Rank Shift Research Articles

Hierarchy and mobility of Latin America and Caribbean container ports

Research on port hierarchies within a maritime region is crucial for comprehending the dynamics of seaborne trade and the broader trends within the maritime sector and related supply chains. This study investigates the evolution of the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) container ports and regional sub-systems from 2000 to 2022, analyzing traffic dynamics, shifts in port throughput rankings, and market concentration trends in and among the different coastal regions. Conceptually, this analysis benefits from the notion of evolutionary phases, revealing the stages of a port system's development. Methodologically, 49 LAC ports of international interest are categorized into different coastal regions and tiers based on throughput sizes. Various metrics, including the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), and Kendall Tau (τ), assess port hierarchy and related mobility since 2000. The observed shifts in the hierarchy and market structures, coupled with the fluctuating positions of critical ports, underscore the transition that LAC container ports dynamics experienced in the 21st century. Following a particularly dynamic and volatile evolution observed in the 2000s, the financial crisis of 2008/09 was a critical juncture leading to the transition of the LAC port dynamics from the ‘emerging’ to the ‘maturity’ phase. On the contrary, the pandemic (2019) has not affected the pre-existing hierarchy or the moderate market concentration that was already in progress. The LAC region comprises port sub-systems (coastal ranges) subjected to different tendencies towards (de)concentration, yet mobility in port rankings within each sub-system decreases. The study also reveals the coexistence of this transition with a structural transformation of port governance structures, i.e., granting of concessions of operations to third parties. In 20 of these ports and the above-average mobility of ports are operated by Global Terminal Operators (GTOs), and calls for further research on the (non) causality of these phenomena.

Falling Fortunes: The Contingent and Asymmetric Effect of Rankings on Organizational Outcomes

As rankings of organizations have proliferated in recent decades, much research has focused on organizational efforts to maintain a high position in rankings. A common theme in this literature is that changes in rank affect evaluations by external audiences and, consequently, organizational outcomes. Yet, accumulating evidence suggests that rankings sometimes have little effect on audience assessments and organizational outcomes, a finding that calls into question the power of rankings. Instead of asking whether rankings matter, this study adopts a contingency approach and investigates when rankings matter. I develop theory about contextual and organizational factors that shape the salience and information value of shifts in rankings: the direction of the change, the availability of information from other intermediaries, the sophistication of the audience, and the focal organization’s previous ranking position. Panel data analysis and a natural experiment focused on the Fortune 500 rankings support this theory. This article provides a framework to help scholars understand the contingent and asymmetric consequences of rankings on organizational outcomes, with implications for research on evaluation systems.

Ranking academic institutions based on the productivity, impact, and quality of institutional scholars

Abstract Purpose The quantitative rankings of over 55,000 institutions and their institutional programs are based on the individual rankings of approximately 30 million scholars determined by their productivity, impact, and quality. Design/methodology/approach The institutional ranking process developed here considers all institutions in all countries and regions, thereby including those that are established, as well as those that are emerging in scholarly prowess. Rankings of individual scholars worldwide are first generated using the recently introduced, fully indexed ScholarGPS database. The rankings of individual scholars are extended here to determine the lifetime and last-five-year Top 20 rankings of academic institutions over all Fields of scholarly endeavor, in 14 individual Fields, in 177 Disciplines, and in approximately 350,000 unique Specialties. Rankings associated with five specific Fields (Medicine, Engineering & Computer Science, Life Sciences, Physical Sciences & Mathematics, and Social Sciences), and in two Disciplines (Chemistry, and Electrical & Computer Engineering) are presented as examples, and changes in the rankings over time are discussed. Findings For the Fields considered here, the Top 20 institutional rankings in Medicine have undergone the least change (lifetime versus last five years), while the rankings in Engineering & Computer Science have exhibited significant change. The evolution of institutional rankings over time is largely attributed to the recent emergence of Chinese academic institutions, although this emergence is shown to be highly Field- and Discipline-dependent. Research limitations The ScholarGPS database used here ranks institutions in the categories of: (i) all Fields, (ii) in 14 individual Fields, (iii) in 177 Disciplines, and (iv) in approximately 350,000 unique Specialties. A comprehensive investigation covering all categories is not practical. Practical implementations Existing rankings of academic institutions have: (i) often been restricted to pre-selected institutions, clouding the potential discovery of scholarly activity in emerging institutions and countries; (ii) considered only broad areas of research, limiting the ability of university leadership to act on the assessments in a concrete manner, or in contrast; (iii) have considered only a narrow area of research for comparison, diminishing the broader applicability and impact of the assessment. In general, existing institutional rankings depend on which institutions are included in the ranking process, which areas of research are considered, the breadth (or granularity) of the research areas of interest, and the methodologies used to define and quantify research performance. In contrast, the methods presented here can provide important data over a broad range of granularity to allow responsible individuals to gauge the performance of any institution from the Overall (all Fields) level, to the level of the Specialty. The methods may also assist identification of the root causes of shifts in institution rankings, and how these shifts vary across hundreds of thousands of Fields, Disciplines, and Specialties of scholarly endeavor. Originality/value This study provides the first ranking of all academic institutions worldwide over Fields, Disciplines, and Specialties based on a unique methodology that quantifies the productivity, impact, and quality of individual scholars.

Unveiling the Surge: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Stimulating Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Telemedicine and Its Academic Landscape.

The Covid-19 pandemic spurred an unprecedented shift towards digitalization, prompting a surge in telehealth practices. This paper explores the impact of the pandemic on telemedicine through a comprehensive analysis of scientific publications. Utilizing a bibliometric approach, the study examines trends in telemedicine research before and after the onset of Covid-19. The systematic search in PubMed yielded 8,454 pre-Covid-19 publications (2016-2019) and 16,633 post-Covid-19 publications (2020-2023). A total of 21,989 distinct keywords were extracted. Co-occurrence maps reveal evolving thematic clusters, with "mhealth" and "ehealth" dominating pre-Covid-19, while "Covid-19" emerges as a top keyword post-pandemic. The Top-10 keywords shift post-Covid-19, reflecting dynamic research priorities. The bibliometric approach illuminates a heightened exploration of telehealth solutions post-pandemic, emphasizing the enduring impact of the crisis on academic discourse. Changes in key terms and shifts in key term ranking indicate dynamic research priorities and a broader consideration of multidimensional healthcare challenges. Acknowledging study limitations, the analysis offers a high-level perspective, focusing on authors' keywords. Despite challenges, the study provides a systematic overview, revealing the emergence of new telemedicine application domains and the need for further in-depth analyses. Future research directions may explore the ecological impact of telemedicine applications and other intriguing aspects, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of telemedicine's scholarly trajectory.

Applying AHP for Assessing Zenbo Division Production Employee Performance

This research proposes an employee assessment system utilizing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to evaluate productivity levels. The absence of such a system poses challenges in gauging employee performance and its impact on company productivity. Through AHP, this study aims to provide decision support for performance evaluation, thereby maintaining high productivity levels. Results indicate significant shifts in employee rankings, highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in identifying and enhancing productivity. This research contributes to the discourse on employee performance assessment, offering practical implications for decision-makers aiming to optimize workforce productivity. Highlights : Enhanced decision-making: The utilization of AHP provides a structured approach for evaluating employee performance, facilitating informed decision-making processes. Improved productivity rankings: Implementation of the assessment system results in notable shifts in employee rankings, indicating its effectiveness in identifying high-performing individuals. Practical implications: Findings offer valuable insights for organizations seeking to optimize workforce productivity through systematic performance evaluation methodologies. Keywords: Employee productivity, Assessment system, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Decision support, Workforce optimization

Developing an airport sustainability evaluation index through composite indicator approach

This paper proposes a holistic definition of airport sustainability comprising social, economic, operational, and environmental dimensions. Methodologically, a composite indicator approach is applied to build the Airport Sustainability Evaluation Index (ASEI), which aims to benchmark airports' sustainability performance across the four dimensions. To justify the issue of subjectivity in composite indicator building, two different methods are used in each of the normalization, weighting, and aggregation processes. Consequently, this forms eight composite indicator building schemes. Then, a variance-based sensitivity analysis, average shift in ranking (ASR), and Cronbach's alpha test are performed to examine the sensitivity and reliability among the eight schemes. Schiphol airport is selected as a demonstration to validate the ASEI with its data from 2012 to 2021 as inputs. The results reveal a significant consensus among the eight schemes in identifying the outstanding and bottom performers across the analyzed period. Additionally, weighting is found to be the most influential composite indicator building process. Further, the scheme with the most significant contribution to the result reliability found in this paper is re-scaling as the normalization method, Benefit-of-the-doubt (BoD) as the weighting method, and Non-compensatory multi-criteria approach (NCMC) as the aggregation method.

The Existence of Grammatical Shifts in The English – Indonesian Translation Done by English Language Department Students

Translation is transferring the meaning from the source language into the target language. Therefore, the shift in translation could be occurred because of the difference between two languages. To understand the translation shifts more detail, this study was composed by taking the translation shift as the theme of study. This study focused on explainning the existence of grammatical shifts in the English into Indonesian translation of an essay text done by the 5th semester students of English Language department at Walisongo Islamic State University. The subject of this study consisted of 15 people of 5th semester students of Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang. Meanwhile, the object of this study was the translation results produced by the students. This study was a descriptive qualitative study emphasizing the detailed understanding of the result of the study. In order to collect the data, this study used test and documentation of the students’ translation results. Based on the analysis, there were found two main types of shifts, including level shift and category shift, in the students’ translation result. The category shift was divided into four types, such as structure shift, class shift, unit / rank shift, and intra-system shift. The dominant translation shift that found in this study was unit / rank shift as much as 28.81 %, that followed by structure shift (25.07 %), intra-system shift (20.89 %), level shift (18.53 %), and class shift (6.70 %). Those kinds of grammatical shifts will be explained in this study, in order to increase the knowledge about the grammatical shifts in translation.

Single- vs. combined-category preference assessments for edible, leisure, and social-interaction stimuli.

A concern when conducting combined-category preference assessments is the potential for displacement effects, a shift in the preference ranking from highly preferred to moderately or less preferred for stimuli in two of three stimulus categories (e.g., edible, leisure, or social-interaction). In this study, we evaluated potential displacement effects in combined-category arrays of edible, leisure, and social-interaction stimuli for five individuals with autism. First, single-category paired-stimulus preference assessments were implemented to identify two highly preferred stimuli from each category. When these stimuli were included in a combined-category preference assessment, displacement effects were observed for three of five participants. During a subsequent reinforcer assessment, stimuli identified as less preferred in the combined-category preference assessment functioned as reinforcers for two participants. Additionally, although social interaction was not identified as highly preferred for three of the five participants, it functioned as a reinforcer for four participants.

Long Term, Pre, and Post Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Road Traffic Crashes in the Case of Budapest, Hungary

SARS-CoV-2 is a pandemic that affects road traffic flaw and crashes globally. This study attempted to compare the situation of road traffic crashes in the city of Budapest before and after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to better understand its long-term percussive effects. The study considers 12208 road traffic crashes that registered between 20 May 2018 – 31 December 2021. The rate and severity of road traffic crashes during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic examined by using a percentage frequency distribution and a severity index. This study depicted that most crashes reported during the normal daytime between15:01-18:00 (peak hour). The study indicated that during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic the road traffic crashes were reduced by 20.15%. A rear-end collision was one of the most common type of catastrophes highly registered. Road users, particularly drivers, heavily endorsed crashes. Even though the proportion of road traffic crashes caused by alcohol consumption was modest (6%), the rate of alcohol consumption and its concentration increased slightly during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. At the same time the number of crashes caused by high-speed traffic maneuvers reduced. Improper interpretation of road traffic signs, road pavement condition and failure to respect proper sight distance were influential reasons of road traffic crashes among the top. Meanwhile, the distributional impact of careless driving in the aftermath of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic causes a shift in rank. Therefore, this study proved that during SARS-CoV-2 pandemics road traffic crashes reduced, the rate and concentration of alcohol consumption increased, and careless driving was encouraged.

Increasing stability of a native freshwater fish assemblage following flow rehabilitation.

Stream restorations are increasingly critical for managing and recovering freshwater biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes. However, few studies have quantified how rehabilitative actions promulgate through aquatic communities over decades. Here, a long-term dataset is analyzed for fish assemblage change, incorporating data pre- and post-restoration periods, and testing the extent to which native assemblage stability has increased over time. In the late 1950s, a large capacity dam was installed on Putah Creek (Solano County, CA, USA), which altered the natural flow regime, channel structure, geomorphic processes, and overall ecological function. Notably, downstream flows were reduced (especially during summer months) resulting in an aquatic assemblage dominated by warm-water nonnative species, while endemic native species subsisted at low levels as subordinates. A court-mediated Accord was ratified in 2000, providing a more natural flow regime, specifically for native and anadromous fishes in the stream. The richness of nonnative species decreased at every site following the Accord, while the richness of native species increased or stayed constant. At the three most upstream sites, native species richness increased over time and ultimately exceeded nonnative richness. Native assemblage recovery was strongest upriver, closer to flow releases and habitat restoration activities, and decreased longitudinally downstream. Rank-abundance curves through time revealed that, while species evenness was low throughout the study, dominance shifted from nonnative to native species in the upstream sites coincident with rehabilitation efforts. Mean rank shifts decreased following flow rehabilitation; thus the assemblage became increasingly stable over time following flow rehabilitation. Putah Creek's rehabilitation may represent a model for others interested in improving endemic freshwater communities in degraded ecosystems.

Assessing Browsing Impact in Beech Forests: The Importance of Tree Responses after Browsing

Browsing by ungulates can affect the development of a forest stand due to selective browsing and shifts in the growth ranking between tree species. Assessing browsing impact in an objective way is difficult in patchily distributed beech forests. In systematically arranged plots near Kirchberg, Switzerland, the height increment of the two saplings nearest to the plot center (k-tree method) was measured for each height class and tree species, and the within-tree browsing intensity and damage frequency were assessed. In total, 21 tree species were found. Browsing was particularly frequent in climate-adapted species. Winter browsing was more frequent than summer browsing, which was also true for deciduous species, and it significantly reduced height growth. Former damage along the main stem further reduced upgrowth. Browsing shifted the height increment ratio in favor of Fagus sylvatica. Many winter-browsed saplings of Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior and Prunus avium had no new leader shoot by the end of the next growing season, i.e., browsing had a long-lasting impact. For estimating browsing impact, it is thus important to assess delays in the response after browsing. Foresters could easily apply the k-tree method in autumn for effective assessments of browsing impact.

Translation Shift of Chinese-Indonesian Subtitle in Our Times Movie

Movie is an art which has an aesthetic purpose. It is used to be a form of entertainment, but as time goes by, movie can be used as a media to spread certain messages to the public. One of those movies is from China and the language is Chinese. Therefore, it is necessary to have a movie translation from Chinese to Indonesian, which uses subtitle translation. In a process of translation, the shifting of translation is found for most of the time. This research aims to find out two problems of the research. First, the translation shift form from the result of translation subtitle. Second, the form of shifting translation mostly found in the subtitle of movie called Our Times. The object of this research is the Our Times movie《我的少女时代》wŏ de shăonǚ shídài. The film is in Chinese with Chinese subtitles and translated into Indonesian. This research only focuses on shifting the translation results in Mandarin-Indonesian subtitles on the Our Times movie《我的少女时代》wŏ de shăonǚ shídài. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with the approach of instrumental study. The result of the research shows that the subtitle of Our times movie there are 86 data divided into six kinds of translation shift, which are about: Structure Shift (37,21%); Intra Shift System (19,77%); Level Shift (12,79%); Down Rank Shift (11,63%); Class Shift (9,30%); and Up Rank Shift (9,30%). Due to the difference in grammatical structure and the culture which are supported by the use of translation procedures and techniques.

Status achieved in an organization—Rank dynamics

A new model of an evolution of ranks of employees due to staff turnover in an organization is designed. If the rank is determined only by the performance, the rank shift of incumbents due to the turnover is proportional to the initial rank: the status of high staff is reduced only slightly. This effect that has been observed in the literature. However, if the status also depends on some other variable, the positions of high staff may be greatly deteriorated. In that case, the effect depends nonlinearly on the time τ between subsequent replacements of staff.

Translation Shifts Found in the Translation of Merry Riana: Mimpi Sejuta Dolar Novel by Alberthiene Endah into Million Dollar Dream

It has been considered that translation is the process of transferring a message or meaning from a language to the other. Thus, this research was proposed to analyze the translation shift in a Novel. The data of this paper were taken from an Indonesian novel entitled Merry Riana: Mimpi Sejuta Dolar by Alberthiene Endah (2011) and the English translation entitled Million Dollar Dream translated by Maggie Tiojakin (2016). The analysis was mainly aimed at finding out the types of translation shifts found in these two novels. The main theory used was taken from a book entitled A Linguistic Theory of Translation by Catford (1965). The other theories were also applied in this research. There were some steps done in collecting data observation. When the data were the method used in analyzing the data was a descriptive method with an informal technique of presentation. It was found that there were two major types of shifts. They were level shifts and category shifts. The category shifts involved structure shift, class shift, unit/ rank shift and intra-system shift. The result of this research showed that the translation shifts most commonly found is in the category shifts include structure shift, class shift, unit/ rank shift and intra-system shift. Commonly, shifts in the translation were caused by the different structure of the source language and the target language and every language has its own form to convey the meaning.
 Keywords: translation shift, novel, translation

Moving towards multipolarity: shifts in the core-periphery structure of international student mobility and world rankings (2000-2019).

Over the past 20 years, international student mobility has experienced a three-fold increase, as planned and emerging education hubs have attracted increasing numbers of students. The appeal of alternative destinations is strengthened by their cultural, linguistic, and geographic proximity, as well as a growing number of internationally ranked universities. This article quantifies shifts in international student mobility and world university rankings over a consequential 20-year period (1999/2000–2018/2019) at the beginning of the twenty-first century. It examines shifts in the number of county-to-country connections (density), relative country importance in the network (centrality), and network structure (multipolarity). The results indicate the overall network density steadily increased year-to-year, with a three-fold increase in the number of country-to-country connections, as influence was more widely and evenly distributed among a larger number of core countries within the network. As the number of universities in planned and emerging destinations listed in the rankings doubled, the network structure indicated a movement toward multipolarity, where a more diverse set of countries exerted greater relative influence in the overall network. The results suggest that while core-periphery dynamics in international student mobility persist, they also have begun to shift, as a larger and more diverse subset of planned and emerging educational hubs in Asia, South America, Africa, and the Middle East exert increasing influence in the overall network.

Effects of Different Normalization, Aggregation, and Classification Methods on the Construction of Flood Vulnerability Indexes

Index-based approaches are widely employed for measuring flood vulnerability. Nevertheless, the uncertainties in the index construction are rarely considered. Here, we conducted a sensitivity analysis of a flood vulnerability index in the Maquiné Basin, Southern Brazil, considering distinct normalization, aggregation, classification methods, and their effects on the model outputs. The robustness of the results was investigated by considering Spearman’s correlations, the shift in the vulnerability rank, and spatial analysis of different normalization techniques (min-max, z-scores, distance to target, and raking) and aggregation methods (linear and geometric). The final outputs were classified into vulnerability classes using natural breaks, equal interval, quantiles, and standard deviation methods. The performance of each classification method was evaluated by spatial analysis and the Akaike’s information criterion (AIC). The results presented low sensitivity regarding the normalization step. Conversely, the geometric aggregation method produced substantial differences on the spatial vulnerability and tended to underestimate the vulnerability where indicators with low values compensated for high values. Additionally, the classification of the vulnerability into different classes led to overly sensitive outputs. Thus, given the AIC performance, the natural breaks method was most suitable. The obtained results can support decision-makers in reducing uncertainty and increasing the quality of flood vulnerability assessments.

Ecological community dynamics: 20 years of moth sampling reveals the importance of generalists for community stability

Species diversity is presently declining and homogenizing globally due to human land use changes and climate change effects. However, the causes of these declines are difficult to determine due to complex ecological interactions. Lepidopterans are a diverse and ecologically important group of insects that are declining in Britain and other parts of Europe. Long-term monitoring data made available in 2003 showed that 66% of observed species declined over the course of 35 years, however, it is not known what effect species losses has on ecosystem stability. Here, we assess long-term moth diversity dynamics in relation to climatic shifts over 20 years, and investigate the importance of stability in maintaining and conserving ecological communities. From 1993 to 2014, moth species data and abundances were recorded over 7,390 trapping nights. Overall, 376 species were recorded over 20-years, identifying seasonal and annual trends in species richness strongly associated with oscillations in temperature. Long-term stability, measured using mean-rank shifts and temporal variability, was indicative of significant positive associations between species diversity and temperature. Using rank shift analyses we were able to not only assess community stability dynamics, but also the individual species dynamics and their contribution to community diversity over time. We also noted generalist feeders were more associated with maintaining diverse species communities subjected to oscillating climatic conditions compared to specialist taxa. Overall, our study shows the benefit of utilizing community-based stability assessments to distill population level information from complex datasets, highlighting the need for long-term monitoring at the community level to explore impacts of environmental change on ecosystem function.

Revisiting euphemisation strategies for English to Indonesian subtitle context

Character equivalence and offensive word rank in subtitling context are understudied on the previous studies on euphemisation strategies. The exclusion of these two concerns leaves the prior constructed euphemisation strategies unable to explain how shifts on narrative identity might occur and how taboo words are functionally negotiated. In addressing this issue, the study investigates the relationship between offensive word levels with character equivalence and narrative identity, types of euphemisation strategies, and the strategies' implementation. The data were collected from the English and Indonesian versions of four films containing taboo words, which were analyzed by applying the theories of offensiveness rank by Ofcom, constructed in English as a foreign language context, and character equivalence by Petrucci. The findings indicate that offensive word translation suffers a rank shift on offensive word ranks Departing from these findings. We propose euphemisation strategies with offensive word rank and character equivalence as the primary narrative basis with mediality and subtitling standard as the primary mechanical basis. Those strategies are downgrading, degrading, sidegrading, outgrading, ingrading, and retrograding. The reasons of euphemisation strategy implementation are bipolarly divided into aesthetics and mechanics in relation to distances and perspectives of the applied offensive words.

Measuring malnutrition in all its forms: An update of the net state of nutrition index to track the global burden of malnutrition at country level

BackgroundThere is an urgent need for tools to better understand and measure the nutrition challenges identified in the Sustainable Development Goals. Proposed updates to the existing Net State of Nutrition Index (NeSNI) do better at highlighting the multi-dimensional nature of malnutrition (undernutrition, overweight, and micronutrient deficiencies) that can occur simultaneously within a country and allows for nations to be ranked based on complex burden of malnutrition as well as monitoring change over time for multiple issues simultaneously. MethodsNeSNI was developed in 2015 based on the six World Health Assembly (WHA) nutrition targets set in 2011, using a standard algorithm for developing a Human Development Index. We updated the original NeSNI by i) using the most recent national survey data available today, ii) developing a new variant of the original index by adding female adult overweight as a 7th indicator (NeSNI-Double Burden), and iii) exploring the value of adding pre-schooler vitamin A deficiency (VAD) as an 8th indicator to create a “NeSNI-Triple Burden” index. The aim of adding further indicators was to enhance the original index by better capturing additional important dimensions of “malnutrition in all its forms”. ResultsIn 2019, the top-ranked nations, indicating the least burden of malnutrition using the original six WHA nutrition indicators (n = 89 countries), were Uruguay, Costa Rica, and Colombia. At the bottom of these rankings were India, Pakistan, and Yemen. The greatest improvements, based on positive rank change between 2015 and 2019, were made by Kenya, Belize, and Kazakhstan. The addition of female adult overweight to the original index (NeSNI-Double Burden, n = 123), and the addition of VAD in preschool-age children (NeSNI-Triple Burden, n = 46), had a significant impact on country rankings, with Rwanda moving to 1st place in both of the new indexes. ConclusionUpdating the original NeSNI with recent data shows how countries have improved or regressed over time and compared to each other. The addition of female adult overweight and VAD in preschool-age children to the original NeSNI computation yields a more holistic assessment of country-level malnutrition in all its forms. This is manifest by shifts in relative rankings of countries depending on the addition or subtraction of elements in the index. Such analyses highlight the importance of having robust tools to measure nutrition indicators that are sensitive to need and to new data over time. Adoption of an expanded index to include female adult overweight and pre-schooler VAD allows policy makers to better tailor policies and interventions to actual and changing need, to track changes in the burden of malnutrition over time, and to measure the success of investments and programs implemented in the name of improving nutrition.

Correspondence between Feynman diagrams and operators in quantum field theory that emerges from tensor model

A novel functorial relationship in perturbative quantum field theory is pointed out that associates Feynman diagrams (FD) having no external line in one theory mathbf{Th}_1 with singlet operators in another one mathbf{Th}_2 having an additional U(mathcal{N}) symmetry and is illustrated by the case where mathbf{Th}_1 and mathbf{Th}_2 are respectively the rank r-1 and the rank r complex tensor model. The values of FD in mathbf{Th}_1 agree with the large mathcal{N} limit of the Gaussian average of those operators in mathbf{Th}_2. The recursive shift in rank by this FD functor converts numbers into vectors, then into matrices, then into rank 3 tensors and so on. This FD functor can straightforwardly act on the d dimensional tensorial quantum field theory (QFT) counterparts as well. In the case of rank 2-rank 3 correspondence, it can be combined with the geometrical pictures of the dual of the original FD, namely, equilateral triangulations (Grothendieck’s dessins d’enfant) to form a triality which may be regarded as a bulk-boundary correspondence.