Shock Wave Technology Research Articles

Impact of Pulse Plasma-Based Shockwave Technology on Sandstone Porosity and Pore Connectivity Using Ultrasonic Compressional Wave Velocity and Microtomography

Impact of Pulse Plasma-Based Shockwave Technology on Sandstone Porosity and Pore Connectivity Using Ultrasonic Compressional Wave Velocity and Microtomography

Shock wave generated by composite energetic material driven by electrical non-penetrating wire explosion plasma.

Underwater shock wave technology can realize dynamic rock fracture, which is helpful to increase oil and gas reservoir permeability. It can realize the efficient exploitation of medium and low maturity oil and gas resources. In practical application, the shock wave parameters require not only high intensity but also safety and controllability. To meet these requirements, insensitive composite energetic materials driven by electrical wire explosion plasma were proposed, which is one of the most promising methods. However, when in use, the load assembly process containing wires and energetic materials is complex. In this paper, a new type of energetic material load is proposed, using non-penetrating wire to drive composite energetic material. It can simplify the production process of the energetic load and produce acceptable shock wave parameters. The test results show that both the energy deposition of the wire and the shock wave intensity decrease under a non-penetrating wire structure. However, the shock wave intensity is still higher than that of the underwater electrical wire explosion. Based on schlieren diagnosis, it is found that the composite energetic material is gradually driven, and the energy release is not concentrated. In addition, the "non-wire" structure driving condition was discussed in contrast. Under this condition, the process of ionization channel establishment in composite energetic materials is random. The shock wave intensity is weak because the composite energetic material is in the process of slow detonation.

Theoretical analysis and engineering application of controllable shock wave technology for enhancing coalbed methane in soft and low-permeability coal seams

Coalbed methane (CBM) is a significant factor in triggering coal and gas outburst disaster, while also serving as a clean fuel. With the increasing depth of mining operations, coal seams that exhibit high levels of gas content and low permeability have become increasingly prevalent. While controllable shockwave (CSW) technology has proven effective in enhancing CBM in laboratory settings, there is a lack of reports on its field applications in soft and low-permeability coal seams. This study establishes the governing equations for stress waves induced by CSW. Laplace numerical inversion was employed to analyse the dynamic response of the coal seam during CSW antireflection. Additionally, quantitative calculations were performed for the crushed zone, fracture zone, and effective CSW influence range, which guided the selection of field test parameters. The results of the field test unveiled a substantial improvement in the gas permeability coefficient, the average rate of pure methane flowrate, and the mean gas flowrate within a 10 m radius of the antireflection borehole. These enhancements were notable, showing increases of 3 times, 13.72 times, and 11.48 times, respectively. Furthermore, the field test performed on the CSW antireflection gas extraction hole cluster demonstrated a noticeable improvement in CBM extraction. After antireflection, the maximum peak gas concentration and maximum peak pure methane flow reached 71.2% and 2.59 m3/min, respectively. These findings will offer valuable guidance for the application of CSW antireflection technology in soft and low-permeability coal seams.

РАЗРУШЕНИЯ МАТЕРИАЛОВ ЗАРЯДАМИ УДАРНО-ВОЛНОВОЙ РЕЗКИ ПОД ВОДОЙ В ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫХ СИТУАЦИЯХ

The paper assesses the effectiveness of shock-wave technology cutting for rocks. A comparison of materials cutting technologies using a shock-wave and a shaped charge is done. Shows a significant reduction in the consumption of explosives and an increase in efficiency
 in shock-wave cutting with a simultaneous reduction in safe distances. Solving the problems of underwater explosions in the interests of rescue operations in emergency situations.

WELL TO INCREASE SLUDGE OIL PRODUCTION ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF WAVE TECHNOLOGY THROUGH THE SYSTEM

The article talks about the results of the work on increasing the oil yield of the formations by applying the shock wave technology. It is noted that when applying the shock wave method to the layer: first - the expansion of the feeding contour of the wells as a result of the increase in permeability of the collector in the bed, the second - due to the decrease in the viscosity of the oil, its filtration will improve. It is recommended to improve the equipment used to get higher results from the application of the method. Keywords: shock-wave, elastic wave, seismoacoustic, vibration, perforation, rheological property.

Research on controllable shock wave technology for in-situ development of tar-rich coal

The world is rich in tar-rich coal resources, which have broad exploration and development prospects. At present, the academic community has relatively weak research on the impact of shock waves on the permeability of target coal bodies. This article focuses on the development technology of controllable shock waves in tar-rich coal reservoirs. Firstly, a systematic analysis was conducted on the drilling situation and physical parameters of the target coal seam. Secondly, the impact of shock waves on permeability of target coal was systematically analyzed. Thirdly, a systematic summary was conducted on the process parameters and measures of coal seam operations. Research has shown that: (a) The permeability of coal samples after shock wave action is much greater than the permeability of coal samples in their original state. (b) Under the same axial and confining pressure conditions, as the gas pressure increases, the increase in the permeability of coal under the action of shock waves shows a decreasing trend. (c) The shock wave generates a large number of crack structures inside the coal body. These cracks will undergo very obvious closure under external pressure. (d) Under different axial and confining pressures, when the gas pressure is 1 MPa, the maximum increase in permeability of coal samples under shock wave action can reach 90–200 times. When the gas pressure is 2 MPa, the increase in permeability before and after shock wave action is the smallest, reaching 30–90.

Investigating the impact of pulsed plasma-based shockwave technology on the characteristics of Indian crude oil

The declining production from oil wells has become a growing concern worldwide, primarily because conventional methods are becoming less efficient in extracting the original oil reserves. Due to limitations associated with traditional oil recovery techniques, including their high expenses, depth limitations, heat losses, instability of additives, and environmental hazards, it is imperative to investigate the impact of alternative technologies on reservoir fluid properties and recovery. This research proposes a pulse plasma-based shockwave technology (PPBSW) using an indigenously developed tool that uses repeated electrohydraulic shock waves. The liquid pulsed discharge's plasma channel rapidly expands causing an electrohydraulic shock wave. The crude oil samples were exposed using repeated, steep-fronted shock waves of high strength. Crude oil samples were obtained from the Indian Oilfield and underwent characterization both before and after exposure to shockwaves. After the shockwave treatment, there were observable changes in the weight percentages of wax, saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes in the composition of the oil. C13 NMR investigations reveals that MCL (mean chain length) of the exposed samples was slightly affected. Further, the impact of shock wave on the viscosity of the crude oil was evaluated and viscosity of the samples found to be altered after exposure. Oil recovery was evaluated using core flooding studies on a saturated Berea sandstone core. The core was saturated using core plug saturator at 1000 psi. As a result of altered viscosity and reduced interactions between the rock and fluid, the oil recovery from the treated samples was approximately 24% greater as compared to the untreated samples. Given the oil recovery and mixed effect on the viscosity of studied crude oil samples, it can be inferred that PPBSW has a favourable effect on the hydrocarbon recovery.

РАЗРУШЕНИЯ ПОРОД И МАТЕРИАЛОВ ЗАРЯДАМИ НА ОСНОВЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ УДАРНО-ВОЛНОВОЙ РЕЗКИ ПРИ ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫХ СИТУАЦИЯХ

The paper assesses the effectiveness of shock-wave technology cutting for rocks and materials. A comparison of materials cutting technologies using a shock-wave and a shaped charge is done. Shows a significant reduction in the consumption of explosives and an increase in efficiency in shock-wave cutting with a simultaneous reduction in safe distances. Solving the problems of underwater explosions in the interests of rescue operations in emergency situations.

Experimental and numerical investigation of the laser shock-based paint stripping process on CFRP substrates

Various laser shock wave applications have been proposed for metals; the most popular is the laser shock peening. In composites, the use of the laser shock wave technology is still at an early stage. Laser shock paint stripping (LSPS) is a method where a laser-induced shock wave is used to remove a paint from a substrate. In this study, a combined experimental–numerical study was performed on the LSPS on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) substrates. Two types of specimens were investigated: specimens with an epoxy structural primer covered by a polyurethane base and a clear coat and specimens with the above layers plus an epoxy exterior primer between the epoxy structural primer and the polyurethane layer. The specimens were shot using various laser intensities aiming to obtain the stripping threshold and the stripping percentage as functions of the laser intensity. The diameter of the stripped area was measured by a profilometer. An electron microscope was used to evaluate the stripping efficiency. In parallel, a numerical model was developed using the LS-DYNA explicit Finite Element (FE) software. For the modeling of the CFRP, a progressive damage model with strain rate parameters was used while for the epoxy an elastic–plastic-hydrodynamic material model combined with the Gruneisen equation of state. The interface between these two materials was modeled using cohesive zone elements of zero thickness, which follow a bi-linear traction-separation law. Calibration of the modeling of the shock wave propagation inside the composite material was achieved through the comparison of the back-face velocity profiles, measured by a velocity interferometer system for any reflector system. The results from the multiple tests conducted revealed the repeatability of the process and the significant effect of the laser intensity. On the other hand, the model managed to predict well the back face velocity–time profile but in most cases, it failed to predict the stripping pattern. This is mainly due to lack of crucial material properties and the assumptions made in the modeling of the applied pressure profile.

Study on the coaxial electrode in electrohydraulic shockwave drilling technology

In recent years, electrohydraulic shockwave drilling technology has been widely studied to improve the drill rate of deep and ultra-deep wells. However, few studies have been conducted on coaxial electrodes that are more suitable for drilling. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the discharge characteristics of coaxial electrodes and the influence of various factors on their discharge effects. Firstly, the electric field models of the coaxial electrode were established and simulated using the CST software. The results showed that the electrical breakdown occur randomly on the circular edge of the coaxial electrode. Abnormal electrical breakdown may occur at the junction of anode and insulation layer, which may damage the insulation layer, and this has also been verified in the experiments. Secondly, the influence of various parameters on the discharge effect was further studied based on the model. The results showed that higher voltage and liquid dielectric constant can effectively enhance the electrical breakdown ability. Larger or smaller electrode spacing and insulation concave depth can reduce the discharge effect or more damage the insulating layer. A smaller anode diameter has a stronger electrical breakdown ability, but the final shock wave becomes smaller. Finally, electrical breakdown experiment and rock breaking experiment were conducted to verify the simulation results. In summary, this study conducted in-depth research on coaxial electrodes through CST electric field simulation and experiments, which provided a basis for coaxial electrode design and can effectively promote the practical application of electrohydraulic shockwave technology.

Cardiac Shock Wave Therapy in Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, placing a huge burden on patients and healthcare systems. Cardiac shock wave (CSW) technology is a non-invasive treatment method. In recent years, some scholars have discovered that extracorporeal shock wave can improve cardiovascular ischemic lesions. This article reviews the latest progress in basic research and clinical application of cardiac shock wave technology in cardiovascular medicine and reviews its efficacy and potential mechanisms in different diseases. First, the principle of shock waves and their application potential in cardiovascular medicine are introduced. Then, from the aspects of basic research and clinical application, the mechanism and clinical efficacy of shock waves in cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, atrial fibrillation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery calcification are discussed, as well as its advantages and limitations. Animal experiments and clinical studies have found that low-energy extracorporeal shock waves can upregulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factors, promote angiogenesis, promote nitric oxide production, increase local blood perfusion, significantly reduce angina symptoms, and improve left ventricular function and remodeling. Finally, the future development trend of shock wave technology is prospected. This review provides an introduction to the properties, biomechanical effects, treatment mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases, research status and development prospects of extracorporeal shock waves. Keywords: Cardiac shock Wave Therapy, Cardiovascular diseases, ESWT

Pressure‐Dependent Chemical Decomposition of an HMX‐Based PBX During Low‐Velocity Impacts

AbstractHMX decomposition kinetics are usually calibrated in the temperature range around 200 °C. This leads to an underestimation of several orders of magnitude of the thermal explosion times during impacts compared to measurements collected in Henson and Smilowitz, in Non‐shock initiation of explosives, Shock wave science and technology reference library, 2010. It highlights the incomplete physics used in the single‐ or multi‐stage decomposition kinetics to model the solid‐to‐gas transformation of HMX. The experimental device proposed in this work allows the observation of sample pressure and size during heating tests and thus allows the phase transition and thermal explosion of the samples to be observed in real time. The Henson and Smilowitz model is revisited by integrating (1) the mechanical resistance of the molecular network to the phase change and (2) a dependence of the vaporization and sublimation rates on the pressure. The latter describes the pressure‐dependence on the virtual melting mechanism and consequently on the presence or absence of δ‐HMX in the solid and liquid states. Good correlations between the numerical results and data are obtained. The modified model is then extrapolated to the low velocity impact range.

Experimental and numerical study on the effect of electrohydraulic shock wave on concrete fracturing

In order to apply electrohydraulic shock wave (EHS) technology to oil and gas stimulation or assisted rock fracture, it is necessary to analyze how the crack propagation behavior of the rock subjected to the EHS. For this purpose, experiments and numerical simulations are carried out respectively. In the experiment, the relevant parameters of electrical characteristics and acoustic radiation characteristics were given based on the established discharge platform, and 30 times impacts tests are carried out on cubic concrete. The results show that the corner areas of the upper surface of the concrete are the first to be broken; with the increase of impact time, the shape and number of cracks on the surface of the concrete sample change in two stages. In the first stage, the number of microcracks increased rapidly, the cracks are interconnected, and the existing pores gradually become bigger. In the second stage, the growth rate of the number of microcracks gradually decreases, and the width of the formed cracks gradually increases; the damage variable of the concrete obtained by the acoustic test increases sharply first and then increase slowly throughout the impact test. In the numerical simulation, the history match of the EHS pressure is implemented based on the equivalent explosion method (EEM); a two-dimensional numerical model is established to simulate the interaction process between the EHS and the concrete sample; a three-dimensional TNT-water-concrete numerical model is built to simulate the concrete fracturing. The results show that it is reliable to use the equivalent explosion method to simulate the EHS. The concrete sample subjected to the EHS is affected by four aspects: bubble; transmitted wave and reflected wave; diffraction wave; elastic precursor wave and plastic loading wave. When the element deletion method is used to simulate crack generation, adopting the maximum tensile stress failure criterion can accurately simulate the final distribution of cracks, but it is difficult to simulate the evolution process of cracks under cyclic impact loads.

Shockwave effects in the technology of meat raw material processing

Meat tenderness is recognized as the most important quality characteristic determining consumer acceptability of fresh meat and meat products. Therefore, the development of effective methods for meat tenderization is a topical direction. The review considers the main aspects of the development of shockwave (SW) technology as an alternative method for meat tenderization. The paper analyzes the means of shockwave formation as well as possible mechanisms responsible for meat tenderization caused by shockwave treatment and related to the energy dissipation and mechanical load on the boundary zones of a biological material under processing. The results of the investigations of a shockwave effect on meat tenderness, microbial inactivation, structure and assimilability of muscle protein and other functional and technological properties of a product are presented. The majority of researchers who studied a SW effect on meat tenderization showed different degrees of the improvement in the Warner-Bratzler shear force and increase in sensory scores of meat tenderness. This review shows the main problems linked with commercialization of the meat treatment process using SW based on electrical discharges under water. This method of SW generation is considered safest but infeasible today due to occurrence of restrictions such as damage of packaging materials after treatment, a need to ensure effective SW propagation in a commercial unit and determine optimal treatment parameters in the process of shockwave tenderization. Furthermore, potential possibilities of using shockwave technologies in the food industry are discussed. In particular, shockwave treatment upon extraction is an effective method for extracting juice/ oil/ bioactive components from various plant materials, which can be used as the pretreatment or independent process.

Green Economy and Meat Processing–Future Prospects

This paper provides a brief overview of the possible strategies for reducing hydrocarbon emissions from the meat industry according to the Green Deal program of the EU in the next decades. An overview of emerging technologies (high-pressure processing (HPP), shock wave technology (SW), ohmic heating (OH) and pulsed electric field (PEF), cultured meat) that should reduce gas emissions is given, as well as methodologies that can be applied (labelling, sustainable cooking, product lifecycle management (PLM) and product data management (PDM) applications). Noticeably, most novel strategies draw the conclusion that we should go for lower consumption of meat, especially beef, and change habits to eat and prepare foods in energy and environmentally friendly ways, as well as apply the so-called “green” food declaration in the future. Transforming into a climate-friendly economy, protecting biodiversity, and reorienting the agri-food industry growth can contribute to creating greater resilience of society.

Research of tight gas reservoir simulation technology

The stimulation of tight gas reservoir in Linxing block of Shanxi Province has always been a difficult problem. This paper describes and analyzes the formation lithology, physical properties and sensitivity of the reservoir. And introduces the pulse power technology and controllable shock wave technology, and focuses on the research and analysis of the latter. The results of field test show that: In the application of plug removal and permeability enhancement of low permeability tight gas oil and gas wells in medium and shallow wells (well depth less than 3000m), the controllable shock wave technology has achieved good results in increasing production and injection. Field application shows that the technology is basically mature and can be further promoted. Compared with traditional technologies such as acidizing and plugging removal, controllable shock wave technology has the advantages of layered implementation, strong pertinence, simple operation, wide adaptability and better effect.

Effects of different conductive ions on pore-structure evolution of medium- and high-rank coal bodies induced by electric pulses

Electric pulse fracturing technology is a new type of coal seam fracturing and permeability increasing technology based on high-pressure shock wave technology. Compared with conventional technology, electric pulse fracturing has the advantages of a higher energy efficiency, less environmental pollution, and a shorter fracturing time, but having the disadvantages of rapid energy loss and a small fracture radius. To reduce the energy loss of electric pulses and increase the fracture radius, the experimental system of high-voltage electric pulse was employed in this study. The effects of NaCl, CaCl2, and AlCl3 conductive ions on the evolution of the pore structure induced by electric pulses were examined for medium- and high-rank coal bodies. The experimental results indicated the adsorption capacity of coal for ions was positively correlated with the valence of the cations and the soaking time, and the amount of ions adsorbed was larger when the solution was more alkaline. Amounts of ions adsorbed onto the coal surface decreased in the following order Al3+ > Ca2+ > Na+. After the treatment, the conductivity of the coal was significantly improved, making the plasma channel in the coal body more fully developed in the process of high-voltage electric pulse impaction, thus reducing significantly the breakdown voltage of the coal samples. Additionally, tthe total pore volume, total specific surface area, porosity, and average pore diameter of the treated coal increased and that the percentages of macropores and mesopores increased, indicating that the pore structure of coal samples is significantly improved.

The effect of electro-hydrodynamic shockwaves on the quality of striploin and brisket beef muscles during long-term storage

Shockwaves generate instantaneous high pressures, which could affect meat shelf-life or quality. This study assessed microbiological counts, pH, drip, cook and moisture loss and texture of striploin (longissimus lumborum) and brisket (pectoralis profundus) treated with electrical shockwave (25 kV, 8 pulses) and subsequently stored (−0.5 °C) for 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks. Shockwave did not affect total viable counts (p>0.05), with all samples considered microbiologically acceptable (<7 log10 CFU/cm2) after 20 weeks. Shockwave reduced the peak force of striploin by 14.4% (5.8 N) (p<0.001). However, for brisket, there was no effect of shockwave on texture (p>0.05). Shockwave × storage time increased moisture losses in striploin (p<0.01) and brisket (p<0.01) at week 0 but this decreased over subsequent storage weeks. Shockwave technology did not affect meat shelf-life and has potential for beef tenderisation.

Introduction of shock wave technology to fir wood preservation

ABSTRACT Similar to a normal wave, a shock wave travels as energy through matter but it causes an abrupt rise of pressure, temperature and density. In this study, the influence of shock waves on wood structure were investigated in the light of possible future industrial utilization e.g. timber impregnating treatment. The constructed autoclave is capable of creating shock waves either by an electrical pulse breakdown of a spark gap arrangement or by electromagnetic actuators. The penetration depths of the fir wood test samples were measured using light microscopy, SEM and micro-computed tomography. Our results showed that by varying the intensity of the incident shock wave, the distance between the shock wave generating device and the test sample, and/or the orientation of test sample in relation to the shockwave, the wood tissue structure had been heavily disintegrated or hardly affected at all. An improvement on impregnation could not be found.

Inactivation of Cyanobacteria by Underwater Shock Wave

A treatment of underwater shock wave was proposed to solve this problems which the harm caused by cyanobacteria blooms. Underwater shock wave technology has the features of energy saving, environmental protection, safe and efficient. The underwater shock wave technology effective performance for the removal of cyanobacteria was investigated. The results obtained from on-site algae water showed that the initial chlorophyll-a content of Taihu Lake wild algae is 216.22 μg/L, after applying with the optimum working conditions treatment, the chlorophyll-a of the treated group is only 3.84μg/L at the ninth day, while the concentration of chlorophyll-a was 209.87μg/L in control group after 9 days of culture, the average removal rate was 98.22%. The initial algal toxin level in the wild algae in Taihu Lake was 4.23 μg/L, after treatment with underwater shock wave, the concentration of algae toxin in the treatment group decrease below the limit of detection (0.1 μg/L) after 1 day of algae culture, meanwhile, the control group increased to 4.36 μg/L. The contents of TN, TP and COD in the treatment group were lower than the control group with the underwater shock wave treatment. The results indicated that the underwater shock wave cannot only inactivated the wild cyanobacteria, but also can improve water quality.