Shoreline Change Analysis of the Taean Peninsula Region Using Topograpic Map and Satellite Imagery Data