Shore Types Research Articles

Shoreline change due to global climate change and human activity at the Shandong Peninsula from 2007 to 2020

In this study, how shoreline change responses to global climate change and human activity at the Shandong Peninsula was quantified by analyzing shoreline locations, inshore erosion/accretion rates, and sandy beach profiles for 2007–2020. During the study period, the total shoreline length decreased from 3345.55 km to 3310.18 km, whereas the natural shoreline decreased by 25.41%. As a dominant shore type, the artificial shoreline increased by 827.89 km. Human activities, such as land reclamation and harbor construction, have caused continuous shoreline advance, resulting in a net land increase of 672.40 km2. However, natural shores (e.g., sandy shore) receded at an average annual rate of −1.0 m due to ongoing erosion. The inshore waters of the Shandong Peninsula were largely sedimentary as erosion occurred only at a few hotspots. Therefore, seaward sediment deposition dominated the erosion/accretion trends of the inshore areas of the peninsula. However, global climate change and human activities have exacerbated the erosion caused by sea level rise. Specifically, the climate change caused absolute sea level rise and increasing frequency of extreme weather events, whereas the human activity dominated the transport and supply of sediment in the coastal zone. In the short term, the shoreline of the Shandong Peninsula continues to advance toward the sea due to the growing artificial shoreline. However, this disrupts the balance between sediment supply and marine energies in the coastal zone, and the system then rebalance itself by eroding unprotected natural shores. In the long term, main shoreline evolution trends depend on global climate change and sea level rise which plays a decisive role in shoreline retreat in the Shandong Peninsula.

The population structure, sex ratio and reproductive potential of limpets (Patella spp.) on natural shores and artificial structures in the Irish Sea

Artificial structures often support depauperate communities compared to natural rocky shores. Understanding variation in ecological success across shore types, particularly regarding habitat-forming species or those with structuring roles, is important to determine how artificial structure proliferation may influence ecosystem functioning and services. We investigated the population structure, sex ratio and reproductive potential of limpets on natural shores and artificial structures on Irish Sea coasts. Limpets were generally less abundant and Patella vulgata populations were often male dominated on artificial structures compared to natural shores, suggesting that shore type may influence these factors. P. vulgata length varied across sites within the Irish Sea (nested in coast and shore type) in autumn/winter, as well as temporally across sites along the Welsh coast. There was no difference in the proportion of P. vulgata in advanced stages of gonad development across shore types. The results suggest that rip-rap artificial structures may provide a habitat comparable to natural shores, however, the addition of ecological engineering interventions on artificial structures may allow limpet populations to better approximate those on natural shores.

Shoreline armor removal can restore variability in intertidal ecosystems

Humans have drastically modified marine nearshore ecosystems through shoreline armoring. Armor, in the form of seawalls and bulkheads, reduces the mean abundance of key ecological features of shoreline ecosystems, such as the amount of beach wrack, the number of beached logs, and the density of supratidal invertebrates. Armor also affects the physical and biological composition and diversity of these important ecological responses – altering the makeup of beach wrack and invertebrate species, for example. Less is known, however, about changes in variability – both over time and space – of ecological responses across natural, restored, and armored shores. Temporal and spatial variation in physical and biological variables can themselves be indicators of ecosystem health and effectiveness of restoration. Working alongside community (citizen) scientists, we found that beach wrack (a nutrient and habitat resource), logs (an element of habitat structure), and supratidal invertebrates (part of the consumer community) often increased following restoration. Further, not only were wrack, logs, and invertebrates on average more abundant and diverse at natural (never armored) shore types compared to armored shore types, but they also frequently had higher variance. In many cases, variance of ecological responses in restored shore types were more similar to natural shore types than armored shore types, indicating a positive effect of restoration. We found that differences among sample sites, rather than across sample years, explained more of the variation in ecological responses across all shore types. Because shoreline armoring is a pervasive human activity, public perception of this variability is key to the social context of restoration success. Participation in data collection through community science endeavors is one way to encourage an appreciation for natural variability within and across landscapes. We implore that shoreline monitoring efforts should evaluate and communicate ecosystem variability as a key indicator of restoration success.

Distribution of Metals in the Coastal Zone of Lake Onega Depending on the Shore Type

Distribution of Metals in the Coastal Zone of Lake Onega Depending on the Shore Type

Environmental Impacts and Challenges Associated with Oil Spills on Shorelines

Oil spills are of great concern because they impose a threat to the marine ecosystem, including shorelines. As oil spilled at sea is transported to the shoreline, and after its arrival, its behavior and physicochemical characteristics change because of natural weathering phenomena. Additionally, the fate of the oil depends on shoreline type, tidal energy, and environmental conditions. This paper critically overviews the vulnerability of shorelines to oil spill impact and the implication of seasonal variations with the natural attenuation of oil. A comprehensive review of various monitoring techniques, including GIS tools and remote sensing, is discussed for tracking, and mapping oil spills. A comparison of various remote sensors shows that laser fluorosensors can detect oil on various types of substrates, including snow and ice. Moreover, current methods to prevent oil from reaching the shoreline, including physical booms, sorbents, and dispersants, are examined. The advantages and limitations of various physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods and their application suitability for different shore types are discussed. The paper highlights some of the challenges faced while managing oil spills, including viewpoints on the lack of monitoring data, the need for integrated decision-making systems, and the development of rapid response strategies to optimize the protection of shorelines from oil spills.

Perhydrous organic carbon logging evaluation method in shore and shallow lacustrine shale formations: A case study of the Mesozoic lacustrine shale in the western Sichuan Basin, China

The types of organic carbon in shore and shallow lacustrine shales are more diverse than those in marine formations. It is of great importance to establish log interpretation models of the separate types of organic carbon content for hydrocarbon generation potential estimation. First, we summarize the main rock types and their logging characteristics in the shore and shallow lacustrine shale reservoirs and analyze the types of organic carbon in shore and shallow lacustrine shales using core pyrolysis analysis and kerogen maceral microscopic identification. Second, we establish the calculation method of the total organic carbon (TOC) content in the lacustrine shale formation by regression analysis. Third, we divide the organic matter in shore and shallow lacustrine shales into two parts: perhydrous organic carbon (perhydrous macerals) with a higher hydrogen index, higher H/C atomic ratio, and stronger hydrocarbon generation potential and subhydrous organic carbon (subhydrous macerals) with a lower hydrogen index, lower H/C atomic ratio, and poorer hydrocarbon generation potential. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of the mixed skeleton, combined with the formation component triangular chart, and establish calculation methods for perhydrous and subhydrous organic carbon contents. Finally, we apply this method to the Mesozoic shore and lacustrine shale in the western Sichuan Basin, China. The application indicates that the kerogen types of the Mesozoic shore and shallow lacustrine formations in the western Sichuan Basin are mainly type III and type IIB kerogen with a low content of perhydrous macerals. The perhydrous organic carbon content calculated by the logging evaluation model is positively correlated with the perhydrous maceral content obtained by kerogen maceral microscopic identification and the oil generation potential S2 obtained by core pyrolysis analysis. Logging analysts should use the perhydrous organic carbon content to estimate the hydrocarbon generation potential of shore and shallow lacustrine shale formations.

Initial insights into the development and implementation of a citizen-science drone-based coastal change monitoring program in the Great Lakes region

High-resolution spatio-temporal data are needed to improve coastal management programs, particularly along the Great Lakes where lake level fluctuations pose challenges to coastal decision-making and planning. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of coastal change monitoring datasets, particularly those that document event-scale changes over a large spatial scale. This paucity of data is compounded by the large size and range of shore types throughout the region.Unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) or drone data collected by citizen scientists are a potential solution to this challenge. However, no citizen science coastal change monitoring program exists in the Great Lakes region, nor does a comprehensive drone-based coastal change monitoring programs exist anywhere in the United States. To inform the development of drone-based citizen science programs, the goal of this paper is to describe the development and implementation of a citizen science coastal change monitoring program along the Great Lakes shores of Michigan. The citizens participating in this project generate imagery in two ways: (1) the submission of photos of coastal changes or hazards via a web app developed for the project called PicShores and (2) drone collection of survey-quality aerial imagery for use in the generation of orthomosaic images and digital elevation models (DEMs). This paper presents the methods utilized to develop the citizen science monitoring program, some initial findings from the citizen science monitoring, and explores some challenges and next steps for the program.

The distribution of metals in the coastal zone of Lake Onega depending on the shore type

The distribution of metals in the coastal zone of Lake Onega depending on the shore type

Potential of antique and medieval cultural heritage in the space of geoecosystems of the Northern Black Sea area and the Black Sea shelf from the Danube to the Berezan estuary

The article examines the typification and gives a brief description of underwater archaeological sites of ancient and medieval cultural heritage, the main types of ancient shores, as well as the most significant objects studied so far in the space of the geoecosystems of the Northern Black Sea (GESNBS) and the marine geoecosystem (MGES) of the shelf from the Danube delta to the Berezan estuary and the island of Berezan. The results of research on archaeological sites located in this territory are presented. A preliminary reconstruction of the shores that existed in this part of the Northern Black Sea Coast has been made. Nowadays, these archaeological sites are partially or completely located in the areas of the Black Sea shelf and its basin subsystems of a lower level (bays, ducts, estuaries, deltas, etc.), mainly at the boundary of their aquatic (from the Latin aqua — water) (AQESUS) and geological (GEOESUS) subsystems of the MGES shelf. The main objective of this article, which the authors set while writing it, was to show the potential of antique and medieval cultural heritage, which was formed in the relevant ancient times in the space of paleogeoecosystems of the Northern Black Sea but is now preserved in the MGES space of the modern Black Sea shelf from the Danube River to the Berezan estuary. Among the main tasks of this article is a brief description of the already known archaeological, in particular underwater, sites of antique and medieval cultural heritage, some other interesting underwater archaeological artifacts, and their future imposition on the modern geological, geographical and bathymetric framework with reference to certain AQESUS and GEOESUS of MGES of the Black Sea. This is important not only for historical and archaeological reconstructions but also for solving the problems of in-depth knowledge of the causes and consequences of changes in the paleogeological and modern geoecological conditions of the Azov-Black Sea basin and GESNBS shelf, dynamics and directions of their development. Such research is also important both for the development of public culture, expansion of the historical consciousness of the population of Ukraine and for solving some economic problems in the development of communities in the Northern Black Sea region by attracting investment to the development of coastal and underwater tourism, predicting the impact of many geoecological processes inherent in this studied region on the peculiarities of the conditions of search, identification, use and preservation of the historical and archaeological potential of antique and medieval cultural heritage located in the space of GESNBS and MGES of the modern Black Sea shelf as their anthropogenic component, affecting the lives of residents of the region under consideration, from ancient times until the present.

Development of a shore typology of Lake Constance (Germany) using spatial analyses

Population growth and tourism exert tremendous pressures on the lakeshore habitats of Lake Constance. However, great efforts have been put into shore restoration measures over the last few decades to generate a more natural state. These activities, and the importance of the littoral zone as a UNESCO world cultural heritage, increase the need for comprehensive shore typology data to provide a decision base for littoral zone management. Our approach comprises the delineation and classification of different regions of the littoral zone based on morphological features as a first step towards a comprehensive shore typology. We applied a combination of spatial and statistical analyses to classify the Lake Constance shore, based on width and slopes at different depths. We classified ten different hydro-morphological shore types, each representing homogenous areas in the littoral zone separated into sublittoral zones and potential flood areas. Validation of the typology revealed that the shorelines with steep inclinations or embankments were the shore types most likely to erode. Our findings show that the typology based on morphological features can be a useful predictor and method to link the structures and processes that interact in the shore area with the shore morphology.

Field observations in pebble beach habitats link plastiglomerate to pyroplastic via pebble clasts

Plastiglomerate and pyroplastic are two novel plastic debris forms that were originally discovered on sandy beaches in Hawaii and the UK, respectively. While plastiglomerate consists of plastic melted together with rocks or pebbles, pyroplastic is melted plastic. Although both plastic debris forms were related to campfires, it is unclear whether they are related to each other. Also, plastiglomerate and pyroplastic records from other shore types are missing. Therefore, we surveyed pebble beach habitats in Madeira Island (Atlantic Ocean) for plastiglomerate and pyroplastic. We detected one plastiglomerate (PG1, including a pebble) and four pyroplastics (PP1–4). While PP2–4 consisted of polypropylene, PG1 and PP1 consisted of polyethylene and polypropylene. Furthermore, PG1 and PP1 included previously undescribed pebble shaped clasts that unequivocally linked plastiglomerate to pyroplastic. Thereby, our findings provide the first record of plastiglomerate and pyroplastic from pebble beach habitats worldwide and establish the link between these two novel plastic debris forms.

The shores of the contact zone of the Subarctic and moderately cold seas

Longitude sectorality and latitudinal zonality of morpholithogenesis on the coast of Sakhalin is the result of the unique geographical position of the island, which is a zone of mutual influences and interactions of neighboring geosystems of the subarctic Sea of Okhotsk and the moderately cold northern part of the Sea of Japan – a contact geographical structure. Based on the digitizing of maps of morphogenetic types of shores, modern morpholithodynamic settings and lithological complexes of the coast, geomorphological and morphodynamic differences of the shores of Sakhalin Island are shown, the eastern shores of which have a subarctic appearance, and the western shores are washed by the temperate sea.

Biodiversity patterns of epibiotic invertebrates occupying an edible polyplacophoran across a latitudinal gradient of the Mexican Pacific

The broad perspective regarding marine-organisms biodiversity indicates a latitudinal gradient. Understanding gradients in diversity at large scales has important applications for understanding future impacts on local and regional communities. We use and propose the edible mollusk Chiton articulatus as the basibiont proxy to analyze the spatio-temporal changes in biodiversity patterns of the epibiotic community occupying its scleritome surface. The analyses covered approximately 1817 km of the Mexican Pacific, using seven sites that included samples from Sinaloa “SIN” (23°38′N, 106°48′W); Nayarit “NAY” (20°45′N, 105°22′W); Jalisco “JAL” (19°13′N, 104°41′W); Colima “COL” (19°06′N, 104°20′W); Michoacan “MIC” (17°54′N, 102°11'"W); Guerrero “GRO” (16°48′N, 99°52′W) and Oaxaca “OAX” (15°39′N, 96°30′W). A temporal gradient (monthly sampling from October 2015 to October 2016) was also analyzed. Evaluation of the sampling effort demonstrated that 76–86% of the epibiotic fauna was recovered. The most representative epibionts were barnacles, a limpet and an acrothoracican. Abundances of the barnacles and the limpet tended to decrease southwards, while the acrothoracican tended to increase northwards. The epibiotic community did not exhibit the typical latitudinal gradient of diversity expected, but a fragmented pattern within three main areas, which coincide with three of the marine biogeographic ecoregions proposed for the shallow waters of the Warm Temperate Northern Pacific and Tropical Eastern Pacific provinces. These were a northern group within SIN, which belong to the southern border of the Magdalena Transition ecoregion (subtropical); a middle group within NAY, JAL, COL, MIC, and GRO, which belongs to the Mexican Tropical Pacific ecoregion (tropical); and a southern group within OAX exclusively, belonging to the northern border of the Chiapas-Nicaragua ecoregion (tropical). The southern localities showed larger dominances and the central localities exhibited more stable communities. Our evidence suggests that as we move across the different shore types of the Mexican Pacific, the coastline supports distinct biotic assemblages, and the community on the rocky shores is biologically heterogeneous and mainly influenced by conditions at the local level. In consequence, conservation and protection efforts should consider preserving the local heterogeneity of habitats in the study area. Furthermore, since C. articulatus is edible, its epibiota represents an incidental fishing bycatch, with the result that the extraction of the chiton and its epibiota can jeopardy the diversity in the intertidal rocky shore of the Mexican Pacific.

Hydrogeomorphic Differences between Proximate Rivers Affect Use by Large Predatory Fishes

Resource managers can benefit from understanding how hydrology, geomorphology, and vegetation type affect fish populations and expectations of fishing quality at varying spatiotemporal scales. We used electrofishing to examine abundance and distribution of predatory fishes in 2 proximate rivers in southwest Florida for 4 years. We conducted a cross-site comparison to quantify relationships between habitat (e.g., geomorphological features, shore types, in-water structure), water conditions, and abundances of large predatory fishes. We found abundances of Centropomus undecimalis (Common Snook; euryhaline species) and Lepisosteus platyrhinchus (Florida Gar; obligate air breather) were comparable between the Peace and Myakka rivers, and low abundance of Micropterus floridanus (Florida Bass) was associated with low dissolved oxygen in the Myakka River. The lowest dissolved oxygen occurred just downstream of large in-stream marshes, where conditions become hypoxic following seasonal vegetation die-offs. Understanding how habitat availability and water conditions favor fishes within a waterbody will guide how interventions to improve fishing quality (e.g., stocking fish) can be successful or if angler expectations need to be adjusted.

Sound Water Masking to Match a Waterfront Soundscape with the Users’ Expectations: The Case Study of the Seafront in Naples, Italy

In the last decades, the soundscape approach has attracted the attention of architects and urban planners, leading them to incorporate the acoustic features into the enjoyment of their creations. One of the key aspects for an appreciated urban environment is to match the expectations of the users. In this study, the matching of the waterfront soundscape with the users’ expectations is evaluated by laboratory tests using semantic differential scales applied to reproduced virtual scenarios obtained adding different water sound pressure levels (SPLs) to the original in-situ setting. The tests were carried out by an immersive virtual reality (IVR) device, using 360° videos and spatial audio recorded in two sites of the waterfront in Naples, Italy. The scenarios were presented to the participants according to three experimental protocols, namely audio-only (A), video-only (V), and simultaneous audio-video (AV) reproduction. The examined different acoustic scenarios were the original one recorded in situ and others obtained adding seawater sounds at SPL increments of 5 dB. The results show that all the scenarios with water sounds added are rated more pleasant than the original one for the audio-only scenario. When video and audio are displayed simultaneously, two scenarios are more pleasant than the original one, likely because there is a need for coherence between the water sound SPL heard and the visible noise sources. Sounds coherent with the type of shore show a higher matching with expectations and pleasantness appraisals, rather than those that are uncoherent with the layout scenario.

ОСНОВНІ СТАДІЇ ТА ЗАКОНОМІРНОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ БЕРЕГІВ ВЕЛИКИХ РІВНИННИХ ВОДОСХОВИЩ

The main stages of the reservoir coast formation and their typological characteristics are considered on the base of the analysis of long-term monitoring studies of the Dnieper reservoirs coast dynamics, as well as generalization of published materials on other large plain reservoirs. It is shown that the common scheme of periodization of the shoreline development manifested itself only in the two stages: abrasion and abrasion-accumulative leveling, and therefore it is premature to claim the general stabilization of the coast formation process. The conventionality of the dynamic equilibrium stage for the coast of reservoirs and the growing role of coastal currents and associated sediment flows and dynamic coast systems are noted. The current state of the coasts of large plain reservoirs is estimated as the beginning of the stabilization phase on the coasts with sufficient sand materials. On the coasts composed of loess, clay or loams the processes of intensive transformation are continued. The analysis of the direction of development of the coastal zone showed three stages of change of shore profile and plan: intensive formation, stabilization and the final stage of attenuation according to the leading factors. Active accumulation means the transition to the stage of abrasion-accumulative leveling, and the emergence of dynamic coast systems and activation of coastal sediment flows means the transition to the dismemberment of the shoreline by accumulative forms. The main regularities of development of coast formation processes – heredity, direction, inertia and variability are analyzed. The heredity means that the geographical and geological conditions which developed before the filling of the reservoir are played the leading role in these processes. The direction of development is associated with an increase of the erosion base and its consequence – the leveling of the coastal zone relief. The orientation of the general process of coast formation to achieve a state of dynamic equilibrium includes stages of inertia and variability. Inertial states are the certain periods when a certain set of factors and conditions and corresponding to them type of coast prevails. Variability is a change in factors and conditions, as a result of which new types of shores or fluctuations in the characteristics of the coastal zone (movement of shoals and dynamic coastal systems, seasonal changes in shore profiles) are formed.

ACTIVE, PASSIVE AND STABLE SHORES OF THE SEA OF AZOV

The purpose of this work is to comprehensively study the ecological and geological conditions and the results of monitoring studies of the coastal territories of the Taganrog Bay and the Sea of Azov to identify the degree of manifestation of dangerous coastal processes (DCP). The subject of the study is to assess the degree of manifestation of DCP under the influence of various natural factors, both constant in time (geological structure, height of the coastal cliff), and changing (dynamics of the level, waves, wind regime) and the impact of man-made causes. The performed factor analysis allows us to assert that the main natural factor of the intensification of DCP is the extreme surge levels (adverse end dangerous events: AE and DE). The types of shores are constant, but with different degrees of manifestation of DCP, they change significantly. As a result, according to these studies, maps were constructed for the average long-term (1980), intensive manifestation (2013–2014) and the period with a relatively calm manifestation of the intensity of DCP (2018–2020). According to the activity, the manifestations of DCP are divided into 4 types: type I – with a very high c (>4 m/year), type II – with a high (2–4 m/year), type III – with an average (1–2 m/year), type IV – with a weak rate (<1 m/year) of abrasions, which include subtypes of banks formed by exogenous processes (abrasive, abrasive-landslide, accumulative), indicating the conditions of their formation and the reasons for the isolation of the danger of coastal processes.

Numerical Calculation of Non-Uniform Flow Field in Water Area at the End of a Breakwater

Li, Q. and Hong, B.G., 2020. Numerical calculation of non-uniform flow field in water area at the end of a breakwater. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 494-497. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The control of ship motion in harbor water is a frontier problem in unmanned ship research. In harbor waters, affected by the shore type, the varied flow pattern has a great influence on ship motion. In this paper, numerical calculation method was used to study the influence of non-uniform flow on ship motion. a control-volume-based finite-difference scheme of the three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system was used for solving the two-phase transient Navier-Stokes equations. The dynamic process of water interaction with the ship and its (ship) free surface was investigated with the help of volume of fluid (VOF) technique. Moreover, the flow field and mechanical characteristics of the ship in the breakwater were analyzed under the action of cross flow. The force analysis of ship with respect to time and space such as the ship sailing out of breakwater with certain sail-angle and speed characteristics are also investigated. Finally, these numerical results were compared with that of experimental data which has a nice correlation with each other.

Using Geomorphology to Better Define Habitat Associations of a Large-Bodied Fish, Common Snook Centropomus undecimalis, in Coastal Rivers of Florida

To adequately protect habitat for economically important fishes, the habitats used must first be identified and described. Coastal geomorphology is often overlooked as an influential parameter of fish habitat use in favor of readily available data taken at the time of sampling. We hypothesized that river dynamics (e.g., length, watershed, floodplain connectivity) and mesohabitat categories based on geomorphology (e.g., backwater, river bend) were at least as important as fine-scale microhabitat (e.g., depth, shore type) for describing the distribution and habitat affinities of Common Snook Centropomus undecimalis (hereafter referred to as snook) in coastal rivers of the Atlantic coast and Tampa Bay, Florida. Contrary to previously studied rivers where adult snook abundance increased during a seasonal prey pulse, adult snook abundance in the study rivers differed little between seasons and the rivers were used as nurseries by juveniles. Mesohabitat categories were important for describing snook distribution. For example, the smallest snook (≤ 250 mm total length, TL) strongly selected for backwater habitats while the largest (≥ 851 mm TL) selected river bends. Detailed microhabitat data collected at individual capture locations were helpful in describing the habitat associations of the smallest size group of snook (shallow depths and aquatic macrophytes with various shore types) and for characterizing river bends (high flow, deep water, and lower salinities) but were not strongly associated with other snook sizes or mesohabitat categories. Thus, broader scale habitat features were found to be equally as important as detailed microhabitat and should be considered when informing conservation efforts.

Typification and the Current State of Baikal Lake Shore

The major shore-forming factors typical of Lake Baikal, the main types and subtypes of lake shore, and their current state are considered. The complex geological structure has determined the diversity of lake shore types. The identified types of shores are structural–abrasion, abrasion, accumulative, biogenic, and technogenic. Each shore type shows a specific response to the natural–technogenic variations of lake level and other shore-forming factors.