Shielding Behavior Research Articles

Superior EMI shielding behavior of multi-layer structure of PVDF based laminated nanocomposite material by controlling the size and distribution of W-type hexaferrite magnetic nanofillers therein

The effects of size and distribution of magnetic filler materials with different loading percentages inside PVDF matrix having mono-layer and multi-layer structures for the modulation of EMI shielding behavior are discussed in the present report. W-type hexaferrites are prepared using the sol-gel method, followed by the manually mortared and ball-milled techniques and embedded inside the PVDF matrix separately. Phase analysis and morphological studies are performed and discussed herein to understand the effect of ball mill technique, over the manually mortared process of W-type hexaferrites. Magnetic and dielectric studies are performed and the influence of the ball mill technique on magnetic and dielectric behavior of nanofillers as well as nanocomposite systems are discussed. Various physical properties of the nanocomposite films are performed within the range of 8-12 GHz. Significant modulations of complex permeability and the complex permittivity with size, distribution and loading percentage of the W-type hexaferrite inside PVDF matrix are found and the effect of impedance matching on EMI shielding behavior are also discussed. EMI shielding behavior of the resultant W-type hexaferrite-PVDF films in the 8-12 GHz frequency region shows the modulations of their absorption and/or reflection effectiveness due to the variation of the size, distribution and loading percentage of magnetic filler materials inside PVDF matrix. Both mono-layer and multi-layer structures of W-type hexaferrite-PVDF films are considered and the effect of thickness on the various parts of EMI shielding behavior is also reported.

An investigation into instantaneously tuning the EMI shielding characteristics of CNT-based nanocomposite biofoams in the X-band range by strain loading

The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding of CNT-based nanocomposite biofoams is capable of being tailored instantaneously by mechanical loading. In contrast to tuning the EMI shielding via nanofillers or by decoration process, the strain-activated EMI tailoring characteristics possess enormous potential that still await to be explored. To reveal this tailoring mechanism, a multi-scale electro-magneto-mechanically coupled homogenization model is developed to tailor the EMI characteristics of CNT-based nanocomposite biofoams in the X-band range (8.2–12.4 GHz). In this development, the elastic moduli, complex conductivity, and complex permeability are all selected as the homogenization variables. Four categories of interface effects are considered, including imperfect interface bonding, electron tunneling, Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars polarization, and electron hopping. The predicted EMI tailoring characteristics are validated by the experiment of CNT/wheat flour nanocomposite biofoam over a wide range of stain loading. The effective EMI shielding behavior decreases with the compressive loading, but it increases with the tensile loading. It is found that a CNT content higher than the percolation threshold is necessary to tailor the EMI shielding behavior of this nanocomposite foam via strain loading. This study can provide innovative insights to tune the EMI shielding characteristics of CNT-based nanocomposite biofoams in X-band instantaneously.

Flexible multifunctional composite films for adjustable EMI shielding behavior under self-fixed deformation

With the widespread application of electromagnetic technology, the significance of intelligent electronic devices in modern communication is increasingly prominent. Despite this, the public focuses more on the harm caused by electromagnetic pollution. However, traditional EMI shielding materials struggle to meet the diverse and dynamic application requirements. Hence, developing materials capable of adjusting EMI shielding has become imperative to satisfy various scenarios. This paper presents the composite film TAPU-MXene, which is capable of adjustable EMI SE under self-fixed deformation. Introducing tannic acid increases the innermolecular interactions of TAPU. This enhancement leads to remarkable improvements in mechanical performance, achieving a stress level of 36.6 MPa at a strain of 560 %. Furthermore, the catechol groups can establish non-covalent interactions with multiple substrates, endowing the TAPU film with remarkable adhesion and self-healing capabilities. By combining the highly conductive nano-filler MXene with TAPU, the EMI shielding composite film TAPU-MXene is obtained. The EMI SE of TAPU-MXene was up to 56.7 dB when MXene loading was 3 mg cm−2. Most importantly, TAPU-MXene exhibits the ability to adjust the EMI shielding effectiveness from 56.7 dB to 2.75 dB under self-fixing deformation through shape memory mechanism, demonstrating promising applications in the field of adjustable EMI shielding materials.

Clay and Cement Shielding Behavior from Gamma Sources

Clay and Cement Shielding Behavior from Gamma Sources

Investigations of some elastic and shielding properties of barium zinc phosphate glass containing lead ions

The current research focuses on improving some of the physical and radiation properties of barium zinc phosphate glass containing lead oxide. The Makishima-Mackenzie model evaluates the elastic parameters. The XCOM database simulation predicts the shielding properties. Furthermore, the glass composition and the simulated X-ray or gamma-ray energy predict the shielding behavior. The optimal thickness for all glass samples to achieve a 90% reduction in intensity at an energy of 59.54 keV is 5.2 mm. These glasses have great potential as materials for shielding against gamma and X-rays.

Physical, mechanical, structural, optical and gamma ray shielding behavior of (90-x-y)B2O3–5PbO–5BaO-xZnO-yTiO2 glasses

The influence of changing the concentrations of ZnO and TiO2 on the (90-x-y)B2O3–5PbO–5BaO-xZnO-yTiO2, x = y = 10, 15, 20 and 25 mol% glasses have been investigated. Their density rises from 3.469 g/cm³ to 4.207 g/cm³. The elastic modulus of the glass samples increased from 50.970 to 73.195 GPa for Young modulus, 45.540–64.107 GPa for bulk modulus, 20.640–29.732 GPa for the shear modulus and 73.060–103.750 GPa for the longitudinal modulus respectively. This is referring to the effect of ZnO and TiO2 on the structure of the glasses. The UV–Vis absorption behavior exhibits a decrease in the energy band gap values from 3.312 to 3.146 eV. The increase in cutoff wavelength in UV spectra is useful for many applications, such as UV shielding, where the objective is to effectively obstruct UV rays while preserving optimal visibility. The relation between the thickness of the glass and the transmission factor (TF) has been studied to evaluate their shielding behavior. The TF decreases with the increase in the thickness from 0.5 to 1 cm. Also, TF decreases with the addition of ZnO within the structure of the investigated samples. Therefore, it can be suggested that increasing the concentration of ZnO in glass samples is another good way to reduce TF values.

Polysilane–Barium Titanate Polymeric Composite Obtained through Ultrasonication

This work describes the synthesis of a polysilane (PSH)–barium titanate (BT) ferroelectric polymer composite that keeps stable in the presence of ultraviolet light (UV). To evaluate the stability in the presence of UV radiation and the mechanism of interaction between the PSH matrix and BT, FTIR measurements were carried out. The UV/VIS absorption measurement reveals that PSH absorbs strongly in the ultraviolet range, while the composite behaves similarly to BT. Although PSH is a semiconductor, the dielectric spectrometry analysis determined that BT is a ferroelectric material due to its high dielectric constant and low dielectric losses. In contrast to the polymer matrix, the composite polymer has a greater dielectric constant and a lower loss permittivity. PSH is a semiconductor, as indicated by its electrical conductivity of 10−5 S/cm; nevertheless, the UV-irradiated polymer has antistatic properties (10−8 S/cm). Irradiated or not, the polymer composite is a semiconductor, with conductivity of 10−6 S/cm, significantly lower than that of PSH. The interaction with electromagnetic radiation indicates electromagnetic shielding behavior for both BT (highest absorption magnitude of −57 dB) and the polymer composite (maximum absorption magnitudes range from 8.4 to −15.2 dB). Based on these research results, the novel composite with specific characteristics may be used in electronic applications in UV-irradiated conditions.

Improved EMI Shielding Behavior of Barium Ferrite Coated Carbon Fibers in Low‐Density Polyethylene Composites with an Optimized Electroless Coating Process

AbstractThis study describes using carbon fibers coated with magnetic material as a filler in polyethylene for EMI shielding. It investigates how to utilize barium ferrite (BaFeO3) as a conducting filler in a polyethylene matrix by optimizing the conditions for its electroless deposition onto carbon fibers. Various polymer nanocomposite samples were prepared using varying concentrations of BFO@CF. Scanning electron microscopy is used to assess the surface appearance of the composite and the distribution of BFO@CF within the polymer matrix. Including MWCNT/graphene nanoplatelets exhibit superior shielding properties, and the polymer composite with the BFO@CF demonstrates enhanced mechanical properties. The 8.2 to 12.4 GHz frequency range is used to study the EMI shielding properties. For the composition ratio of LDPE: MWCNT: GNP: BFO@CF (50 : 5 : 47.5 : 2.5), a maximum shielding of 67 dB was attained. After BFO@CF was added to the matrix, the absorption mechanism rather than the reflection mechanism dominated the shielding mechanism. A thorough evaluation and discussion of the shielding mechanism and parameters are presented.

Recyclable and leakage-suppressed microcellular liquid–metal composite foams for stretchable electromagnetic shielding

The metallic conductivity and high liquidity of liquid metal (LM) make LM-polymer composites exhibit high electrical conductivity, large stretchability, and excellent mechanical–electrical decoupling, which provide significant advantages in the fabrication of stretchable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. However, problems such as undesired LM leakage, high density, and poor recyclability due to the frequent use of chemically cross-linked polymers limit the applications of LM-polymer composites. Herein, we report the fabrication of stretchable and recyclable microcellular thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/LM composite foams (TLFs) with controllable LM distribution through a water–vapor-induced phase separation (WVIPS) process. The sedimentation of LM droplets helps to improve the shielding effectiveness (SE) of TLF, while the microcellular structure enables TLF with more uniform LM dispersion to achieve high leakage resistance. Moreover, the stretch-activated TLF shows high electrical stability with only slight resistance changes during stretching and exhibits a strain-insensitive shielding behavior. As a stretchable joule heater, the sample has outstanding Joule-heating performance, with stable temperature dropping only slightly under large tensile strains. More importantly, the excellent solubility of TPU, combined with a solution-based WVIPS process, allows our TLFs to be easily recycled into new products with very similar structure and performance to those before recycling, indicating the ideal recyclability of such materials.

Efficacy of Ni2+ on modification the structure, ultrasonic, optical, and radiation shielding behaviors of potassium lead borate glasses

This paper presents the method of preparing (60 − x) B2O3–20 K2O–20 PbO–x NiO, coded as (NiO x), and x = (0–10 mol%) glass systems fabricated through the melt-quench technique. The prepared glass was characterized through X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD); the mechanical behavior of the glass samples was investigated using the ultrasonic technique, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, the optical reflectance R(λ), refractive index (n), optical conductivity (σopt), the dispersion parameters of the studied samples were deduced using Wemple and Di-Domenico models. The results obtained were reported in detail. One of the fundamental parameters used to evaluate the interaction of radiation with shielding material was the mass attenuation coefficient (μm), which was obtained using Phy/X software and PHITS code program. It was used to calculate radiation interaction parameters, e.g., linear (μL) attenuation coefficient, effective atomic number (Zeff), half value layer HVL, mean free path (MFP) and the average atomic cross section, σt. Comparing the shielding behavior of the glass samples revealed that (NiO 10) glass demonstrated the highest μm and μL compared to the other samples. The maximum μm values equal 48.13, 48.73, 49.42, 50.59, and 51.08 cm2/g for (NiO 0) to (NiO 10), recorded at 0.015 MeV, respectively. This study shows that increasing the amount of NiO in the preferred glass samples leads to achieving high-performance radiation shielding materials.Graphical abstract

Structural, Electromagnetic and Thermodynamic Analysis of Ion Pollutants Adsorption in Water by Gallium Nitride Nanomaterial: a Green Chemistry Application

Gallium nitride (Ga–N) nanocage can effectively remove alkali and alkaline earth metal ions from water. Therefore, it has been found a selective competition for metal cations in the Ga–N. The electronic, magnetic and thermodynamic properties of alkali-alkaline earth metal ion-adsorbed Ga–N have been investigated using density functional theory. The results denote that alkali/alkaline earth-metal ion-adsorbed Ga–N systems are stable compounds, with the most stable adsorption site being the center of the cage ring. In addition, because of charge transfer from Ga–N to the alkali/alkaline earth-metal cations show clear n-type adsorbing behavior. The absorption of alkali metal atoms on alkali/alkaline earth-metal cations occur via chemisorption. In this article, the behavior of trapping of main group cations of Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Mg+ and Ca2+ by gallium nitride nanocone was observed for sensing the water metal cations. The essence of covalent traits for these clusters has displayed the similar energy value and image of the PDOS for the p states of N, the d states of Ga and s orbitals of metal cations including Li+, Na+, K+/Be2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ through water treatment. The partial density of states (PDOS) can also estimate a certain charge assembly between Li+, Na+, K+/Be2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ and Ga–N which indicate the complex dominant of metallic features and an exact degree of covalent traits between alkali/alkaline earth-metal cations and gallium nitride nanocage. Furthermore, the NMR spectroscopy has indicated the remarkable peaks around metal elements of Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Mg+ and Ca2+ through the trapping in the Ga–N during ion detection and removal from water; however, there are some fluctuations in the chemical shielding behaviors of isotropic and anisotropy attributes. In addition, all accounted \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Delta G_{R}^{o}$$\\end{document} amounts are very close, which demonstrate the agreement of the measured specifications by all methodologies and the reliability of the computing values.

Flexible, chemically bonded bismuth/tungsten‐based polyvinyl alcohol‐polyvinyl pyrrolidone composite for gamma and neutron shielding application

AbstractIn this paper, the gamma and neutron shielding behavior of chemically bonded high atomic number (Z), tungsten trioxide‐polyvinyl alcohol‐polyvinylpyrrolidone (PW), and bismuth oxide‐polyvinyl alcohol‐polyvinylpyrrolidone (PB) composites were reported at varying thickness. The PW and PB composites were prepared through the dissolution technique rather than the commonly used dispersion technique. The gamma and neutron attenuation characteristics of the composites were studied using 22Na (0.511 and 1.274 MeV energy) and 252Cf (0–10 MeV energy) sources, respectively. The half value layer of PW and PB composite was found to be 61.22 ± 0.914 mm and 48.29 ± 1.52 mm and the linear attenuation coefficient was found to be 0.115 and 0.144 cm−1 at 0.511 MeV, respectively. Further, the experimental gamma‐ray attenuation results were validated theoretically using Phy‐X software and found to be well in agreement with the experimental data. Both the composites also showed similar neutron shielding behavior when compared to the commercially used high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). The developed composites possess good mechanical properties as they did not show any cracks or wrinkles after undergoing 5400 bending cycles during the flex test, showing their high durability of flexibility. Thus, these composites are found to be suitable for shielding both, the gamma‐rays and neutrons.

One-pot solvothermal synthesis of copper indium telluride (CuInTe2) and its X-band EMI shielding behaviour

We present one-pot colloidal synthesis of copper indium telluride (CITe) from respective metal salts with sodium tellurite in 1-octadecene with variation in surfactant and the reaction temperature between 200 and 300 °C. Oleic acid and/or oleyl amine are employed to initially, generate tellurides of individual element at intermediate stage. The tuning of reaction parameter including temperature variations play important role for the formation of phase-pure CuInTe2 nanocrystals with a band-gap of about 1.15 eV. The phase-purity was confirmed by XRD. EMI Shielding efficiency of CITe/PVA film can be enhanced to the tune of −8.84 dB by use of silver nano-particles. The composite can be suitable for X-band applications.

Impact of mixed heavy metal cations (Ba and Bi) on the structure, optical and ionizing radiation shielding parameters of Bi2O3–BaO–Fe2O3–SrO–B2O3 glass matrix

The impacts of the Bi2O3/BaO ratio on the microstructure, optical, ligand field, and radiation shielding features of BSrFeBaBi glass matrix. The Bi2O3 content of the BSrFeBaBi glasses was increased from 0 to 20 mol%. The density increased from 3.77 g/cm3 to 5.00 g/cm3 and the molar volume increased from 24.74 cm3/mol to 31.17 cm3/mol with increasing Bi2O3/BaO ratio. The optical analysis confirmed that the transparency of BSrFeBaBi glasses in the visible region is high. Moreover, the presence of Fe cations in the octahedral coordination (FeO6 units) was confirmed. Furthermore, the fundamental absorption edge of BSrFeBaBi glasses shifts towards lower energies with additional Bi2O3/BaO concentrations, confirming the reduced behavior of the optical band gap. Also, ligand field splitting values decreased while Racah parameters increased. The obtained results demonstrate a tendency of the bonds between the Fe ions and their surroundings towards higher degree of ionic nature. Furthermore, the Bi2O3/BaO ratio demonstrated an enhanced radiation shielding behavior. Finally, BSrFeBaBi glasses exhibit favorable attributes for use in the radiation shielding domain due to their efficient radiation shielding features and transparency.

Crucial role of structural design on performance of cryogel-based EMI shields: an experimental review.

In the field of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding with materials based on highly porous constructs, such as foams, cryogels, aerogels and xerogels, a significant challenge lies in designing structures that primarily absorb rather than reflect incident electromagnetic waves (EMWs). This goal necessitates a dual focus on the electrical conductivity and the internal porosity of the given porous material. To explore these issues, we fabricated various graphene oxide (GO)-based cryogels by molding, emulsion templating, chemically-induced gelation, freeze-casting, and liquid-in-liquid streaming. Following thermal annealing to enhance electrical conductivity for effective EMI shielding, we assessed the physicochemical, mechanical and structural characteristics of these cryogels. Notably, the cryogels exhibited distinct EMI shielding behaviors, varying significantly in terms of primary shielding mechanisms and overall shielding effectiveness (SET). For example, chemically-crosslinked cryogels, which showed the highest electrical conductivity, predominantly reflected EMWs, achieving a reflectance of approximately 70% and a SET of 43.2 dB. In contrast, worm-like cryogels, despite having a similar SET of 42.9 dB, displayed a unique absorption-dominant shielding mechanism. This was attributed to their multi-scale porosities and numerous internal interfaces, which significantly enhanced their ability to absorb EMWs, reflected in an absorbance of 54.7%. Through these experiments, our aim is to provide key heuristic rules for the structural design of EMI shields.

Effect of morphology and microstructure of NiCo nanoparticles on the electromagnetic shielding behavior of flexible and durable NiCo-coated carbon fibers

Effect of morphology and microstructure of NiCo nanoparticles on the electromagnetic shielding behavior of flexible and durable NiCo-coated carbon fibers

Multifunctional strain-activated liquid-metal composite films with electromechanical decoupling for stretchable electromagnetic shielding.

The increasing miniaturization and intelligence of flexible electronic devices pose a challenge to the facile and scalable fabrication of multifunctional stretchable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding films with strain-stable shielding effectiveness (SE). This paper presents a highly stretchable liquid metal/thermoplastic polyurethane (LM/TPU) composite film produced via a facile method of scraping and pre-stretching induced activation. The TPU matrix endows the activated LM/TPU (ALMT) film with excellent tensile properties (elongation at break >700%), and the stable and malleable three-dimensional conductive LM network enables the ALMT film to exhibit almost negligible resistance changes and strain-enhanced conductivity during stretching, resulting in excellent strain-insensitive far-field and near-field shielding capabilities. Moreover, the high EMI SE up to ∼60 dB in the tensile state (0-400%) and reduced thickness from ∼75 to ∼50 μm during stretching allow the SE/thickness values of the ALMT film to increase from ∼700 to ∼1200 dB mm-1, outperforming most of the reported LM/polymer composites. Furthermore, the stretchability of the ALMT film provides efficient Joule-heating performance even under substantial deformation, and it can also serve as a strain sensor for real-time monitoring of human motion. The strain-insensitive EMI shielding behavior as well as the outstanding Joule heating and sensing performance of the ALMT film renders it a promising candidate for next-generation flexible electronic devices.

Elucidating the influences of MoO3 in Na2O- ZnO - B2O3 - SiO2: Fabrication, optical, and γ-ray protection properties for the novel high-density glasses

The melt-quenching method was employed to synthesize glasses with varying compositions within the xMoO3-(30−x) Na2O- 5ZnO - 43.5B2O3 - 21.5SiO2 system, where (0 ≤x≤ 10) mol%. The densities increased from 2.93 to 3.67 g/cm3, while their molar volumes decreased from 22.48 to 20.18 cm3/mol. Based on the measurements, the optical band gap of the base glass was 3.53 eV. At its highest MoO3 content, this value decreased to 2.34 eV. The Urbach energy values for NaMo0, NaMo2, NaMo4, NaMo6, and NaMo10 glasses were 0.258, 0.323, 0.348, 0.37, and 0.435 eV, respectively. With an increase in molybdenum level, it was observed that the refractive index values also increased. These structural, optical, and radiation shielding behaviors were attributed to the structural modifications resulting from substituting Na2O with MoO3, leading to improved radiation shielding efficiency with the addition of MoO3. The Fast Neutron Removal Cross Section (FNRCS) (∑R) for the NaMo0, NaMo2, NaMo4, NaMo6, and NaMo10 glasses were 0.116 cm−1, 0.12 cm−1, 0.127 cm−1, 0.131 cm−1, and 0.135 cm−1, respectively. From the current work, we may conclude that NaMo glasses can serve as efficient shields in nuclear radiation environments. In general, it can be deduced that adding Na2O-ZnO-B2O3-SiO2 glasses improves their optical characteristics and enhances their capacity to absorb neutrons and photons for use in nuclear medicine applications.

Examination of the ionizing radiation shielding behavior of the zinc boro-tellurite glasses doped with dysprosium oxide

A set of zinc boro-tellurite glasses (xDBTZ) is prepared by the melt-quenching technique. The glasses are investigated to evaluate the shielding effectiveness. The glass stability is proven higher for the glass containing 2% Dy. The 2DBTZ glass owns higher oxygen packing density and lower molar volume of oxygen among the prepared glasses, and the behaviour specifies that the atoms in the glass lattice are aligned to be tightly packed. The structural and mechanical features suggested the applicability of the 2DBTZ glass in radiation-shielding applications. The Monte-Carlo simulation was also applied to evaluate the γ-ray attenuating aptitude for the manufactured zinc boro-tellurite glasses. The obtained data shows that including 2 wt% of Dy2O3 concentration improves the linear attenuation coefficient of the as-prepared zinc boro-tellurite glasses. The linear attenuation coefficient enhancement affected the half values thickness of the manufactured zinc boro-tellurite glasses, where the half values decreased by 32.78%, 22.21% and 21.57% for γ-ray energies of 0.059, 0.551 and 2.506 MeV correspondingly. Additionally, adding the Dy2O3 to the glasses enhances the radiation-protection efficiency accompanied by a reduction in the transmission factor of the fabricated composites. Therefore, the fabricated samples can be used as an alternative lead-free shielding material.

COVID-19 vaccination and its influence on the disease severity among the COVID patients in a tertiary care hospital – A cross sectional study

Introduction: COVID-19 disease was a global health emergency from March 2020 till May 2023 with no effective drug to date. COVID-19 vaccines with other precautious measures like hand washing, disinfection, social distancing etc. were the only ways to decrease the burden of the disease worldwide. The study aimed to determine the association between COVID-19 vaccination and disease severity among COVID-19 patients admitted to a Government Medical College hospital. Methods: This cross sectional study included 983 COVID-19 patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital from March 2021 to December 2021. Secondary data were collected from the case sheets and vaccination details were collected from the patients over the phone and through COWIN App. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were done and the p value and odds ratio were estimated. Results: 92.9% of study participants were unvaccinated, 2.7% were fully vaccinated, and 4.3% were partially vaccinated. Among fully vaccinated 11.1% had breathlessness, 0% ICU admission, 3.7% died, 20% had COVID pneumonia findings in CT lung, 9% had low lymphocyte levels which were statistically significantly lower than in partially vaccinated (39.5%, 41.9%, 7%, 18.6%, 59.3%, 65.1%, 76.9% respectively) and unvaccinated (31.1%, 27.7%, 2%, 4.6%, 48.2%, 45.2%, 68.4% respectively). Conclusion: Two doses of vaccines provided significant protection from severe forms of the disease. Partially vaccinated were affected more, which may be due to insufficient immunity gained and their careless attitude post-vaccination with decreased shielding behaviour. The present study shows that partial vaccination is not protective against the progression of COVID-19 disease severity. More focus should be made on full vaccination of the community and educating the public about complete vaccination and emphasis on preventive measures even after vaccination must be made to reduce the burden of COVID-19 in the community. Keywords: COVID-19; COWIN App; vaccination; coronavirus disease