Ship Identification System Research Articles

PROPOSALS TO IMPROVE THE INFORMATION CAPABILITIES OF COASTAL-BASED RADAR STATIONS FOR SURVEILLANCE OF SURFACE AND AIR OBJECTS

Sea-based radar stations (RS) are widely used for solving the tasks of radar surveillance of surface objects (SO) and air objects (AO). The subject of the article is the mechanisms of radio wave propagation in the boundary layer of the atmosphere. The aim is to investigate the possibilities of improving the accuracy of measuring the range and radial velocity of SO and AO observed beyond the line-of-sight of coastal-based RS. Objective: to analyse the spatial and temporal parameters and properties of waveguide layers above the water surface. Methods used: maximum likelihood and frequency. The following results were obtained. The results of experimental studies of seasonal and daily changes in the parameters of the lower troposphere layer in the Black Sea coastal zone and the parameters of tropospheric radio waveguides are presented. The procedure for calculating the energy transmission losses during radio wave propagation in the boundary layer of the atmosphere is presented, and the conditions for detecting SO and AO beyond the radar line-of-sight are determined. Recommendations for increasing the range of detection of SO and AO are given, which are associated with the possibility of predicting the existence of tropospheric radio waveguides by using data on the current conditions of radio wave propagation over the sea based on the signals of the automatic ship identification system AIS. Conclusions. Proposals have been developed to improve the accuracy of measuring the range and radial velocity of SO and AO at waveguide propagation of radio waves over the sea surface. A promising area for further research may be to identify ways to optimise the measurement of angular coordinates in modern RS during waveguide propagation of radio waves over the sea surface.

Distribution and main sources of oil spills in the Persian Gulf based on satellite monitoring with synthetic aperture radar

ABSTRACT The Persian Gulf is characterized by a huge number of offshore oil and gas platforms, large number of many oil terminals, and busy shipping lines for supporting oil transportation. In this regard, developing various methods for assessing the oil pollution of the Gulf, including remote sensing, is extremely important. For the first time, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the European Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B satellites were used routinely to monitor the entire Gulf in 2017–2019. To effectively analyse the SAR images and their detected dark patches, a monitoring method based on manual detection and all contextual information available using web-GIS approach, was used. This involved the creation of a dedicated geoportal with oceanographic, physical – geographical, industrial and navigational information on the water basin, including the offshore oil and gas infrastructure. Using this approach, as well as data from automatic ship identification system, most oil spills were detected, recognized and mapped. The summary oil spill distribution maps and main statistical results of the monitoring are presented and discussed. It is shown that the main sources of oil pollution in the Persian Gulf (oil slicks/spills from 0.5 to about 700 km2) are (in decreasing order) oil production, oil transportation, and local shipping.

Analysis of Electronic Chart and Information Display, Ship Identification Systems and Radar in Order to Increase the Energy Efficiency of a Maritime Vessel

This paper puts into discussion the navigation integrated deck and its components. The role of AIS (Automatic Identification System) is presented. The radar with its characteristics is analyzed and starting from the block diagram, a characterization of its role within the integrated deck is carried out. An IT model for navigation radar and ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) was developed.

Oil spills in the Barents Sea: The results of multiyear monitoring with synthetic aperture radar

This paper presents the results of multiyear satellite monitoring of oil pollution in the Barents Sea conducted in 2015–2020. Monitoring was based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the European Space Agency's Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B satellites. During monitoring, more than 26,000 SAR images were collected and analyzed for oil pollution in the form of oil spills. A geographic information system (GIS) and a conventional interactive technique were used to efficiently analyze a substantial number of SAR images covering the Barents Sea. Our approach employed online geoportal based on GIS technology with a large volume of additional information (oceanographic, physical-geographical, and industrial) about the marine basin, including those for offshore oil and gas infrastructure. As a result, multiyear oil spill distribution map was generated and analyzed, and the most oil-polluted regions of the sea and natural seeps were identified. The analysis focused on the general characteristics of the spatial and temporal distribution and the main sources of oil pollution of the Barents Sea. Sources of oil spills with areas ranging from 0.5 to 90 km2 were interpreted based on data from the automatic ship identification systems used to monitor shipping and fishing. Based on the monitoring results, the general level of oil pollution in the Barents Sea is established, statistics were calculated, and risk zones identified. The most polluted marine areas are in the southern part of the sea, where maritime shipping continuous; moderate levels of pollution appear in the fishing zones in the central part of the sea. Finally, the study results show that overall oil pollution in the Barents Sea is still relatively low compared to other marginal and inland seas of Europe.

Specific Windows Search for Multi-Ship and Multi-Scale Wake Detection in SAR Images

Traditional ship identification systems have difficulty in identifying illegal or broken ships, but the wakes generated by ships can be used as a major feature for identification. However, multi-ship and multi-scale wake detection is also a big challenge. This paper combines the geometric and pixel characteristics of ships and their wakes in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images and proposes a method for multi-ship and multi-scale wake detection. This method first detects the highlight pixel area in the image and then generates specific windows around the centroid, thereby detecting wakes of different sizes in different areas. In addition, all wake components can be located completely based on wake clustering, the statistical features of wake axis pixels can be used to determine the visible length of the wake. Test results on the Gaofen-3 SAR image show the special potential of the method for wake detection.

Analysis and measurement of SOx, CO2, PM and NOx emissions in port auxiliary vessels.

The objective of this paper is to provide an estimation of air emissions (CO2, NOx, SOx and PM) released by port assistant vessels at port level. The methodology is based on the "full bottom-up" approach and starts by assessing the fuel consumed by each tug ship during its individual port exercises (movements during docking and undocking of merchant vessels). The scenario selected for the analysis and measurements is one of the most significant Port of the Mediterranean Sea, where seven auxiliary vessels were monitored for 407 calls. The analysis also gathers real-time data from the Automatic ship Identification System (AIS), tug ship particulars from IHS sea-web database ( www.maritime.ihs.com ) and emission factors established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The research findings show that the key indicators are inventory emissions per dock, types of towed vessels and docking and undocking manoeuvres. This paper also presents an action protocol for the assessment of the inventory of emissions produced by the main engines of tug ships operating inside ports, which can be extrapolated to other ports operating with tug ships of the same technical characteristics. Evaluating, therefore, the amounts emitted of nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, carbon dioxide and particulate matter.

Methods for identifying aged ship plumes and estimating contribution to aerosol exposure downwind of shipping lanes

Abstract. Ship traffic is a major source of aerosol particles, particularly near shipping lanes and harbours. In order to estimate the contribution to exposure downwind of a shipping lane, it is important to be able to measure the ship emission contribution at various distances from the source. We report on measurements of atmospheric particles 7–20 km downwind of a shipping lane in the Baltic Sea Sulfur Emission Control Area (SECA) at a coastal location in southern Sweden during a winter and a summer campaign. Each ship plume was linked to individual ship passages using a novel method based on wind field data and automatic ship identification system data (AIS), where varying wind speeds and directions were applied to calculate a plume trajectory. In a situation where AIS data are not matching measured plumes well or if AIS data are missing, we provide an alternative method with particle number concentration data. The shipping lane contribution to the particle number concentration in Falsterbo was estimated by subtracting background concentrations from the ship plume concentrations, and more than 150 plumes were analysed. We have also extrapolated the contribution to seasonal averages and provide recommendations for future similar measurements. Averaged over a season, the contribution to particle number concentration was about 18 % during the winter and 10 % during the summer, including those periods with wind directions when the shipping lane was not affecting the station. The corresponding contribution to equivalent black carbon was 1.4 %.

Oil spills in the Barents Sea based on satellite monitoring using SAR: spatial distribution and main sources

ABSTRACTThe results of the satellite monitoring of oil spills in the Barents Sea are analysed and discussed. For the first time, in 2015–2016, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images occurred regularly using the European Space Agency Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B satellites. To effectively analyse the SAR images and their detected dark patches, a geoinformation approach, specifically, a web-based GeoMixer application, was used. This involves the creation of a dedicated geoportal with a large volume of oceanographic, physical–geographical, and industrial information about the water basin, including the offshore oil and gas infrastructures and coastal vulnerability. Using this approach, as well as data from automatic ship identification systems, it is shown that the main sources of oil pollution (spills from 0.5 to 90 km2) are cargo shipping and fishing fleets. Summary maps of the detected and identified oil spills are presented and discussed.

무인항공기 시스템을 활용한 선박 식별 및 도시 시스템 개발

선박의 안전한 운항과 자동입출항을 관리하기 위해서 사용되는 선박위치 발신장치(AIS, V-PASS)는 모든 선박에 의무적으로 장착하는 표준장비이다. 선박위치 발신장치를 활용한 선박식별 시스템을 항공기에 탑재하여 대형 어업지도선이나 경비함 등의 선박 및 지상 시스템에서 선박식별정보를 수신할 수 있게 되면 해양감시와 재난대응을 신속하게 수행할 수 있다. 본 논문은 항공기용 통합 선박식별 장치를 활용한 선박식별 및 도시 시스템의 개발 및 비행시험결과와 향후의 활용방안에 대해 기술하였다. AIS and V-PASS, which are used for safe navigation and automatic vessel arrival and departure, are mandatory standard equipment installed on all ships. If an aircraft is equipped with a ship identification system using AIS and V-PASS, and then ship identification information is received by a vessel such as a large fishery inspection boat or a patrol ship or a ground control system, we can quickly perform maritime surveillance and disaster response. This paper describes the development of a ship identification and display system using a ship identification device for aircraft. Flight test results and a future application plan are also included.

Preliminary Results of Satellite SAR Monitoring of Oil Spills in the Barents Sea

Analyzed are the preliminary results of satellite radar monitoring of oil spills in the Barents Sea. For the first time on a regular basis, it took place in 2015 – 2016 using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the European Space Agency’ Sentinel-1A satellite. To effectively analyze radar data used geoinformation (GIS) approach, in which on-line GIS or geoportal based on GeoMixer technology, a large volume of oceanographic, physical-geographical and industrial information about the water basin has been collected, including on oil and gas infrastructure and the vulnerability of the coasts, have been used. With the use of new approaches and methods of analysis and data automatic ship identification systems it is shown that main source of oil spills with area from 0.5 to 90 km 2 is a cargo shipping and fishing. Summary maps of detected and mapped oil spills in 2015 – 2016 are presented and discussed.

New collision alarm algorithm using obstacle zone by target (OZT)

In recent years, introduction of AISs (Automatic Ship Identification System) enables automatic collection of target ships' information. In addition, the performance standard of INS (Integrated Navigation System) has been established in IMO (International Maritime Organization) to realize modernized navigation to enhance navigation safety and to reduce workload of watch officers and its introduction has been promoted in many countries.However, these advanced support systems creates new problems. The increase in alarms has been raised as an issue of the increase in burden to watch officers. According to a field study on alarms in the bridge, 30% of alarms were collision alarms.To reduce the frequency of the collision alarms, some countermeasures are required such as optimal tuning of CPA (the closest point of approach) thresholds for CPA based collision alarms or a new algorithm for other collision alarms. In this paper, an algorithm for collision alarm using OZT (Obstacle zone by target) is introduced and is evaluated its reduction rate using recorded AIS traffic data.

CWLFM Radar for Ship Detection and Identification

Continuous wave lineal frequency modulated (CWLFM) radar presents some interesting advantages for coast surveillance and control as well as low probability of interception (LPI). This paper presents real results obtained with a radar prototype and processed with ISAR techniques. Also, results of an automatic ship identification system applied to simulated ISAR images are exposed. Moreover, radar behavior with unfavorable meteorological conditions is discussed

Transponders and their Impact on the Future of Navigation

The introduction of a transponder-based ship identification system may have far-reaching effects on the way navigation is carried out. Fundamental changes to the underlying principles of collision avoidance become a reality, offering the potential for a new set of sailing and anticollision rules that allow unprecedented levels of control for maritime traffic.

衝突予防のための船舶識別方式(日本航海学会第44回講演会)

衝突予防のための船舶識別方式(日本航海学会第44回講演会)