Shopping Facilities Research Articles

A Smartphone-Based Shopping Mall Walking Program and Daily Walking Steps

Because shopping malls are considered safe places for walking, several mall walking programs have been developed. Research on the association between the use of walking programs and the number of daily steps taken is limited. To evaluate the association between use of a smartphone-based shopping mall walking program and daily steps taken after the COVID-19 pandemic. This cohort study evaluated a nationwide longitudinal data set of 217 344 registered smartphone app users at least 18 years of age residing in Japan. Daily step counts were collected from January 1 to December 31, 2021. The mall walking program Mall Challenge integrated a global positioning system with a smartphone app's incentive system to reward achieving a goal of 1000 daily steps with lottery-based coupons to win from 0 to 500 shopping points (1 point equaled 1 yen or approximately US $0.01). Daily step records were collected from the smartphone app's walking program and adjusted for gender and age. Multilevel analyses using mixed-effect linear regression models were used to estimate the coefficients for the association between daily participation in the walking program and daily step counts. Cross-level interaction terms of age and gender by walking program participation were included in one model. Among the 217 344 registered mall app users (23 638 110 daily step records; 154 616 [71.1%] women; 18 014 [8.3%] participants 65 years or older, and 199 330 [91.7%] adults younger than 65 years), the mean (SD) daily steps were 7415 (4686) on walking program participation days and 5281 (4339) on days without participation in the program. Walking program participation days were associated with 1219 additional daily steps (95% CI, 1205-1232) compared with nonparticipation days after adjusting for gender and age. By geographic region, participation in the walking program was associated with 1130 (95% CI, 1113-1146) more steps in rural malls, 1403 (95% CI, 1379-1428) more steps in suburban malls, and 1433 (95% CI, 1408-1457) more steps in urban malls than nonparticipation. Moreover, participation in the walking program was associated with 1422 (95% CI, 1405-1439) more steps in large malls and 1059 (95% CI, 1041-1077) more steps in small malls compared with nonparticipation. Regarding cross-level interactions, women were associated with walking 728 (95% CI, 698-758) more steps than men, and older adults were associated with walking 228 (95% CI, 183-273) more steps than younger adults on walking program participation days. This cohort study found that the use of a smartphone-based mall walking program combined with physical shopping mall facilities and lottery-based digital incentive coupons may motivate people to increase their daily number of walking steps.

Türkiye'de Çevrimiçi Alışveriş Davranışları: Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi

The aim of the study is to examine the determinants of online shopping attitude in Turkey within the lifestyle approach. This study clarifies the features of households associated with online shopping behaviour and this may assist policymakers to develop effective policies such as the improvement of appropriate marketing strategies aimed at keeping current online customers and attracting the new ones. The nationally representative Household Budget Survey (HBS) micro data set obtained from Turkish Statistical Institute for 2019 is used in the empirical analysis. The ordered probit model is employed to determine the factors affecting online shopping attitude of households. The analysis's findings highlight the fact that household income is the factor that has the highest impact on online shopping. Furthermore, gender, age, education level, and financial status of the household head are all key factors in online shopping behaviour, according to the results of the ordered probit model. Last, the job industry code of the household head, household type, ownership status of the house, accessibility to in-store shopping facilities and the existence of the household member who has a saving behaviour and who has a newspaper or magazines habit have statistically significant effects on online shopping behaviour.

Estimation of the aggregation degree of public transport use among elderly people based on urban built environment

With the accelerated aging process, the increased willingness of elderly people to travel, and the concessionary bus travel policy implementation, public transport, especially buses, has become one of the important ways for China's elderly people to participate in social activities. Meanwhile, the increased use of public transport by elderly people results in serious conflicts with commuters. In order to understand details about when, where and why public transport trips of the elderly become large, this study investigates the aggregation degree of public transport use among the elderly as well as its determinants mainly from the viewpoint of spatial characteristics. Based on Smart card data and Baidu Map API, the aggregation degree of public transport use in elderly people is rated on a scale of 1 to 5. And then its correlation to the microscopic built environment is analyzed by using negative binomial regression. The results indicate that public transport use by elderly people is highly aggregative in both spatial and temporal dimensions. It is also found that the urban built environment has a significant effect on the aggregation degree of public transport use in the elderly and significant variables for four time periods on both weekdays and weekends are quite different. The proximity of housing estates, elderly activity centers, universities for the elderly, and medical and shopping facilities near bus stations increases the aggregation degree of public transport use by elderly people. This study will provide a reference basis for optimizing the public transport system in the aging society.

PCR62 Post-Lockdown Behaviors and Impacts of Avoiding COVID-19 in Individuals and Caregivers of Individuals at High-Risk of Severe COVID-19: A Qualitative Study

Several populations are at greater risk of severe COVID-19 due to inadequate responses to COVID-19 vaccines. Many of these individuals, and their caregivers, continue practicing varying degrees of social isolation to avoid SARS-CoV-2 infection. Following the end of lockdowns, the behaviors and impacts of continued isolation on the quality-of-life of high-risk populations remain poorly understood. This study describes the main avoidance and protective behaviors and ongoing impacts experienced by adults and caregivers of adults at high-risk of severe COVID-19. Four virtual focus groups (April-July 2022) were conducted with individuals at high-risk of severe COVID-19, or caregivers, recruited via a convenience sample from patient panels. A discussion guide of open-ended questions was prepared based on COVID-19 guidance documents and a literature review. For qualitative analyses, an inductive approach was used for behaviors, deductive for impacts. A pre-defined codebook was updated throughout as needed. Salient concepts were defined as those mentioned by ≥30% of participants or in every focus-group session. Fourteen participants were interviewed (12 patients, 2 caregivers). Participants highlighted continued behaviors greatly impacting their quality-of-life. Avoidance behaviors (staying home, avoiding bystanders, avoiding shopping facilities and gatherings, using delivery services, family protection [43%-64%]) and protective behaviors (masking [79%], vaccination [57%]) were reported. Negative impacts included family relationship impacts (71%), collapse of social relationships (57%), difficulties accessing healthcare (43%), anxiety, fear, loneliness and depression (36%-50%), and impacts on employment/finances (36%). Positive impacts included the advent of telehealth (57%) and recognizing family importance (36%). Lack of trust in authority (57%) and hoarding of medications (36%) were negative general impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted. Concepts reported by patients and caregivers were similar. Individuals at high-risk of severe COVID-19 and their caregivers maintained avoidance and protective behaviors similar to those reported during lockdowns. This study highlights the continued burden experienced by high-risk populations.

PONTIANAK WEDDING CENTER

Marriage is a precious moment for every couple, where they formalize their bond legally according to law, norms, and religion. At a wedding, the venue for the event is one that must be prepared so that the event can run smoothly. Weddings in the city are often held in hotels or multi-purpose halls. This is due to the limited land area of the house so that it is less accommodating to accommodate guests and vehicle parking spaces in addition to showing self-existence or prestige. In addition to the venue for the wedding, the selection of makeup, clothing, wedding decorations, documentation, entertainment, food and drinks for invited guests is something that needs to be prepared. Of the many preparations needed to provide business opportunities in the field of wedding services and supplies. For this reason, the design of the Pontianak Wedding Center is expected to meet the needs of the community and service providers in wedding equipment. The Pontianak Wedding Center design method consists of several stages, namely the idea stage, the data collection stage, the analysis stage, then the synthesis and finally the design. In designing the Pontianak Wedding Center using a contemporary architectural approach. From the design of the Pontianak Wedding Center, it produces a place for weddings and marriage ceremonies, meeting places, management offices, thematic shopping facilities and other supporting facilities. The design of the Pontianak Wedding Center will be a new idea where the wedding building has a thematic shopping center in it.

The Expansion and Spatial Pattern of Shopping and Tourism Services Facilities in North Bandung Region, Indonesia

This study aims to identify the expansion and spatial patterns of shopping and tourism services facilities and evaluate whether the locations are aligned with the spatial plan map of the North Bandung region. The research was conducted by taking inventory of shopping and tourism services facilities in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018. The locations were plotted into maps to calculate each point's spatial pattern for each period using the nearest neighbor analysis method. The 2018 map was overlaid with a spatial plan map to identify whether the existing location aligns with the regional plan. The first results were the expansion and spatial pattern maps of shopping North Bandung area for 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018; that show the broadest expansion of shopping facility in 2018 with a clustered pattern. The second results were expansion, and spatial pattern maps of tourism service facilities in the same period show that since 2014 the expansion started with clustered patterns. The evaluation results show that only convenience stores were located in protected areas, but all tourist service facilities were located in these locations. This finding is essential for local governments in monitoring spatial use.

Analysis of Tourist Satisfaction Levels in Malang Regency, East Java in the New Normal Era Using Categorical Test

In an effort to increase tourist visits in the new normal era to the city of Malang, East Java, the local government and the central government have made many efforts in carrying out eco-tourism activities whose main objective is to increase the number of tourist visits and the level of tourist satisfaction and local revenue in Malang Regency, East Java. Due to the increasing number of tourist visits to the city of Malang, it is necessary to make improvements in eco-tourism activities with the aim of increasing the trust and satisfaction levels of tourists who come there. Several improvements that are feasible to do so that the flow of tourist visits is getting better from year to year, are: providing lodging facilities in accordance with tourist expectations, increasing the number of tourist attraction activities, providing shopping center facilities, availability of a culinary center, organizing important events, access roads to tourist attractions, and environmental improvements in the tourist area. These seven important aspects are imperative in an effort to provide better overall service to tourists, considering the tourists who come to Malang, some come from outside the province. The data processing method used in this research is categorical test, where this test tool aims to find a map in the form of a quadrant that displays the position of tourist attractions in the city of Malang to make improvements and improvements to increase visitor satisfaction. From the results shown based on the categorical test, there are two main tourist attractions that are priority development, that is Batu Secret Zoo and Batu Night Spectacular

How Older Citizens in Germany Perceive and Handle Their Food Environment-A Qualitative Exploratory Study.

Apart from individual factors like knowledge or personal motivation, the environment also influences a person’s eating behaviour. Food environments can be described as the collective physical, economic, policy and sociocultural surroundings, opportunities and conditions that influence people’s food choices and nutritional status. In order to explore how older citizens in rural Germany perceive and handle their food environment, we conducted semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 35 older adults (71 ± 7 years), asking about micro-, meso- and macro-level influences on eating habits. Participants reported social factors to be crucial in shaping their diets, such as preferences of family members or social expectations connected to roles (guest, host). On a physical level, structural aspects and resources in their nearby surroundings influenced shopping and eating behaviour (for example access to an own vegetable garden, local shopping facilities and restaurants). Macro-level influences such as the food industry were hardly mentioned. Participants noticed that the environment affects their diets but dealt with undesired influences using strategies of adaptation and behaviour change, rather than challenging the environmental influences. Public health projects should raise the awareness of the multiple environmental influences on eating behaviour and also help people to create healthier food environments.

A vásárlói magatartás elemzése az élelmiszer- és üzletválasztást befolyásoló tényezők alapján

THE AIMS OF THE PAPER The aim of the study is to test the food shopping decisions of the Hungarian consumers based on factors that influence their food choice and store selection. METHODOLOGY To identify the features of the food shopping behaviour a representative nationwide research involving 1002 consumers was carried out. In each region and settlements the method of random walking was used to select the proper households. In each household birthday key method was used to identify the person who was suitable for the interview. The data collection was done with personal interviews using standard questionnaires in the respondents’ home. During data processing besides descriptive statistics factor- and cluster analyses were used to characterise the consumers’ way of thinking, or different segments were created based on the factors that influence the selection of the store. MOST IMPORTANT RESULTS For the majority of the consumers the most important factors influencing purchase are still the favourable price to value ratio, the outstanding sensory appeal, as well as the family traditions. It is the store selection viewpoints that adjust to these factors, complemented by the fast and wide purchasing possibilities. These preferred benefits can mainly be provided by the hypermarkets and discount stores, however, the multinational chain stores are more popular among the customers compared to the Hungarian ones, whose positions are weaker. During the research work four clusters were identified. They are the following: Ambitious and motivated shoppers (44.7%), Fast and convenient shoppers (22.1%), Sales and price sensitive shoppers (19.8%), Neutrals (13.4%). According to their analysis, the interest towards food-purchase is increasing and the grocery stores responded to this trend by modifying their product policies. RECOMMENDATIONS Although the shopping decisions are rather rational than emotional, in a real shopping situation the emotional factors also influence the shopping decision, which means that it is vital to build an emotional tie (brand, image, shopping atmosphere). From strategic view it means a great challenge to widen the consumer scope of the Hungarian chain stores. The conditions to ensure greater penetration are the comfortable and fast shopping facilities, reasonable prices, a wide range of the products, and within this, to increase the diversification of the private labels. The demands of the more conscious and involved consumers have to be met by increasing the range of environment friendly and health protective products. Acknowledgement: The publication is supported by the EFOP-3.6.2-16-2017-00003 project. The project is co-financed by the European Union and the European Social Fund.

Sustainable Settlement of Pojok Tengah Village on Cimahi City as The Center of Spicy Cassava Chips Industry

Settlement Pojok Tengah Village on Kademangan Road of the Cimahi City is a residential food industry of spicy cassava chips, which has the potential to be processed and organized into the center of cassava chips industry, as technology develops, these settlements have good potential for future prospects so that the Mayor of Cimahi establishes these settlements as the Center of Cassava Chips Industry. Currently, the development of industrial center is still irregular, so it needs a necessary planning and design for the arrangement of Pojok Tengah Village on Kademangan Road of the Cimahi City. The purpose of sustainable settlement is to maximizing social, economic and environmental on humanitarian settings in Pojok Tengah Village. To achieve the suitability of the area, the pattern of mass order and mass typology found in Pojok Tengah Village on Kademangan Road will be identified, so that the origin of the cassava chips food industry center will be known with all the manufacturing process activities and also the supporting shopping facilities needed by visitors for the future. The method used in this paper was qualitative method applying descriptive analysis. The data were taken from literature studies, relevant agencies, and community with local leaders in the settlement. The results of this analysis showed that an approach can be obtained and used in the preparation of programs and basic concepts of planning and design for the future. The arrangement of the area can be made dynamically and still maintain the elements of locality by adopting the formation of simple geometric buildings, on Kademangan Road of, Cimahi City and the locality of houses in the village area.

Preventive Health Behaviors of Community During Covid-19 Pandemic: A Descriptive Study

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared by World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Some of preventive behaviors have been recommended to minimize the risk of COVID‐19 infection in the general population, including staying-at-home orders, hand hygiene, prohibitions against mass gatherings, wearing a mask, and maintaining physical distance between persons. To describe community behaviors related to the implementation of the recommendation on covid-19 preventions. This research was a descriptive study involving 144 respondents as the community members of Wonosobo District, Indonesia. The data was analysed using descriptive analysis. The study showed that among the community involved, 95.8% of them were categorized as good, while the remaining 4.2% was categorized as enough. The category of good community behaviors was pointed out by the indication in which 77.8% of the community obeyed staying-at-home orders. As much as 56% of them still went shopping for groceries and 44.4% utilized both on-line shopping and delivery service facilities. Other good behaviors were indicated by 96.5% of the community were discipline in applying hand washing, 93.1% of them kept the distance to others and avoided gatherings as well as 68.1% of the people kept wearing masks. The behaviour of the majority of the community were categorized as good. This condition is expected to support efforts to handle the COVID-19 cases to be carried out effectively.

"광역쇼핑시설의 중소유통 상권잠식 효과: 복합쇼핑몰 등 4개 신유통업태를 중심으로"

"광역쇼핑시설의 중소유통 상권잠식 효과: 복합쇼핑몰 등 4개 신유통업태를 중심으로"

Fear dynamics in public places: a case study of urban shopping centers

PurposeThis study aims to examine the relationships among some important factors and perceived personal safety in public places, using Nigerian urban shopping centers as case studies. Following the evidence from previous studies, the present study hypothesizes that individual characteristics influence perceived personal safety in shopping centers, and users’ perceived safety is affected by the shopping centers’ environmental attributes.Design/methodology/approachTwo shopping centers were selected as cases for the study. Systematic sampling technique was used to select participants. Respondents were asked to answer closed-ended questions pertaining to environmental-design satisfaction, socio-economic and demographic characteristics and shopping center use. In total, 784 users participated in the survey. However, only 440 users properly completed the interview: 219 from Aleshinloye and 221 from Gbagi. Environmental design, socio-economic and demographic characteristics and shopping center use are independent variables, whereas perceived safety is a dependent variable. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis and Man–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests.FindingsResults show that fear of crime is the most important factor, explaining 28.16 per cent of the total variance in perceived safety. Nevertheless, findings show that demographic factors have a significant impact on perceived safety as well. There is also a strong association between perceived safety and the use of shopping centers, as Aleshinloye, which is perceived safer, has been more frequently used than Gbagi. Furthermore, environmental design appears as a significant factor for perceived safety in shopping centers, as users of Aleshinloye’s facilities have a better perceived safety from crime, better way-finding ability and more environmental-design satisfaction than users of Gbagi.Practical implicationsThe study recommends the provisions of design or security precautions that prevent the fear of crime and improve way-finding capacity and environmental-design satisfaction in urban shopping facilities. Specifically, it is important to have environmental security precautions such as closed circuit televisions, good and functional lighting and private security staff, especially for women and the elderly, in urban commercial centers as these precautions could enhance their sense of personal safety.Originality/valuePrevious studies on shopping centers’ security have mainly concentrated on the relationship between fear of crime, perceived safety and associated factors. No studies to date have explored how way-finding ability affects perceived safety of users of shopping centers. This study contributes to the existing literature, revealing way-finding anxiety to be another important dimension of perceived safety in urban shopping centers.

Designing Urban Customs and Border Marketplaces: A Model and Case Study From Lotfabad, Iran

ABSTRACT Even though Iran’s borders are vast, shared with seven neighboring states, its borderlands are socially and economically deprived owing to their remoteness from the capital and their marginal location on the national periphery. Therefore, considering the need for border development is essential. Because so many borderland residents survive through border-related commerce, improving this peripheral economy should lead to better economic development, quality of life, poverty reduction, and overall standard of living. These goals can be realized in part through vital infrastructure, including customs areas and border marketplaces that provide convenient shopping and leisure facilities, facilities for importing and exporting goods, as well as the entrance and departure of people. Based upon interviews with ten local specialists in a key Iranian border town, Lotfabad, and a Delphi panel with ten global border specialists, the study indicates that urban development perspectives and urban design provide a conceptual foundation for developing border areas. In this regard, a conceptual model for designing customs areas and border marketplaces comprised of economic, social, legal and physical dimensions was developed by considering principles such as passive defense, accessibility, variety, inclusiveness, vitality, infrastructure, visitability, identity and local architecture, sustainability, visual character, continuity and coherence, compatibility with nature, and environmental cleanliness. This model could help planners and urban designers in developing border regions more effectively.

Postsocialist Restructuring of City Subcenters and the Role of Shopping Centers in Nis, Serbia

Although the postsocialist construction of large shopping facilities had significant implications on the urban structure of Central and Eastern European cities, the complex spatial, functional, and social relations between shopping centers and settlement centers at the local level have not been fully explained. This paper addresses this issue by exploring the center of Medijana municipality in the city of Nis, Serbia and the impact of two shopping centers in its restructuring. The compatibility of shopping centers with a district/neighborhood center is assessed on the basis of functional, spatial, and socioeconomic criteria, for which a set of measurable indicators is established: diversity and functional integration, design and physical integration, survey data on the use of shopping centers and perception of users, and the economic performance of shopping centers. Despite the significant spatial and functional transformations of the Medijana center caused by construction of the shopping centers, the results indicate their low compatibility. Furthermore, the findings confirm the need for improving the quality of the social life in this urban center. Research identifies those key elements of urban design that integrate shopping centers into the central urban fabric: (1) diversity and integration of uses, (2) high densities, (3) well-designed public space, and (4) established pedestrian links.

Why do some coastal communities rise while others decline?

Coastal areas have been hard hit by the recent economic crisis. In addition, due to the introduction and popularity of cheaper foreign holidays they have seen a general decline since the booming years of the 1970s. Clacton-On-Sea, which was a booming and prosperous tourist economy in the mid-20th Century, has seen a reduction in its economic prosperity. The area is not helped by its peripheral location; limited transport links to London; and lack of diversification in the local economy. Despite this, some areas have weathered the storm better than others. Brighton & Hove and Southend-On-Sea are examples of coastal areas that have not witnessed the same magnitude of short and longer term economic decline as areas like Clacton. This paper seeks to understand what explains the differences in economic trends between coastal areas that have done well and areas that have not done as well. The following factors are important: House prices; Recreational facilities; Shopping facilities; and Universities.The following policies are proposed to help Clacton-On-Sea improve its condition:•Increase the percentage of people qualified to degree level to 28.5%. This will help the area see a higher rate of jobs growth.•Double to percentage of people employed in the knowledge industry•Reduce the proportion of people employed in the public sector by establishing other industries.•Implement policies favourable to entrepreneurs to increase the percentage of VAT registrations to at least 10%Implementing such policies will help to regenerate the area; thereby attracting skilled individuals and improving prospects for current residents.

Impact of expansion of a city as a sustainable tourist destination: a case of Bucharest, Romania

AbstractThis paper analyses the “what counts” factors required for the successful transformation and branding of a city from a normal large capital city into a large incorporated, diverse and functional metropolitan city. Public surveys, the principles of urbanization and environmental balance are presented with generally-recognized and data-supported local trends. Moreover, these are analysed and compared with other large metropolitan areas in Europe. The development of a central business district surrounded by metropolitan areas encourages a population flow both outward and inward from the centre for residential, work-related, shopping and cultural/leisure/sport activities. The tendency is for the more highly educated to move and travel inwards to take advantage of the shopping, cultural and sport facilities, and work opportunities. Consequently, families separate and this generates more travelling for visiting purposes, with the need for upgraded transportation services. The paper concludes with the fi...

Overview of Visitor’s Experience Toward Shopping Facilities at International Airport of Jakarta

Background: Non-aviation revenue ratio of the Indonesia’s airport is still considered low. Objective: This study aims to identify factors affecting visitor’s satisfaction towards shopping facilities at international airport in Jakarta. Data was collected using survey technique, where questionnaire was distributed to 200 visitors at Terminal 2, Soekarno-Hatta International Airport. Results: The result of multiple linear regression analysis shows that physical environment of shopping facilities and personal factors of visitors have significant relationships and effect toward visitor’s satisfaction at the airport shopping facilities. The result also shows that café is the most visited outlet at the respective airport. Conclusion: The study indicates that physical environment contributes more than personal factors on satisfying visitors at airport shopping facilities. Nevertheless, both aspects should be of airport management’s concern. Airport management can consider doing refurbishment to the shops as well as forming effective marketing strategies to convey positive message to the visitors about airport shopping.

복합쇼핑몰에서의 세대별 몰링문화에 관한 연구 - 엔터테인먼트 경험을 중심으로 -

Malling culture, which refers to the enjoyment of shopping in multi-complex malls with shopping, cultural, and leisure facilities, has emerged as a major trend in society. However, few studies have researched malling culture in depth. This study classified people who go to multi-complex shopping malls as belonging to the baby-boom generation, X-generation, or Y-generation to investigate consumer culture in malls, with an emphasis on user satisfaction and entertainment experiences. Consumers who had shopped in a multi-complex shopping mall during the last 6 months were surveyed. Data were collected through a research company, and responses from 417 subjects were used in the analysis. Among the 417 subjects, 130 were baby-boomers, 136 were from the X-generation, and 151 were from the Y-generation. Investigating the components of multi-complex shopping malls that stimulate entertainment experiences, this study found that exploratory, emotional, and leisure experiences were enhanced when users were more satisfied with the image, atmosphere, and events of shopping malls. In addition, mall image and atmosphere contributed to the improvement of social experiences. With regard to generation, baby-boomers and subjects from the X-generation were generally more satisfied with mall atmosphere, image, and events and had more exploratory and leisure experiences. This study holds significance in that it examined malling culture from a wider perspective than simply the younger generation and presented scholarly and marketing implications based on insights into generational malling culture.

A Study on Evaluation of Accessibility to Shopping and Medical Facilities by Elderly and Non-elderly Residents

本研究は、滋賀県東近江市域を対象に実施した、居住者へのアンケート調査結果をもとに、まず日常的な買い物・通院交通における目的地の選択モデルを、非集計行動モデルを用いて構築した。そして、この選択モデルのログサムを算出することにより居住地ごとに高齢者・非高齢者別に目的地へのアクセシビリティを求め、対象地域内における問題地区を明らかにした。この結果、いずれの移動目的でも良好な精度で選択モデルを構築することができ、高齢者は非高齢者よりも移動距離に対する抵抗感が大きいことを示した。そして、居住地ごとに年齢別のアクセシビリティを比較すると、買い物については、商業施設が集積しているDID地区内では高齢者と非高齢者で類似した値を示しており、DID地区外では高齢者のアクセシビリティの減少幅が非高齢者に比べて大きくなっていた。通院についてはいずれの居住地でも高齢者のアクセシビリティは非高齢者よりも低く、特に拠点病院までのバス路線が存在しない居住地でその差が顕著であった。さらに、移動目的ごとの高齢者のアクセシビリティと高齢化率を居住地ごとに重ね合わせることにより問題地区とその深刻度を把握できた。