Types Of Shoes Research Articles

The Influence of Shoe Type on Rhythmic Weight Shift

The Influence of Shoe Type on Rhythmic Weight Shift

Kinematics and Kinetics of the Lower Limbs of a Walking Shoe with a Plate Spring and Cushioning Elements in the Heel during Walking

The purposes of this study was to investigate the biomechanical influence of the walking shoe with a plate spring in the heel and interchangeable heel cushioning elements. Eighteen subjects walked in three conditions: 1) the walking shoes Type A-1 with a soft heel insert, 2) the Type A-2 shoe with a stiff heel insert, 3) a general walking shoe(Type B). Ground reaction forces, leg movements, leg muscle activity and ankle, knee and hip joint loading were measured and calculated during overground walking. During walking, the ankle is a few degrees more dorsiflexed during landing and the knee is slightly more flexed during takeoff with the Type A shoes. As a result of the changes in the walking movement, the ground reaction forces are applied more quickly and the peak magnitudes are higher. Muscle activity of the quadricep, hamstring and calf muscles decrease during the first 25% of the stance phase when walking in the Type A shoes. The resultant joint moments at the ankle, knee and hip joints decrease from 30-40% with the largest reductions occurring during landing.

EMG Activities of Vastus Muscles are Related to the Shoe-heel Heights in Female Patients with Patellofemoral Pain

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different shoe-heel heights on the surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) during treadmill walking in female patients with patellofemoral pain (PFP). Nineteen women with PFP participated in this research. EMG signals were recorded from the VM and VL of both sides and were compared during the treadmill walking. The subjects walked on a treadmill wearing shoes of three different heel heights: 1 cm, 3 ㎝ and 7 ㎝. Each subject walked on a treadmill for five minutes at a speed of 2 km/hour with three minutes resting intervals between consecutive trials. The data were analyzed by one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. The results of the present study indicate that EMG data of the VM and VL of female patients with PFP did improve with an increase in the height of the shoe heel, which were statistically significant. Additionally, the EMG activity of VM increased more dramatically than that of VL associated with the task of walking with high-heeled shoes on the treadmill. This study suggests that the type of high-heeled shoes is related to the VM and VL muscle activation patterns contributing to knee joint pathologies in female patients with PFP.

Feet and footwear: a cultural encyclopedia

Take a walk in someone else's shoes in this fascinating examination of shoes and feet around the world! This one-of-a-kind A-Z reference work contains over 150 fascinating entries and intriguing sidebars that look at feet and adornment of feet across the many cultures of the world throughout time. A wide range of international and multicultural topics are covered, including foot binding, fetishes, diseases of the foot, customs and beliefs related to the foot, shoe construction, myths and folktales featuring feet or shoes, the history of footwear, iconic brands and types of shoes, important celebrities associated with shoes, and the types of footwear worn around the world. This exhaustive compilation is ideal for students and general readers interested in the human body, fashion, and medicine, and even scholars looking for more in-depth coverage on the social and cultural uses of the body will find it as a useful starting point in their research. Cross-references, suggestions for further reading, and a full bibliography of print and electronic resources are valuable tools for all readers. Students can use this reference work to draw cross-cultural comparisons, as well as study the evolution of footwear in terms of social, religious, and ethnic parameters. Aside from iconic American brands and types of shoes, this volume will also look at how feet are treated and viewed around the globe: removing shoes upon entering a house, washing feet for religious purposes, giving feet the spa treatment, and covering feet up for social customs. Perfect for undergraduate and high school students studying anthropology and world culture.

Factors associated with worker slipping in limited-service restaurants

ObjectiveSlips, trips and falls (STF) are responsible for a substantial injury burden in the global workplace. Restaurant environments are challenged by STF. This study assessed individual and work environment factors...

Shoeing sound Warmblood horses with a rolled toe optimises hoof-unrollment and lowers peak loading during breakover

Overload injuries in sport horses commonly occur; shoeing techniques are believed to be important in prevention of these injuries, but there is a paucity of scientific information identifying the potential connection. To test a horseshoe with a modified rolled toe designed to ease the process of breakover and decrease loading of lesion-prone structures of the distal limb. Twenty clinically sound Warmblood horses trotted over a track containing a pressure/force measuring system and 6 infrared cameras. The horses were measured with 2 types of shoes, standard flat shoes and shoes with a rolled toe. The shoeing procedure was randomised and horses had 2 days between measurements to adapt to the shoes. Limb placement and timing characteristics, e.g. breakover duration, did not change significantly. There was an improvement in the ease of movement to roll over the toe in the shoes with a rolled toe, due mainly to a smoother hoof-unrollment pattern. The peak indicative moment decreased substantially at the onset of breakover in the shoe with the rolled toe. With a rolled toe the process of hoof-unrollment is smoother, which improves the coordination of this process, and lowers peak loading of the distal limb during breakover. This study stresses the importance of proper shoeing in sound horses, showing that shoe modifications can optimise the loading characteristics of the distal limb and therefore might be a means to prevent sport horses from overload injuries.

B18 ソール曲げ剛性が走動作における支持脚関節機能に及ぼす影響(シューズIII・アダプテッド用器具)

The purposes of this study are 1) to propose an evaluation index for the function of support leg joints during running under the conditions of wearing shoes with different sole properties and 2) to determine the influence of increasing sole bending stiffness on the function of support leg joints. We discussed about the methodology to select the optimal sole bending stiffness distribution for each runner. Four male runners participated and 4 types of shoes, which have different midsole bending stiffness, were used in this study. The contribution of joint axial torques to the acceleration of body CG (center of gravity) was derived from dynamics analysis. We defined a contribution index as the ratio of total torque contribution to the sum of leg joint torque contributions to the generation of the horizontal acceleration. Increasing midsole bending stiffness led to increasing the contribution of ankle planter/dorsal flexion torque to horizontal acceleration and MP joint planter/dorsal flexion torque to horizontal deceleration. Furthermore, the results indicate that the optimal bending stiffness of midsole, which improves the contribution index, may exist for each runner.

Foot pain: Is current or past shoewear a factor?

Foot pain is common, yet few studies have examined the condition in relationship to shoewear. In this cross-sectional study of men and women from the population-based Framingham Study, the association between foot pain and type of shoewear was examined. Data were collected on 3,378 members of the Framingham Study who completed the foot examination in 2002-2008. Foot pain (both generalized and at specific locations) was measured by the response to the question "On most days, do you have pain, aching or stiffness in either foot?" Shoewear was recorded for the present time and 5 past age categories, by the subject's choice of the appropriate shoe from a list. The responses were categorized into 3 groups (good, average, or poor shoes). Sex-specific multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the effect of shoewear (average shoes were the referent group) on generalized and location-specific foot pain, adjusting for age and weight. In women, compared with average shoes, those who wore good shoes in the past were 67% less likely to report hindfoot pain (P = 0.02), after adjusting for age and weight. In men, there was no association between foot pain, at any location, and shoewear, possibly due to the fact that <2% wore bad shoe types, making it difficult to see any relationship. Even after taking age and weight into account, past shoewear use in women remained associated with hindfoot pain. Future studies should address specific support and structural features of shoewear.

Effect of shoe type on plantar pressure: A gender comparison

Despite the differences in materials, racing flats have begun to be used not only for racing, but also for daily training. As there are data suggesting a gender difference in overuse injuries in runners, shoe choice may affect loading patterns during running. The purpose was to determine differences in plantar pressure between genders when running in training shoes and racing flats. In-shoe plantar pressure data were collected from 34 subjects (17m, 17f) who ran over-ground in both a racing flat and training shoe. Contact area (CA), maximum force (MF), and contact time under the entire foot and beneath eight foot regions were collected. Each variable was analyzed using a shoe by gender repeated measures ANOVA ( α = 0.05). In men, MF was increased in the racing flats ( p = 0.016) beneath the medial midfoot (MMF), yet was increased beneath the medial forefoot (MFF) in the training shoe ( p = 0.018). Independent of gender, CA was decreased in the racing flats beneath the entire foot ( p = 0.029), the MMF ( p = 0.013), and the MFF ( p = 0.030), and increased beneath the lateral forefoot (LFF) ( p = 0.023). In the racing flats, MF was increased beneath the entire foot ( p < 0.001) and the LFF ( p < 0.001). Independent of the shoe, CA was decreased in men beneath the MFF ( p = 0.007) and middle forefoot ( p < 0.001), while MF was increased in the LFF ( p = 0.002). The LFF is an area of increased stress fracture risk in men. Based on the gender differences in loading, running shoe design should be gender specific in an attempt to prevent injuries.

운동화, 하이힐, 그리고 킬힐에 따른 족압과 주관적 불편도 평가

Ten young females were participated in this study to investigate the effects of types of shoes (sneakers, high heels, kill heels), types of tasks (standing, walking floor, step up and down), and areas of foot (fore foot, middle foot, rear foot) on foot pressures as well as subjective discomfort ratings. Results showed that kill heels had the most discomfort shoes, followed by high heels and sneakers. Generally, as the heel was higher, the discomfort of foot increased. For the analyses of task types, generally discomfort ratings were highest for the step down and up, followed by walking floor and standing. Especially discomfort ratings of high heels and kill heels were more evident in case of step up and step down than standing and walking floor. Standing task was rated as the lowest levels of discomfort on users' foot. Peak and mean foot pressures were also evaluated in this study. The findings represented that there was no significant differences between types of shoes in both peak and mean foot pressures. The peak pressure (82.14㎪) and mean pressure (40.32㎪) for standing task were significantly lower than those of other tasks [walking floor (190.55kPa, 55.46㎪), step up (191.43kPa, 53.80kPa), and step down (200.66㎪, 52.62㎪)]. Generally discomfort ratings and peak/mean pressures associated with foot showed that fore foot had higher discomfort ratings as well as peak and mean pressures than middle and rear foots. In particularly, this trend was more obvious in case of high heels and kill heels. For the high heels and kill heels, the peak pressures of fore foot were 4.5~4.8 times and 2.3~2.5 times greater than that of middle foot and rear foot, respectively, whereas the peak pressures of fore foot were 2.9 times and 1.7 times greater than that of middle and rear foots, respectively, in case of sneakers.

The assessment of vibration absorption capacity of elevator's passengers

The transfer function expressions for damped two degrees of freedom systems with damped vibration absorbers were used to model and simulate the dynamic response of an elevator's car. The numerical simulation is implemented in MATLAB and experimental tests are conducted. The elevator's car under various load conditions with passengers wearing different type of shoes was excited over a range of frequencies and amplitudes. The agreement of the results from experimental tests with the model predictions is analysed. The simulation model is validated and the passenger's role to act as a dynamic absorber is assessed.

Effect of Running Shoe Type on the Distribution and Magnitude of Plantar Pressures in Individuals with Low- or High-Arched Feet

Research addressing the effect of running shoe type on the low- or high-arched foot during gait is limited. We sought 1) to analyze mean plantar pressure and mean contact area differences between low- and high-arched feet across three test conditions, 2) to determine which regions of the foot (rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot) contributed to potential differences in mean plantar pressure and mean contact area, and 3) to determine the association between the static arch height index and the dynamic modified arch index. Plantar pressure distributions for 75 participants (40 low arched and 35 high arched) were analyzed across three conditions (nonshod, motion control running shoes, and cushioning running shoes) during treadmill walking. In the motion control and cushioning shoe conditions, mean plantar contact area increased in the midfoot (28% for low arched and 68% for high arched), whereas mean plantar pressure decreased by approximately 30% relative to the nonshod condition. There was moderate to good negative correlation between the arch height index and the modified arch index. Cushioning and motion control running shoes tend to increase midfoot mean plantar contact area while decreasing mean plantar pressure across the low- or high-arched foot.

Cadaver bone-tendon graft for xanthomatosis of the tendo Achillis

We describe a 63-year-old man who had xanthomatosis of the right tendo Achillis. He had undergone excision of the left tendo Achillis 17 years earlier without reconstruction for the same condition. The neurological history and examination were normal. Blood investigations showed hypercholestrolaemia, for which he was being treated with statins. He was referred with pain in the right tendo Achillis and problems with footwear. He was treated by excision of the right tendo Achillis, the xanthomatous nodules and the involved skin, followed by reconstruction with a cadaver bone-tendon graft. At follow-up eight months postoperatively, the scar had healed well. He walked without pain and could wear any type of shoe. Plain radiographs showed that the bone graft had healed. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society hindfoot score was 95/100. The patient's subjective evaluation of the result was very good.

Plantar Pressure Differences Between Genders When Comparing Racing Flats and Traditional Training Shoes

With the increasing popularity of running around the world available shoe types have been increasing. Racing flats have begun to be used not only as a racing shoe, but also for daily training. It has been suggested that decreased cushioning in racing flats could lead to increased plantar loading, which has been linked to an increased risk of lower leg injuries. Previous reports have indicated that lower leg injury risk is gender dependent. PURPOSE: To determine differences in plantar pressure distributions between men and women when running in training shoes and racing flats. METHODS: Each subject was asked to run over-ground at a self-selected speed 7 times in each shoe while in-shoe plantar pressure data were collected at 50 Hz. Contact area (CA), maximum force (MF), and contact time under the entire foot as well as beneath the medial midfoot (MMF), lateral midfoot (LMF), medial forefoot (MFF), middle forefoot (MiFF), and lateral forefoot (LFF) were obtained. CA was normalized to total insole contact area and MF was normalized to body weight. Shoe testing order was randomized to avoid fatigue effects. No significant running speed differences existed, therefore, each variable was analyzed using a 2×2 (shoe x gender) repeated measures ANOVA (a=0.05). RESULTS: In men, MF was increased in the racing flats (p=0.016) in the MMF, yet was increased at the MFF in the training shoe (p=0.018). Independent of gender, CA was decreased in the racing flats beneath the entire foot (p=0.029) and in the MMF (p=0.013) and MFF (p=0.030), and increased in the LFF (p=0.023). In the racing flats MF was increased beneath the entire foot (p<0.001) and the LFF (p<0.001). Independent of the shoe, CA was decreased in men beneath the MFF (p=0.007) and MiFF (p<0.001), while MF was increased in the LFF (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that racing flats increase loading beneath the total foot and in the LFF. The LFF is an area of increased stress fracture risk specifically in men, who also demonstrated an increase in MF in this region. Based on the gender differences in loading, it appears that running shoe design and cushioning should be gender specific in an attempt to prevent injuries. It is possible that wearing racing flats for high mileage running coupled with the observed increases in loading could be a factor in lower limb injuries.

Does Negative Heel Shoes Alter A Person's Exercising Metabolism As Advertised

PURPOSE: This study determined the effects negative heel (NH) shoes (3.7% negative heel design) had on walking metabolic efficiency, EMG, and gait in 17 subjects (13 male; 4 female). This abstract focuses on only the metabolic efficiency data. METHODS: Each subject completed 2 trials in both the NH and standard running shoes (SR), respectively. Maximal and submaximal metabolic responses were measured comparing VO2, VCO2, RER, heart rate, substrate utilization and total steady-state energy expenditure after a 7-10 day accommodation period. RESULTS: VO2 max test-retest results showed exceptional reliability for each shoe (NH r-value=.97, SEE=1.1 ml, P=.0001; SR r-value=.98, SEE= 1.1ml, P=.0001). The VO2 max correlation between NH and SR shoes showed a r-value=.89, SEE= 1.42ml, and P= >.0001. The VO2 max results showed there were no significant differences observed, indicating equal max performances for each shoe and all trials. Steady-state V02 results indicated no significant differences between NH and SR shoes' oxygen uptake at 0% grade and 3.7% grade at 3.0 mph. These results repudiate the manufacturer's claim that NH shoes, due to 3.7% negative heel design, will increase a person's metabolic demand during walking exercise. Fat and carbohydrate (CHO) substrate utilization responses at steady state were also not significantly different between shoes when walking at 3.0 mph & either 0% or 3.7% grade. However, as expected, there were a greater total amount of kcals expended and CHO utilized when walking at 3.7 % compared to 0% grade in both shoes. Steady state heart rate results showed near significant increases while wearing NH compared to SR shoes when walking at both 0% and 3.7 % grades (p =.06) However, this may only be due to using untrained muscles not in use when walking in normal running shoes. As expected, total kcal expenditure between shoe types showed no significant differences after 20 minutes of walking at a 0% grade (NH = 258kcals; SR= 253kcals). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate negative heel shoe design did not alter a person's oxygen consumption, kcal expenditure, or substrate utilization usage (fat versus CHO) compared to standard exercise shoes as advertised by the NH shoe company.

Rocker bottom soles alter the postural response to backward translation during stance

Shoes with rocker bottom soles are utilized by persons with diabetic peripheral neuropathy to reduce plantar pressures during gait. This population also has a high risk for falls. This study analyzed the effects of shoes with rocker bottom soles on the postural response during perturbed stance. Participants were 20 healthy subjects (16 women, 4 men) ages 22–25 years. Canvas shoes were modified by the addition of crepe sole material to represent two forms of rocker bottom shoes and a control shoe. Subjects stood on a dynamic force plate programmed to move backward at a velocity that produced an automatic postural response without stepping. Force plate data were collected for five trials per shoe type. Sway variables for center of pressure (COP) and center of mass (COM) included: mean sway amplitude, sway variance, time to peak, anterior and posterior peak velocities, functional stability margin, and peak duration time. Compared to control, both the experimental shoes had significantly larger COP and COM values for mean sway amplitude, sway variance and peak duration. The functional stability margins were significantly smaller for the experimental shoes while their anterior and posterior peak velocities were slower and time to peaks were significantly longer. In young healthy adults, shoes with rocker bottom soles had a destabilizing effect to perturbed stance, thereby increasing the potential for imbalance. These results raise concerns that footwear with rocker bottom sole modifications to accommodate an insensate foot may increase the risk of falls.

Perencanaan Pengendalian Persediaan Bahan Baku dengan Metode Manufacturing Resource Planning

Planning material control have a purpose to compile a system capable to yield information to conduct correct action (reordering, scheduleng repeat, determining the amount of requirement at the time of is correct). One of the step performed within standard material control that is deermining best raw material ordering method utilize to get the expense of mot message of minimum. Utilize to support plan produce which have been made and fulfill Planned Order Release pursuant to calculation of MRP hence one of the capacities type from company that is labour factor had also have to be reckoned by do existing amount last for fulfilling requirement which have been reckoned. The object of this UD PATRIOT which located in Mojokerto.This company produce various shoes type which in its operation have constrain in determining best ordering method to each every ordered by raw material item as well as standart material control system which good to menimalize production cost. Planning material control by using this MRP II system was proposed to be applied by at company utilize to yield correct action that is determining maount, time, scheduling repeat, and ordering execution requirement of raw material. With applying MRP II can cost effective equal to Rp4,372,413.88 or 35.91% from expense of before using MRP II.

Differences in plantar loading between training shoes and racing flats at a self-selected running speed

The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in plantar loading between two different running shoe types. We hypothesized that a higher maximum force, peak pressure, and contact area would exist beneath the entire foot while running in a racing flat when compared to a training shoe. 37 athletes (17 male and 20 female) were recruited for this study. Subjects had no history of lower extremity injuries in the past six months, no history of foot or ankle surgery within the past 3 years, and no history of metatarsal stress fractures. Subjects had to be physically active and run at least 10 miles per week. Each subject ran on a 10 m runway 7 times wearing two different running shoe types, the Nike Air Pegasus (training shoe) and the Nike Air Zoom Katana IV (racing flat). A Pedar-X in-shoe pressure measurement system sampling at 50 Hz was used to collect plantar pressure data. Peak pressure, maximum force, and contact area beneath eight different anatomical regions of the foot as well as beneath the total foot were obtained. The results of this study demonstrated a significant difference between training shoes and racing flats in terms of peak pressure, maximum force, and contact area. The significant differences measured between the two shoes can be of importance when examining the influence of shoe type on the occurrence of stress fractures in runners.

Short-term Results of the Agility Total Ankle Arthroplasty

Purpose: Recently, there has been increasing interest in total ankle arthroplasty as an alternative to ankle arthrodesis. This study examined the short-term results of total ankle arthroplasty using an Agility prosthesis. Materials and Methods: This study reviewed the results of 11 patients who underwent total ankle arthroplasty using the Agility prosthesis between May, 2003 and May, 2004. With a postoperative follow-up period of 2 years, 10 patients (10 ankles) were available for review at the time of the follow-up. The clinical evaluation included the ankle range of motion, the personal type of preferred shoe, walking pain (VAS score) and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle score. In addition, the patients were asked whether they were satisfied with the outcome and if they would choose to undergo the same procedure again. The radiologic evaluation included the loosening of the prosthesis, osteolysis and syndesmosis union. The anterior surgical approach was used. The syndesmosis area was fixed using 2 cannulated screws inserted percutaneously in 9 cases and a plate in 1 case. Results: The patients consisted of two men and eight women. The average age was 51.8 years (range 41 to 67) with an average follow-up of 30.3 (range 24 to 36) months. The mean preoperative and postoperative AOFAS ankle scores were 38.2 and 73.8, respectively, demonstrating significant improvement. The mean preoperative and final follow-up walking pain was 8.9 and 2.8, respectively. The ankle range of motion was decreased slightly at the final follow-up. Five patients required a cane to walk. Radiographic analysis showed no prosthesis failure, even though osteolysis occurred around the prosthesis in all cases. Only one case showed further progression. Union in the syndesmosis area occurred within 6 months in 5 cases and delayed union was observed in 3 cases, and nonunion was observed in 2 cases. Sensory loss in the area innervated by the deep peroneal nerve and a fracture in the lateral malleolus was encountered in one case, but this recovered with conservative treatment. Subtalar joint arthritis was noted in one case. Conclusion: Agility total ankle arthroplasty results in a favorable outcome at the short-term follow-up. However, total ankle arthroplasty is associated with radiographic complications including syndesmosis nonunion and osteolysis. Only syndesmosis nonunion was associated with the clinical results. Therefore, long-term follow-up is considered to be necessary to demonstrate osteolysis and loosening with their clinical association.

족저압력분석을 활용한 테니스화 기능성평가

본 연구의 목적은 테니스화의 종류에 따른 주행 특성 및 테니스 동작 수행 시 족저압력분석 방법을 활용하여 테니스화의 기능성을 평가하는데 있다. 하지의 상해가 없고 정상적인 보행동작을 수행하는 남자 대학생 10명을 선정하여 4종류 모델의 테니스화를 대상으로 직선주행, <TEX>$45^{\circ}$</TEX> 방향전환주행, 포핸드 스트로그, 백핸드 스트로그 동작 시 족저압력을 측정한 후 COP(renter of pressure)경로, 평균족저압력, 최대족저압력, 최대지면반력을 분석하였다. 분석결과 직선달리기 동작 시 족저압력 분석결과 모든 제품이 우수한 것으로 분석되었고 통계적으로 유의미한 차이는 없었으며, <TEX>$45^{\circ}$</TEX> 방향전환달리기동작, 포핸드 스트로그동작, 백핸드 스트로그 동작 시 최대지면반력과 최대족저압력 그리고 평균족저압력을 종합적으로 분석해 본 결과 통계적으로 유의미한 차이는 없었으나, C>A>B>D> 순으로 테니스화의 기능성이 우수한 것으로 분석되었다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the foot-pressure distribution of Tennis Shoes for assessing their functionality. 10 university male students (shoe size: 265mm) who had no history of injury in the lower extremity and a normal gait pattern participated in this study. Four types of tennis shoes, most popular in Korea (A, B, C & D company), were selected and tested. Using the PEDAR-X system and PEDAR-X insoles, 4 different motion stages were analyzed for the foot-pressure distribution: (a) straight running; (b) c-cut(<TEX>$45^{\circ}$</TEX> left turn running; (c) forehand stroke; and (d) backhand stroke. Results revealed that in all stages, there were no statistically significant differences among the types of shoes; however, descriptive statistics indicated that functionality of shoe types was somewhat different depending on the type of stages. The order in functionality found was C>A>B>D.