Shifts In Occupational Structure Research Articles

Availability Problem of Drinking Water in an Urban Area - Effects of Family Size and Monthly Income: An Empirical Study

The availability of water is a major problem faced by the urban masses and policy makers. Bridging the gap between the demand for and supply of water is a major policy decision confronted by the urban authorities. The ever-increasing urban population and shift in occupational structure results in the increased demand which confronts with lagging supply of water which needs immediate policy attention. The present study is based on the survey of households in urban areas who have piped water connections in their homes. 600 households were selected at random from the total connections available. The data is analysed using the x2 test. The present study aims at examining the relation between size of the family and income of the respondents with that of severity of availability problem of water and comes to the conclusion that severity problem is not connected with the size of the family size but it is connected with the family income of the consumers.

Social-occupational Structure Change in the Mekong Delta

Abstract: By overview method, the article showed clearly the currently of shifts in social occupational structure in the Mekong Delta. The changes in social structure of jobs in the Mekong Delta is focused on the characters such as labor capability, economic forms, working situation and economic area, which contributes to various characters of shift social structure of jobs. This article presents that this changes has a positive trend such as reducing argiculture, increasing severice and industry field, labour in private and FDI economic forms growth up; working situtation upward to trend. Althought this changes pointed out the slower pace of shifts in comparison to nationwide pace and unstantain. As there was serveral reasons impact on this changes. Thus, this shift had influenced income, social stratification and migration decision of labor in the Mekong Delta. The article also pointed out some evidences about the different income of labor in economic forms and economic area. The author then provided some suggestions on how to facilitate positive shifts in social occupational structure, such as training and resolving jobs policies, linking to between the famers, the scientist, the state and the business man, restructuring economy, promoting policies and environment investment 
 Keywords: Shift, Mekong Delta, economic form, labor migration, occupational structure, shift in occupational structure.

Large social inequalities and low levels of socio-economic segregation in Vilnius

The city of Vilnius has experienced major shifts in occupational structure between 2001 and 2011 and at the same time there were major transitions in the housing market and suburbanization. The main aim of this chapter is to get more insight in recent socio-economic segregation processes in Vilnius. We used occupational groups as a proxy for socio-economic status, and census tract level data to measure segregation in Vilnius and its three main housing zones during 2001 and 2011. Notwithstanding the major economic and social changes of post-communist society, we found low levels of segregation and modest change during the last decade. Local patterns of segregation were explored using location quotient maps. The analyses illustrated a deepening social divide in the city between the relatively rich north and the poorer south of the city, but the inner city changes are somehow ambiguous. In this chapter we argue that the main factors of socio-spatial change in Vilnius are related to an exceptionally high share of housing estates in the city and the polycentric urban system of the country. Together with 'fast-track' reforms after 1990 this urban system gave a unique character to the current processes and patterns of segregation.

Large social inequalities and low levels of socio-economic segregation in Vilnius

The city of Vilnius has experienced major shifts in occupational structure between 2001 and 2011 and at the same time there were major transitions in the housing market and suburbanization. The main aim of this chapter is to get more insight in recent socio-economic segregation processes in Vilnius. We used occupational groups as a proxy for socio-economic status, and census tract level data to measure segregation in Vilnius and its three main housing zones during 2001 and 2011. Notwithstanding the major economic and social changes of post-communist society, we found low levels of segregation and modest change during the last decade. Local patterns of segregation were explored using location quotient maps. The analyses illustrated a deepening social divide in the city between the relatively rich north and the poorer south of the city, but the inner city changes are somehow ambiguous. In this chapter we argue that the main factors of socio-spatial change in Vilnius are related to an exceptionally high share of housing estates in the city and the polycentric urban system of the country. Together with 'fast-track' reforms after 1990 this urban system gave a unique character to the current processes and patterns of segregation.

The Relationship of Technology to Workers’ Alienation

ABSTRACTDuring much of the twentieth century, research on the effects of technology on work exemplified one of two themes. One, grounded in Marx, Mills, and Braverman, pointed to the destructive impacts of technology on employees summarized here by the term alienation. The alternative theme, seen in Blauner, Woodward, and Trist, argued that the technologies of production did not necessarily lead to adverse impacts on employees. We test these themes with data from a survey completed in 1972–73 of a representative sample of 1,455 employed Americans, both white-collar and blue-collar, from various industries. Results indicate some qualified support for Blauner’s predictions. The technological type of job has a statistically significant impact on the dependent variables, but the impact is moderate. However, personal characteristics and contextual factors have more powerful effects. Findings from the survey are updated with data on shifts in occupational structure and in attitudes and shifts in technology throughout the economy.

Pathways from agriculture to nutrition: implications of the occupation structure in rural India

This paper examines whether the emerging occupational structure in rural India is conducive for improving nutrition outcomes. Using data from India’s National Sample Survey Organisation’s survey of employment and unemployment conducted in 2009–2010, this paper establishes that there is greater dietary diversity, which is an intermediate outcome in the pathway to improved nutrition, among cultivators than among agricultural labourers. However, over time, there has been a reduction in the number of cultivators and an increase in the number of agricultural s. Since poverty is also concentrated among rural labour households, such shifts in occupational structure could prove to be detrimental to addressing the problem of malnutrition.

Neoliberalism and Shifts in Occupational Structure: Quito, Ecuador, 1982–90

This paper examines shifting occupational composition in Quito, Ecuador, between 1982 and 1990, the first decade of neo–liberal–inspired economic reforms, and assesses to what degree these changes reflect general theories on the impacts of neo–liberalism. The research methodology uses census data for 1982 and 1990 to create a modified version of the workforce fragmentation typology. The analysis assesses shifts in the city’s occupational composition by examining change in industry and occupation categories, while also using gender and education to determine the importance of individual attributes in accessing employment. The result is a more rounded understanding of shifts in occupational composition during the inaugural period of neo–liberalism in a large Latin American city. The findings illustrate there is rapid growth in the overall number of people working in Quito, and that the greatest expansion is in the low–skill, low–wage positions. The findings also reveal that while having a college degree or higher qualification does increase one’s chances of gainful employment, there is no discernable difference between those with a secondary education and those with less than a secondary education.