Milk Shops Research Articles

Molecular characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of Shiga toxin- producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from raw milk of dairy bovines in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

This study investigated the virulence potential and antibiotic susceptibility analysis of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups, which are significant cause of food borne diseases. A study collected 800 samples of dairy bovine raw milk through various sources, 500 from milk shops, 200 from dairy farms, 26 from milk collection centers, and 74 from street vendors. Using a standard method, E. coli was detected in 321 out of the 800 samples collected. Out of the 321 E. coli-positive samples isolated, 148 were identified as STEC using selective media, specifically Cefixime Tellurite Sorbitol MacConkey's Agar (CT-SMA). Out of the 148 positive samples, 40 were confirmed as STEC non-O157 strains using multiplex PCR, indicating a prevalence of 5% (40 out of 800 samples). STEC isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and all isolates were resistant to at least one or more antimicrobials tested through the disk diffusion method, revealed high resistance to Amoxicillin 100%, Ceftriaxone 50%, and Penicillin 44.5%, and notably 44% of the strains exhibited Streptomycin resistance, while Enrofloxacin 55%, Florfenicol 50% and Norfloxacin 44%, demonstrated the highest susceptibility. Out of 40 STEC non-O157, twelve were subjected to Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) sequencing through Illumina Inc. MiSeq platform's next-generation sequencing technology, United States. The genome investigation evidenced the persistence of twelve serotypes H4:O82, H30:O9a, H4:O82, H16:O187, H9:O9, H16:O113, H30:O9, H32:O, H32:O, H32, H32, and H38:O187, linked to the potential infections in humans. Conclusion: STEC isolates showed resistance to multiple antimicrobials, raising concerns for both animal and public health due to widespread use of these drugs in treatment and prevention. The study contributes new insights into monitoring STEC in raw milk, emphasizing the critical role of whole genome sequencing (WGS) for genotyping and sequencing diverse isolates. Still a deficiency in understanding STEC pathogenesis mechanisms, ongoing surveillance is crucial for safeguarding human health and enhancing understanding of STEC genetic characteristics.

Multiple-Drug Resistant Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli in Raw Milk of Dairy Bovine.

Raw milk may contain pathogenic microorganisms harmful to humans, e.g., multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli non-O157:H7, which can cause severe colitis, hemolytic uremia, and meningitis in children. No studies are available on the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC O157:H7) in sick or healthy dairy animals in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and detect antibiotic resistance in STEC non-O157:H7 from unpasteurized milk of dairy bovines in this province. We collected raw milk samples (n = 800) from dairy farms, street vendors, and milk shops from different parts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. E. coli was isolated from these samples followed by latex agglutination tests for serotyping. The detection of STEC was conducted phenotypically and confirmed by the detection of virulence genes genotypically. An antibiogram of STEC isolates was performed against 12 antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. A total of 321 (40.12%) samples were found to be positive for E. coli in this study. These samples were processed for the presence of four virulence genes (Stx1, Stx2, ehxA, eae). Forty samples (5.0%) were STEC-positive. Of these, 38%, 25%, 19%, and 18% were positive for Stx1, Stx2, ehxA, and eae, respectively. Genotypically, we found that 1.37% of STEC isolates produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and contained the blaCTX M gene. Resistance to various antibiotics ranged from 18% to 77%. This study highlights the risk of virulent and multidrug-resistant STEC non-O157:H7 in raw milk and the need for proper quality surveillance and assurance plans to mitigate the potential public health threat.

INNOVATION MANAGEMENT TO CREATE A GROWING COMPANY BY USING A MEMBER CARD AT NATASHA MILK SHOP

ABSTRACT Every year the development of technology is getting faster and every year many companies develop technology from small companies to bona fide companies. Natasha's milk shop is a company that has only started pioneering since 2010 so there are many problems starting with the absence of member cards for consumers, member cards aim to provide promos, discounts and points for every product sales transaction to consumers who shop and with the member card, both parties are mutually beneficial between consumers and companies, member cards also function as branding media, branding media when consumers feel many benefits from using member cards, consumers want to shop and use member cards again. Natasha milk shop companies do not apply member cards If the member card does not exist this is a very serious problem and must be addressed immediately by the natasha milk shop company, the development of technology that cannot be utilized properly by the natasha milk shop company so that there are problems that must be overcome. So with this peniliti want to discuss, innovate and find solutions for the progress of the company natasha milk shop, the purpose of this study wants to make an innovation in the development of technology by making application-based applications so that readers understand the procedures for use from starting member card registration to using member cards in the application. After the application has been developed, the company gives questions to consumers, these questions are to provide the extent of the System Usability Scale for the company. After the System Usability Scale is carried out the results of 15 respondents form 1315: 15 = 88 then for the total calculation of 88, (70 - 90 Good Exellent).

Evaluation of Potentially Toxic Trace Metals and Associated Health Risk Assessment in Buffalo Milk.

The contamination of toxic trace metals in the food chain is one of the major threats to human health. Milk is part of a balanced diet, which is essential for proper growth, but the ingestion of contaminated milk may cause chronic health disorders. The present study is focused on the assessment of contamination of toxic trace metals in buffalo milk and the associated health risks to the consumers of Abbottabad, Pakistan. Standard analytical methods were employed to quantify the metal contents in the milk samples collected from various shops and homes in the months from June 2021 to October 2021. Health risk assessment was accomplished by computing estimated daily intake (EDI), health risk index (HRI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and target cancer risk (TCR). On a comparative basis, the mean concentration of Cr was found to be highest in both shop and home milk samples (101.3 ± 45.33 and 54.11 ± 24.20 mg/L, respectively), followed by Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd levels. In buffalo milk collected from homes, the highest concentration of the metals was found in October, followed by July, September, June, and August. In shop milk, the increasing trend of metal contents was July > October > September > June > August. Significantly strong positive relationships were noted between the metal concentrations in the milk samples. Multivariate cluster analysis and principal component analysis exhibited significant anthropogenic contributions of the metals in buffalo milk. Mostly, the EDI and HRI values were exceeding the recommended limits; however, THQ, HI, and TCR showed that the intake of these metals through milk consumption was within the safe limit and thus revealed no significant carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risks to the consumers. It is high time to ensure the continuous monitoring of organic/inorganic toxins in the milk and concerned authorities should take strict measures to control the contamination of milk and other food products.

IMPLEMENTASI SAK EMKM GUNA PENYUSUNAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN PADA UMKM KOICA MILK SHOP KELURAHAN AIR DUKU KECAMATAN SELUPU REJANG

Financial Accounting Standards for Micro, Small and Medium Entities (SAK EMKM) have been stipulated by Law Number 20 of 2008 as a standard in the preparation of financial reports for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). applied in the financial statements of the MSME Koica Milk Shop, Air Duku Village, Selupu Rejang District.
 The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method and data collection techniques are carried out using library research techniques and field studies. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Based on the data obtained, the authors found the problem is that the financial statements have not been prepared. The company only records incoming milk so that it only produces daily recap data.
 The results of this study indicate the preparation of financial statements at the MSME Koica Milk Shop, Air Duku Village, Selupu Rejang District which consists of a statement of financial position, income statement and notes to financial statements. The author suggests that the company should immediately implement the financial statements that the author has made based on SAK EMKM in order to assist in future decision making.

Prevalence and Susceptibility Profile of E. Coli O157:H7 Isolated from Raw Milk in Kohat, Pakistan

Diseases development due to food is a major threat to consumers; especially in countries where sanitation facilities are poor. E. coli O157:H7 strain causes major outbreaks among foodborne diseases. The current work investigated the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and their antibiogram profile in raw milk samples. A total of 180 samples were collected from milk shops in Kohat, Pakistan. The isolates were initially identified on colony morphology on different Media and later through biochemical tests. Isolates were also screened to differentiate E. coli O157:H7 from other fecal E. coli via sorbitol MaCconkey agar. Out of 180 samples 134 (74.4%) milk samples were positive for E. coli and 46 (25.6%) milk samples were negative. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by using antibiotics of different classes. Most of the isolates showed susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (82.5%) (80.4%), gentamicin (82.5%) (80.5%) and Oxytetracycline (85.5%) (85.6%) respectively and slightly resistant to Tetracycline (55.8%) (48.2%), Imepenam (52.6%) (42.8%), Ceftriaxone (45.5%) (40.6%), Trimethoprim (54.4%) (36.6%), Chloramphenicol (38.6%) (30.5%), and shows resistance to Amikacin (25.5%) (18.4%) and Cloxacillin (10.5%) (4.5%) respectively. The high frequency of E. coli O157:H7 in milk samples indicate poor hygiene during milking, transportation and milk storage. The awareness against spreading of this pathogen is necessary among stakeholders at different levels of milk handling. Keywords: E. coli O157:H7; Antibiotic resistance, Milk

Unraveling preferences for religious ties in food transactions: A consumer perspective

AbstractFood choices are key in communicating religious identities and marking religious boundaries. Whereas the literature has focused on religion's impact on food habits, the effect of religion on food market exchanges remains largely unexplored. Using the Ethiopian milk market as a case study, we conduct a series of innovative experimental choice tasks with urban dairy consumers to elicit their preferences for milk seller characteristics. In the choice tasks, milk seller profiles are constructed using five relevant attributes: milk price, distance to the selling point, seller type, seller gender, and seller religious affiliation. We observe consumer preferences for lower milk prices, shorter distances, and dairy farmers over milk shops. When accounting for attribute non‐attendance, we find that consumers who take religion into account prefer co‐religious sellers, and that consumers who take gender into account generally prefer female sellers. Our results enrich our understanding of the role of religion in purchase behavior and market segmentation.

Isolation, biotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates from raw milk in Erbil city, Iraq.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity of Campylobacter species in raw milk sold at retail vending in Erbil city. Three hundred and fifty (350) samples were aseptically collected from retail raw milk shops between January and June 2019. For isolation of Campylobacter spp., samples were cultured on selective media and tested for biotype and antimicrobials susceptibility by disk diffusion assay. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was 12.6%. Campylobacter jejuni was significantly prevalent (65.9%) among other Campylobacter species. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed complete sensitivity to tetracycline, rifampicin, and neomycin. On the other hand, total resistance to ampicillin and trimethoprim was observed. Strikingly, as low as 56.8% and 72.7% of isolates are still sensitive to the drugs of choice in campylobacteriosis treatment; ciprofloxacin and erythromycin respectively. This resistance pattern of Campylobacter found in this study is critically alarming owing to the insusceptibility to the aforementioned antibiotics commonly used as the drugs of choice for campylobacteriosis treatment. Increase in Campylobacter prevalence in raw milk was associated with warm season. These levels prevalence and resistance worth further investigations and effective countermeasures owing to potential public health hazards.

Prevalence and Survival of Stenotrophomonas Species in Milk and Dairy Products in Egypt.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a nosocomial, multidrug-resistant pathogen that causes significant economic losses in milk production and deterioration of dairy product quality. This study investigates the prevalence and the survival of S. maltophilia under different food preservation conditions. A total of 240 samples, including farm-sourced milk, dairy shop purchased milk, Kareish cheese, Domiati cheese, ice cream, yoghurt, cooking butter, and unpasteurized cream were collected from various locations in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt. Thirty samples of each product were analyzed by standard biochemical tests for the presence of Stenotrophomonas spp., which was isolated from 36% (87/240) of the examined samples. The highest prevalence was observed in ice cream (80%), followed by unpasteurized cream (67%), whereas the lowest incidence was in Domiati cheese (3.3%). S. maltophilia, identified by PCR, was found only in unpasteurized cream (13%), cooking butter (10%), ice cream (6.7%), and dairy shop milk (3.3%). We also studied the viability of S. maltophilia in laboratory manufactured cream, butter, and cheese under different preservation conditions. S. maltophilia was able to survive for 30, 30, 28, 30, and 8 d in the inoculated cream, butter 0% salt, butter 3% salt, cheese 0% salt, and cheese 6% salt, respectively. Thus, S. maltophilia was able to survive more than predicted in all products in this study. This suggests that strains of S. maltophilia may develop adaptive strategies that enable survival under different food preservation conditions, which contradicts previous knowledge about the sensitivity of this microbe to environmental stress conditions. Our overall aim was to draw attention to the prevalence and future potential for increased public health significance of Stenotrophomonas spp.

Profitability and Correlation Between Koica Milk Shop and Dairy Farm in Selupu Rejang, Bengkulu, Indonesia

The objective of this research was to analyze profitability and correlation between KOICA milk shop and dairy farms in Selupu Rejang, Rejang Lebong, Bengkulu, Indonesia. Data driven were general condition, performance of Milk Shop, performance of dairy farms, and the correlation between KOICA milk shop and dairy farmer are evaluated. The methodology started by census that chosen only KOICA milk shop owner and dairy farmers who pooled the milk to KOICA milk shop. Data collected then tabulated and analyzed using Excel and Regression. The result showed that both KOICA milk shop and dairy all were gained properly benefit from dairy business. For the average, it was about IDR 6,557,057.75 per month equivalent to USD 493 as a profit in KOICA milk shop. The profit was depending on the milk production from dairy farmer only, if they couldn’t milk from dairy cow, KOICA milk shop won’t be able to earn money. The dairy farmers were also got IDR 3,620,311.09 (USD 272) per month as the average profit from milk, compost and calve. There was very high correlation between the milk produced by dairy farmers then processed by Koica Milk Shop and its profit was r : 0.99. The discovering of this research was very valuable information, and also important to whom it may concern in dairy business as well as dairy farmers and Government for applying or understanding to develop new strategies for reducing production costs and to increase the profit by using model of whom successful in dairy business.

PENERAPAN SISTEM AKUNTANSI DALAM PENYUSUNAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN BERDASARKAN STANDAR AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN (SAK) PADA USAHA MIKRO KECIL DAN MENENGAH (UMKM) (Studi Kasus pada Warung Susu Shi-Jack di Surakarta)

The purpose of this research is to implement an accounting system in the preparation of financial statements at the Shi Jack Milk Shop Jl. Captain Mulyadi, Surakarta based on Financial Accounting Standards (SAK). The results showed that the preparation of an accounting system based on Indonesian GAAP was carried out by compiling financial statements which include income statements and statements of financial position. The income statement is prepared in accordance with SAK EMKM as a reference used to prepare financial statements for small and medium businesses, so they can find out the amount of net income. The report on the financial position of the researcher compiled for Warung Shi Shi Jack contains information about assets and liabilities, so that it can be easier to prepare financial reports and see estimates that occur in daily company activities, so that management can control any company expenses to support its operations or operations.

Organochlorine pesticide residues in raw milk samples collected from dairy farms and urban areas of Lahore district, Pakistan.

The current study was employed to investigate the organochlorine pesticides (OCP) concentrations in milk, as the milk we consume, has residues of these notorious pesticides. The residual concentrations of OCP in milk have numerous harmful effects on health especially the children. Therefore, milk was analyzed using gas chromatography equipped with µECD for seven OCP residues, namely α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, Endosulfan-sulphate, DDE, γ-HCH, Dieldrin, and DDT. Three hundred and sixty raw milk samples were collected from urban areas (10 areas of Lahore N = 300) and Dairy Farms (10 farms in Lahore N = 60) from September 2012 to September 2013. Samples were collected after an interval of 2months, for 12months. Mean values of OCPs in milk samples from urban areas were reported as α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, Endosulfan-sulphate, DDE, γ-HCH, and Dieldrin with concentration of 17.44 ± 3.99, 35.74 ± 7.50, 20.28 ± 3.95, 2.51 ± 0.55, 0.93 ± 0.16 and 1.12 ± 0.18µgkg-1, respectively, while the milk samples from dairy farms with concentration of 26.94 ± 4.63, 59.88 ± 6.76, 32.07 ± 4.51, 4.64 ± 0.48, 1.20 ± 0.17 and 1.93 ± 0.18µgkg-1, respectively. None of the samples analyzed were found positive for the presence of DDT, just as none of the samples from area milk shops exceeded the Maximum Residual Limits (MRLs). γ-HCH and β-endosulfan were found higher in dairy farm milk samples than the MRLs. Conclusively, these pesticide residues are present in milk available in Lahore in enough quantity (some exceeding the MRLs) to threaten human health, particularly the infant and children.

Direct Inhibition of the Allergic Effector Response by Raw Cow's Milk-An Extensive In Vitro Assessment.

The mechanisms underlying the allergy-protective effects of raw cow’s milk are poorly understood. The current focus is mainly on the modulation of T cell responses. In the present study, we investigated whether raw cow’s milk can also directly inhibit mast cells, the key effector cells in IgE-mediated allergic responses. Primary murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) and peritoneal mast cells (PMC), were incubated with raw milk, heated raw milk, or shop milk, prior to IgE-mediated activation. The effects on mast cell activation and underlying signaling events were assessed. Raw milk was furthermore fractionated based on molecular size and obtained fractions were tested for their capacity to reduce IgE-mediated mast cell activation. Coincubation of BMMC and PMC with raw milk prior to activation reduced β-hexosaminidase release and IL-6 and IL-13 production, while heated raw milk or shop milk had no effect. The reduced mast cell activation coincided with a reduced intracellular calcium influx. In addition, SYK and ERK phosphorylation levels, both downstream signaling events of the FcεRI, were lower in raw milk-treated BMMC compared to control BMMC, although differences did not reach full significance. Raw milk-treated BMMC furthermore retained membrane-bound IgE expression after allergen stimulation. Raw milk fractionation showed that the heat-sensitive raw milk components responsible for the reduced mast cell activation are likely to have a molecular weight of > 37 kDa. The present study demonstrates that raw cow’s milk can also directly affect mast cell activation. These results extend the current knowledge on mechanisms via which raw cow’s milk prevents allergic diseases, which is crucial for the development of new, microbiologically safe, nutritional strategies to reduce allergic diseases.

Chemical composition, adulteration, total microbial load, and heavy metal in raw milk samples collected from dairy farms and urban areas in Lahore District, Pakistan

AbstractThe present study evaluated raw milk samples from dairy farms and urban areas in Lahore District, Pakistan, for the measurement of chemical composition, presence of adulterants, total microbial, and heavy metals loads. Measurements of chemical composition and physicochemical properties of the raw milk samples collected from urban areas showed the following mean values of 2.76 ± 0.29, 2.62 ± 0.18, 1.27 ± 0.08, 7.13 ± 0.30, 6.46 ± 0.26, and 0.47 ± 0.02 for lactose, fat, protein, total solids, pH, and ash, respectively, while milk samples collected from dairy farms achieved the mean values of 4.82 ± 0.32, 5.02 ± 0.39, 3.36 ± 0.18, 13.19 ± 0.66, 6.67 ± 0.27, and 0.75 ± 0.05 for lactose, fat, protein, total solids, pH, and ash, respectively. Mean values of total plate count were 5.21 ± 0.28 CFU/ml for urban areas raw milk samples and 4.67 ± 0.27 CFU/ml for the dairy farm milk samples. Heavy metal mean concentrations for Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni in urban areas milk samples from milk shop were 0.024 ± 0.005, 0.021 ± 0.006, 1.22 ± 0.25, 2.42 ± 0.57, and 0.044 ± 0.006 ppm, respectively. Conclusively, strategies should be adopted in order to prevent the heavy metal contamination in milk to further minimizes the health risks associated with heavy metal consumption.

Milk processing increases the allergenicity of cow's milk-Preclinical evidence supported by a human proof-of-concept provocation pilot.

BackgroundSeveral studies demonstrated the adverse effect of milk processing on the allergy‐protective capacity of raw cow's milk. Whether milk processing also affects the allergenicity of raw milk is hardly investigated.ObjectiveTo assess the allergenicity of raw (unprocessed) and processed cow's milk in a murine model for food allergy as well as in cow's milk allergic children.MethodsC3H/HeOuJ mice were either sensitized to whole milk (raw cow's milk, heated raw cow's milk or shop milk [store‐bought milk]) and challenged with cow's milk protein or they were sensitized and challenged to whey proteins (native or heated). Acute allergic symptoms, mast cell degranulation, allergen‐specific IgE levels and cytokine concentrations were determined upon challenge. Cow's milk allergic children were tested in an oral provocation pilot with organic raw and conventional shop milk.ResultsMice sensitized to raw milk showed fewer acute allergic symptoms upon intradermal challenge than mice sensitized to processed milk. The acute allergic skin response was low (103 ± 8.5 µm vs 195 ± 17.7 µm for heated raw milk, P < 0.0001 and vs 149 ± 13.6 µm for shop milk, P = 0.0316), and there were no anaphylactic shock symptoms and no anaphylactic shock‐induced drop in body temperature. Moreover, allergen‐specific IgE levels and Th2 cytokines were significantly lower in raw milk sensitized mice. Interestingly, the reduced sensitizing capacity was preserved in the isolated native whey protein fraction of raw milk. Besides, native whey protein challenge diminished allergic symptoms in mice sensitized to heated whey proteins. In an oral provocation pilot, cow's milk allergic children tolerated raw milk up to 50 mL, whereas they only tolerated 8.6 ± 5.3 mL shop milk (P = 0.0078).Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceThis study demonstrates that raw (unprocessed) cow's milk and native whey proteins have a lower allergenicity than their processed counterparts. The preclinical evidence in combination with the human proof‐of‐concept provocation pilot provides evidence that milk processing negatively influences the allergenicity of milk.

Patterns of Biodynamic Milk Fatty Acid Composition Explained by A Climate-Geographical Approach.

Simple SummaryBiodynamic (BD) farming is one of the earliest organic labels. BD dairy farmers act according strict regulations on feed, fodder and manure cycling and their farms are known as low-input systems. The milk fatty acid (FA) composition of European BD farm milk was investigated in relation to its region of production. Farms were located in different climate zones. The FA composition was different between summer and winter, and increased levels of unsaturated FA were found in summer milk. Differences in milk FA between the three main regions (Atlantic, Central and Pre-Alpine) were caused by differences in rainfall, farm elevation and the length of the grazing season. The results are along the same line of knowledge how fresh grass, conserved fodder, maize silage and concentrates affect the milk FA profile. An important health marker for milk fat is the omega-6 to omega-3 (n6/n3) ratio, which should preferably be low. Milk fat based on pure grazing had a n6/n3 ratio of 1.00. Average BD shop milk had a lower n6/n3 ratio (1.37) compared to conventional shop milk (1.89). Based on the n6/n3 ratio, a BD dairy cow had a high intake (>82%) of fresh grass and conserved roughage (hay and grass silage).Background: Biodynamic dairy production is based on a land-related animal production without the additional input of N-fertilizers. The concentrate level per cow is low. This affects the yield level of animals and product quality outcomes. Methods: We examined the milk fatty acid (FA) composition of European biodynamic farms in relation to the ecological region of production and the farm’s climate conditions. Climate data were derived from existing maps describing ecological vegetation zones within Europe. Additionally, biodynamic shop milk was compared to conventional shop milk, based on a regional comparison. Results: The largest differences in the FA composition were between biodynamic summer and winter milk. We found increased proportions of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA-n3), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in the summer milk. A principal component analysis expressed the structure that was present in the biodynamic farm milk samples, based on clusters of a single FA within four components. The components could be correlated with the season of production, the amount of precipitation, the elevation of the farm above sea level, and the length of the grazing season. Biodynamic shop milk in the summer had a lower n6/n3 PUFA ratio compared to the conventional shop milk in all regions of production. Mean values were 1.37 and 1.89, respectively. Conclusions: The differentiation of biodynamic milk FA composition is consistent with the existing knowledge about the effects of fresh grass, fodder, and ratio composition on the milk’s FA composition. Based on the n6/n3 PUFA ratio, the average biodynamic dairy cow had a high intake (>82%) of fresh grass and conserved roughage (hay and grass silage), especially in the summer.

Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk produced by smallholder dairy farmers in Mbeya Region, Tanzania

Aim: The study determined and evaluated the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk collected along the milk value chain from farm herds, milk collection center, and milk shops in Mbeya rural and Mbozi districts, Tanzania. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 milk samples were collected; 96 from farmers' herds, 18 from milk collection centers, and 36 from milk shops. The samples were cultured in Mannitol salt agar for pathogen isolation and biochemical tests performed for confirmation of S. aureus. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was employed for antibiotic resistance testing. Results: One hundred and forty samples yielded Staphylococcus species; these were from farmer's herd (92), milk collection center (18), and milk shops (30), respectively. Biochemical tests showed that 21 (15%) were positive for S. aureus. The corresponding prevalence rates from the value chain nodes were 14.1%, 16.7%, and 16.7%, respectively. Resistance to penicillin was frequently observed (57.1%) and vancomycin was sensitive to all S. aureus isolates tested. Resistance along the sampling points showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.82, p&lt;0.0001; r=0.65, p&lt;0.003; and r=0.61, p&lt;0.01) between farmers, milk collection points, and milk shops, respectively. More than half (57.1%) of the isolates exhibited resistance to three or more of the antibiotics used in this study. S. aureus isolates were shown to have a multiple antimicrobial resistance patterns, particularly with respect to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Conclusion: The level of staphylococcal isolates and the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus found in this study is an indication of subclinical mastitis, poor hygiene, and inappropriate use of antibiotics; therefore, education of farmers on subclinical mastitis control and proper use of antibiotics would be of benefits in these areas.

English

This study assessed the exposure of humans to Staphylococcus species expressing the Enterotoxins genes (SEs) through consumption of boiled-milk-served-hot and fermented milk in Mbeya, Tanzania. A survey involving 120 consumers revealed that 67.5% of the respondents were buying raw milk from milk shops for home consumption. About 76% of respondents boiled milk before consumption, 14.8% ferment the milk after boiling and 5.8% consumed fermented milk without boiling. Children (30%) consumed milk more frequently than other members in the family. Among consumers who buy milk from the milk shops, 71% were daily consumers of both boiled milk served hot and fermented milk. Approximately, 1197 L (90% CI, 987-1416) of ready to consume milk was sold per day. Of which 860 L (90% CI, 645-1071) and 337 L (90% CI, 168-530) were boiled-milk-served-hot and fermented milk, respectively. Out of the ready to consume milk, 490 L (90% CI, 464-516) of boiled-milk-served-hot was contaminated with SEs gene compared to 77.5 L (90% CI, 67-88) of fermented milk. Daily 2394 people were consumers of milk and their products. Exposure assessment shows that the probability of consuming boiled-milk-served-hot and fermented milk contaminated with SEs gene at a milk shop was 0.42 (90% CI, 0.071-0.838) and 0.17 (90% CI, 0-0.62), respectively. It was estimated that every day, 363 (90% CI, 341-385) and 58 (90% CI, 49-66) people were likely to consume boiled milk taken hot and fermented milk contaminated with SE gene, respectively. The finding shows that exposure to SEs gene was two times more likely to occur in people who consume boiled-milk-served-hot than in people who consume fermented milk (OR. 2.221 (90% CI, 0.6-6.16). Awareness creation on proper food handling among milk handlers to reduce contamination along the milk value chain is recommended. Key words: Boiled milk served hot, foodborne disease, public health, fermented milk.

English

This study was conducted to evaluate drug resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk, fresh fruit juice and dairy farms settings of Mekelle, Tigray. A cross-sectional study was conducted on the total 258 samples of raw cow milk and fresh fruit juice. Antimicrobial resistance status was also checked for identified S. aureus using various commonly used antimicrobial discs. The overall viable staphylococcal count mean and standard deviation of samples from milk shop, fruit juice and dairy milk were found to be 8.86±107, 7.2 × 107, 8.65±107 cfu/ml, 33.87±106, 6.68±106 and 22.0±106, respectively. Among the total 258 samples, 75 (29.07%) samples were found positive for S. aureus. Proportion of the isolation from milk shop, fruit juice and dairy milk samples were 20 (23.26%), 32 (37.21%) and 23 (26.74%), respectively. Antimicrobial test of the high resistance revealed vancomycin (100%), ampicillin (90.9%). ciprofloxacin (90.9%), ceftaroline (63.6%), penicillin-G (81.8%) and clindamycin (72.7%) whereas they are highly susceptible to some antibiotics like gentamicin (100%), streptomycin (81.8%), norfloxacin (63.6%), chloramphenicol (81.8%), sulfamethoxazole (96%), kanamycin (72.7%), polymixin B (72.7%), erythromycin (72.7%) and tetracycline (81.8); also, some S. aureus also showed multi-drug resistance pattern. The present study, we isolated and determined the drug Resistance profile of S. aruesu in Mekelle city, Northern Ethiopia alarmingly, the S. aureus isolates circulating in the raw cow milk, fresh fruit juice and dairy milk. High level of S. aureus isolation from personnel and equipment besides food samples reveals that the hygiene practice is substandard. Prudent drug use and improved hygienic practice is recommended in the raw cow milk of dairy farms and fresh fruit juice to safeguard the public from the risk of acquiring infections and multiple drug resistance (MDR) pathogenic S. aureus. Key words: Antibiogram, bacterial load, multiple drug resistance (MDR), Mekelle, Milk, Staphylococcus aureus.

Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of E. coli Isolated from Raw Cow Milk and Fresh Fruit Juice in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia.

Aim Foodborne illnesses represent a public health problem in developed and developing countries. They cause great suffering and are transmitted directly or indirectly between animals and humans and circulate in the global environment. E. coli are among them, causing a major public health problem. The aim of this study was therefore to study the antimicrobial resistance profile of E. coli from raw cow milk and fruit juice. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2016 to June 2017 on 258 samples collected from milk shops (n = 86), dairy farms (n = 86), and fruit juice (n = 86) in different subcities of Mekelle. Bacteriological procedures were used for isolation of E. coli in the collected samples and for identification of the antimicrobial resistance profile. Result The overall mean viable bacterial count and standard deviation of samples from milk shop, fruit juice, and dairy milk were found to be 8.86 ± 107, 7.2 ± 107, and 8.65 ± 107 CFU/ml and 33.87 ± 106, 6.68 ± 106, and 22.0 ± 106, respectively. Of the samples tested, 39 from milk shops (45.35%), 20 from fruit juice (23.26%), and 24 from dairy farms (27.91%) were found to be positive for E. coli. The isolated E. coli were highly resistant to ampicillin (70%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (60%), clindamycin (80%), erythromycin (60%), chloramphenicol (50%), and kanamycin (50%) and were found to be susceptible to some antibiotics like gentamicin (100%), norfloxacin (100%), tetracycline (60%), polymyxin B (90%), and ciprofloxacin (90%). Conclusion The current study supports the finding that raw milk and fruit juice can be regarded as critical source of pathogenic E. coli. This supports the need for strict monitoring and the implementation of effective hygienic and biosecurity measures in the whole food chain of these products as well as a prudent use of antimicrobials.