Shenzhen Residents Research Articles

Towards equal neighborhood evolution? A longitudinal study of soundscape and visual evolution and housing value fluctuations in shenzhen

The equitable evolution of neighborhood environments is closely linked to housing economics. However, the lack of quantitative and longitudinal evaluation methods makes it challenging to assess residents' neighborhood perceptions and achieve social inclusiveness goals. Using long-time series street view imagery, we quantified Shenzhen residents' multidimensional neighborhood perceptions before and after micro-renovations, including visual and soundscape dimensions, and revealed the association between perceptual evolution and the housing value. We identified inequitable results during neighborhood renewal: Neighborhoods with high soundscape scores are accompanied by low visual perception scores, and vice versa. The spatial inequality is reflected in the perceptual differentiation prevalent between urban and suburbs. Visual aspects showed a stable but weak relationship with housing value fluctuations, while soundscape aspects had a strong but more dynamic impact. The inequitable spatial evolution is facilitated by changes in residents' perceptions: expectations for positive audio-visual perceptions are increasing, but sensitivity for negative soundscape is decreasing. Meanwhile, residents are increasingly seeking diverse and rich visual neighborhood landscapes and atmospheres filled with human voices. This study provides quantitative support for the equitable evolution of neighborhoods and the economics of neighborhood landscapes. It offers a novel method for measuring multidimensional perceptions that can be applied to settlements worldwide.

Perchlorate and chlorate in aquatic products from Shenzhen, China, and their implications for human exposure

Perchlorate and chlorate are chemically stable species with high solubility and are widely distributed in various foods. Dietary intake is considered to be the main route of human exposure to these chemicals. Aquatic products are an important component of residents' daily diets. However, there is still a lack of a complete research report on perchlorate and chlorate contamination in aquatic products. Thus, this study investigated the concentration of perchlorate and chlorate in shellfish, freshwater fish, freshwater shrimp, sea fish, and sea shrimp from Shenzhen and assessed human exposure risks. The detection frequency of chlorate was low, and the incidence of perchlorate was significantly lower than previous studies, demonstrating a substantial reduction in perchlorate contamination in Shenzhen waters. However, certain samples exhibited relatively elevated concentrations. The highest concentration of chlorate (43.1 µg kg−1) and perchlorate (14,865 µg kg−1) were both found in sea shrimp. Notably, the 95th percentile estimated daily intake (EDI) value of perchlorate derived from sea shrimp and shellfish surpassed the reference dose (RfD), while the EDI values of chlorate were all below the RfD. Therefore, Shenzhen residents are advised to consume sea shrimp and shellfish with caution to minimize the possible health risks linked to perchlorate and chlorate exposure.

Social and spatial disparities in individuals’ mobility response time to COVID-19: A big data analysis incorporating changepoint detection and accelerated failure time models

Although an increasing number of studies have investigated the lag time between the outbreak of COVID-19 and behavior change, few have accurately measured response times to the epidemic at the individual scale as well as their social and spatial heterogeneities. Using a large-scale, long time series dataset of individual-level mobile phone trajectories from Shenzhen, China, we compared six changepoint detection (CPD) algorithms in terms of their performance in detecting true changepoints (CPs) in time series data of individuals’ daily travel distances. We found that the kernel-based CPD method outperformed other algorithms. We thus adopted this method to calculate Shenzhen residents’ mobility response times to the outbreak of COVID-19 and further used an accelerated failure time (AFT) model to explore factors affecting response times. The results suggest that the average and median mobility response times to the outbreak in Shenzhen were 4.64 days and 4 days, respectively. Males and the elderly responded more slowly to the outbreak, while responses were faster among residents in neighborhoods with a higher percentage of highly educated, married, or employed individuals; with better regional accessibility to the city center, railway stations, or the airport; and with higher residential density. These findings can assist policymakers in determining the policy timeline and re-assessing the effectiveness and equity impact of mobility restriction policies and designing more responsive policies varying by social groups and built environment features, helping build socially-resilient neighborhoods in the post-COVID era.

Effects of risk perception on commuters’ mode choice behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Shenzhen, China

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has influenced and is still influencing people’s daily lives worldwide. The infection rate and health and safety countermeasures may influence people’s epidemic risk perception, thus influencing their travel mode choice. It is critical to understand epidemic risk perception and its impact on travel mode choice behavior to ensure the timeliness and effectiveness of health and safety policy implementation. In this study, we conducted an online survey to investigate how commuters’ epidemic risk perception affects travel mode choice behavior in Shenzhen. The online survey mainly includes Likert scale questions and a stated preference experiment with three scenarios to capture commuters’ epidemic risk perceptions and travel mode choice behaviors. First, confirmatory factor analysis was used to obtain three dimensions of epidemic risk perception from the Likert scale questions. Then, three subpopulation groups, including risk-sensitive commuters, risk-insensitive commuters and cautious commuters, were classified based on their risk perception using clustering analysis. Finally, a latent class choice model was estimated to capture the influencing factors of mode choice behavior. Three classes of mode choice behavior were identified, including those who can accept using public transportation, those who avoid using public transportation and tend to bicycles/electric bicycles and those who avoid using public transportation and tend to personal cars. The obtained results can provide valuable support for decision-making during and after an epidemic. Firstly, by offering insights into the intricate risk perception characteristics of Shenzhen residents, these findings can contribute to the effective management of epidemic risks during an epidemic. Secondly, by revealing the factors that influence individuals' preferences for travel modes, these results play a pivotal role in enhancing the market share of the public transportation system after the epidemic.

Temporal and spatial distributions, source identification, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 from 2016 to 2021 in Shenzhen, China.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the atmosphere that have drawn intense attention due to their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. In this work, 1424 air samples were collected between January 2016 and December 2021 in three areas of Shenzhen, China to determine the concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs and their spatiotemporal variation. Human health risks due to the daily intake and uptake of PAHs and the resulting incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were also evaluated. PAHs were detected frequently in the samples at concentrations between 0.28 and 32.7ng/m3 (median: 1.04ng/m3). PM2.5 and PAH concentrations decreased from 2016 to 2021, and the Yantian area had lower median concentrations of PM2.5 (23.0μg/m3) and PAHs (0.02ng/m3) than the Longgang and Nanshan areas. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs were significantly higher in winter than in summer. Analysis of diagnostic ratios indicated that petroleum combustion was the dominant source of airborne PAHs in Shenzhen. The estimated daily intake (EDI) and uptake (EDU) of PAHs by local residents decreased gradually with increasing age, indicating that infants are at particular risk of PAH exposure. However, the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) were below the threshold value of 10-6, indicating that inhalation exposure to PAHs posed a negligible carcinogenic risk to Shenzhen residents. While promising, these results may underestimate actual PAH exposure levels, so further analysis of health risks due to PAHs in Shenzhen is needed.

Adequate Budgetary Allocation and Infrastructural Projects Implementation in Shenzhen City Projects, China

Adequate budgetary allocation plays a crucial role in facilitating the successful implementation of infrastructural projects. It ensures that sufficient funds are allocated to meet the various needs of the projects, including construction, materials, and labor costs. With adequate budgetary allocation, projects can be completed on time and within the planned scope, minimizing delays and cost overruns. It also allows for the incorporation of high-quality materials and technologies, ensuring the longevity and functionality of the infrastructure. Furthermore, adequate budgetary allocation enables governments and organizations to prioritize and invest in critical sectors such as transportation, water supply, energy, and communication, thereby fostering economic growth and improving the quality of life for communities. The study utilized the descriptive research design. The target population was 25 projects in Shenzhen City, China. The study did sampling of 20 respondents that were selected from the target population of 25 projects in Shenzhen City, China. Questionnaires were used to collect the data. The study concluded that adequate budgetary allocation has allowed Shenzhen to undertake numerous large-scale projects, including the development of a modern transportation network. The infrastructural projects have significantly improved the quality of life for Shenzhen's residents. Adequate budgetary allocation has allowed for the construction of residential areas with modern amenities, parks, and recreational facilities. The implementation of infrastructural projects has attracted investment and stimulated economic growth in Shenzhen. The study recommended that to ensure efficient implementation and management of infrastructural projects, Shenzhen should actively foster public-private partnerships (PPPs). While investing in infrastructure, Shenzhen should prioritize inclusivity and equity. This involves considering the needs of all citizens, including vulnerable groups and marginalized communities, in the planning and implementation of infrastructural projects. Keywords: Budgetary Allocation, Infrastructural Projects Implementation, China

Characterization and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in shellfish in Shenzhen coastal waters and assessment of human health risks

This study aims to investigate the profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in shellfish obtained from Shenzhen coastal waters and assess the potential health risks. We analyzed 74 shellfish samples from eight different species for PBDEs (BDE-28, −47, −99, −100, −153, −154, −183, −209). The concentrations of total PBDEs in different shellfish species ranged from 2.02 to 360.17 pg g−1 wet weight, with the highest levels found in Pectinidae, Babylonia areolate, Ostreidae, Perna viridis, Haliotis diversicolor, Corbiculidae, Pinctada margaritifera, and Veneridae in descending order. Among the PBDE congeners analyzed, BDE-47 was the most abundant, followed by BDE-154 and BDE-153. Furthermore, the estimated daily intake of PBDEs through shellfish consumption for Shenzhen residents were between 0.11 and 0.19 ng kg−1(bw) day−1. To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically investigate the profiles of PBDEs in eight different shellfish species from Shenzhen's coastal waters and evaluate the potential human health risks associated with shellfish consumption.

Influencing factors of willingness to purchase long-term care insurance for employees in Shenzhen, China

Purpose: In the early stage of Shenzhen's long-term care insurance pilot, the awareness, demand, and purchase intention of Shenzhen residents about long-term care insurance and their influencing factors were investigated to provide a basis for improving the government's long-term care insurance system. Methods: A structured questionnaire survey was carried out on the Shenzhen employee medical insurance participants. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and Order logistic regression were performed. Results: 298 respondents (female 57.7%), filled out the questionnaires. About 73% of the respondents have never heard of long-term care insurance. Respondents’ average demand of long-term care was 3.06, which was the general level. The 161(54%) respondents' willing to purchase long-term care insurance and the main influencing factors of purchase willingness are self-assessment of long-term care possibility, monthly income, annual family income and their willingness to pay for long-term care services. Conclusions: Respondents lack risk awareness and have low awareness of long-term care insurance; their effective demand for long-term care insurance is insufficient, but the demand for long-term care services is specialized and diversified, and their intention to purchase long-term care services is slightly higher than purchase intention of long-term care insurance. Recommendations: Departments at all levels should work together to strengthen the publicity of long-term care insurance to raise awareness among the population, improve the quality of practitioners, and improve the elderly care service system to meet the needs of the specialized and diverse population, and broaden financing channels to deal with the risk that the population is not willing to buy.

Perchlorate in fine particulate matter in Shenzhen, China, and implications for human inhalation exposure.

The wide application of perchlorate in military and aerospace industries raises potential exposure risks for humans. Previous studies have mainly focused on perchlorate in drinking water, foodstuffs and dust, while its exposure in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has received less attention. Thus, we investigated its concentrations and temporal variability in PM2.5 from October 2020 to September 2021 in Shenzhen, southern China. We also assessed the native population's intake and uptake of perchlorate in PM2.5 via inhalation. Measured PM2.5 concentrations in samples from Shenzhen ranged from 2.0 to 91.9μgm-3. According to air quality guidelines proposed by the World Health Organization, 12.7% of all the samples exceeded interim target 1 (> 35μgm-3), and only 37.3% met interim target 3 (< 15μgm-3). Logistic regression analysis showed that perchlorate concentrations positively correlated with the PM2.5 concentrations and negatively correlated with precipitation. The median estimated daily intake (EDI) was highest for infants (0.029ngkg-1day-1), and both EDIs and estimated daily uptakes (EDUs) gradually decreased with age. All the EDIs and EDUs were below the reference dose provided by the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS), indicating that exposure to perchlorate in PM2.5 posed negligible health risks for Shenzhen residents. However, the exposure of infants and specific groups who tend to be more highly exposed than average still warrants attention.

Dietary exposure and risk assessment of phthalic acid esters through a total diet study in Shenzhen, South China

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are typical endocrine disruptors which are ubiquitous contaminants. Human exposure to PAEs is through multiple routes of which the diet is recognised as the main source of daily intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary exposure to PAEs of residents in Shenzhen (China) through a total diet study and assess the potential health risk. A total of 16 different phthalate esters in samples of 12 composite food groups were determined by GC–MS. The main dietary sources of PAE exposure among adult residents in Shenzhen were potatoes (21%), eggs (21%), meat (15%) and aquatic products (14%). The median total dietary exposure to PAEs in Shenzhen residents was 7780 ng kg−1 bw d−1, and the hazard quotients (HQ) of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were 0.09, 0.06, 0.07, 0.10 and 0.03, respectively. Therefore, the risks from dietary PAE exposure were low. However, with the increasing use of PAEs and their accumulation in the environment, the probability of PAEs entering the food chain is gradually increasing and, therefore, PAEs should be strictly controlled and regularly monitored.

Nomocracy versus teleocracy: Comparing participatory urban redevelopment in Shenzhen and Kashgar

ABSTRACT The Chinese regime in urban redevelopment has evolved from a command type to one that seems committed to adopting the successful elements of participatory institutions. Recent studies mostly focus on the analysis of cities populated by the Han ethnic group and, as such, are susceptible to ethnographical and cultural bias. Building upon the concepts of habitus and nomocratic-teleocratic imbrication, this article investigates the variegated forms of Chinese urban governance in redevelopment projects through a comparative view of critical geopolitics in cities with stark ethnographical differences—a Uyghur community in Kashgar’s Old Town, and a Han community in Shenzhen. Our findings reveal that, when faced with a teleocratic order imposed on their nomocratically formed space, Uyghur residents with a community-based habitus preferred non-confrontational practices for self-protection, rather than direct engagement in open conflict; conversely, Shenzhen residents with state-preference habitus chose public mobilization as a means to seek state attention, largely because their teleocratic community was allowed certain room for negotiations and contestation in the planning process. Two hybrid planning orders are identified: teleocratized nomocracy and nomocratized teleocracy, manifesting the divergent ways in which collaborative strategies have been incorporated by China’s governing authorities in order to increase policy adaptability. These findings contribute to understanding the complexity and flexibility of urban governance in the participatory transformation of the urban policy framework in China.

Patient preferences and attitudes towards first choice medical services in Shenzhen, China: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the characteristics of Shenzhen residents’ preferences and influencing factors regarding their first choice of medical institution at various medical levels, and to understand their attitudes...

Disaster Preparedness Among Populations in Shenzhen, China, With and Without Chronic Disease.

This survey examined and compared the disaster perception and preparedness of 2421 residents with and without chronic disease in Shenzhen, China. The participants were recruited and were asked to complete a survey in 2018. Three types of disasters considered most likely to happen in Shenzhen were: typhoons (73.5% vs 74.9%), major transport accidents (61.5% vs 64.7%), and major fires (60.8% vs 63.0%). Only 5.9% and 5% of them, respectively, considered infectious diseases pandemics to be likely. There were significant differences between those with and without chronic disease in disaster preparedness, only a small percentage could be considered to have prepared for disaster (20.7% vs 14.5%). Logistic regression analyses showed that those aged 65 or older (odds ratio [OR] = 2.76), who had attained a Master's degree or higher (OR = 2.0), and with chronic disease (OR = 1.38) were more prepared for disasters. Although participants with chronic disease were better prepared than those without, overall, Shenzhen residents were inadequately prepared for disasters and in need of public education.

Visualization as infrastructure: China’s data visualization politics during COVID-19 and their implications for public health emergencies

In this article, we analyze the rise of data visualization in social and political contexts. Against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic, we consider a case in Shenzhen, China, and demonstrate the impact of visualization as intermediation for data on policies and society. We propose an epistemology of visualization as infrastructure. In China, visualization has been developed as a technological system to support information dissemination and collective action in public crises. Three characteristics are proposed to describe China’s data visualization politics during the pandemic, in particular, to summarize the power relationships between visual brokers, policymakers, and public users in data visualization. Further, based on the conceptualization of the links between visualization, infrastructure, and data politics, visualization serves as an important component of information infrastructure, and is an easily overlooked technical process. The creation and use of data may seem like normalized actions, but data visualization in fact supports the perception, participation, proposal, and critique of data politics issues. Via a focus group discussion with members of the Shenzhen public health sector and in-depth interviews with Shenzhen residents, we developed a qualitative effectiveness measurement framework highlighting the potential for the involvement of visualization in politics and activism.

What determines urban household intention and behavior of solid waste separation? A case study in China

With the rapid development of China's economy and the acceleration of urbanization, the production of municipal solid waste (MSW) has increased rapidly, which has had a serious adverse effect on the environment. Source separation of waste is an effective way to achieve high recovery rates in urban areas and reduce environmental risks. This research optimizes the theory of planned behavior with the employment of the normative activation model and the attitude-behavior-condition theory. A measurement model is thus conceptualized to explore the determinants of the separation intention and behavior of Chinese urban residents. In particular, a case study based on questionnaires in Shenzhen (in southern China) and Tianjin (in northern China) was conducted before the similarities and differences of the two megacities were identified in a comparative analysis. The findings of statistical analysis and structural equation model verification show that subjective norms have exerted the most significant impact on Shenzhen residents' separation intention, but perceived behavioral control takes a dominant position in Tianjin. Also, the satisfaction with government policies has the most extensive impact on the separation behavior of Shenzhen residents, while complete separation facilities are the biggest contributor to the popularization of waste separation in Tianjin. Furthermore, the study investigated the moderating effect of contextual factors and verified the significant effect of government policies and incentive methods. Finally, it provided some useful recommendations for governments to enhance the efficiency of MSW source separation promotion.

Dietary exposure assessment of paralytic shellfish toxins through shellfish consumption in Shenzhen population, China.

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) produced by certain marine dinoflagellates accumulate in filter-feeding marine bivalves. We used LC-MS/MS to detect and quantify 13 PSTs in 188 shellfish samples of 14 species collected from Shenzhen city's Buji seafood wholesale market from March 2019 to February 2020. Twenty-six of 188 shellfish samples (13.8%) were PSTs detectable. Within 14 species, 10 out of 34 noble clam Chlamys nobilis samples contain detectable PSTs with the highest detection rate 29.4%. Seven out of 17 samples from Nan'ao island contained detectable PSTs with the highest detection rate 41.2% among 11 origins. Samples containing PSTs were concentrated in spring and winter, with the highest levels in March>December>January. Among PSTs detected, C1 was dominant. Acute dietary exposure assessment for Shenzhen residents were based on mean adult body weight, 99th percentile daily shellfish consumption of Shenzhen food consumption survey 2008 and maximum PSTs concentration for each shellfish species. The outcome for Chlamys nobilis was 2.4~3.7-fold higher than recommended ARfDs. Mean PSTs concentration, P99, and mean shellfish consumption were used to assess chronic dietary exposure. The results were lower than recommended ARfDs. In conclusion, residents in Shenzhen are at risk for acute PSTs poisoning, while relatively safe from chronic PSTs exposure.

Shellfish contamination with lipophilic toxins and dietary exposure assessments from consumption of shellfish products in Shenzhen, China

Lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) can cause human illness and therefore represent a serious threat to public health. Shellfish are the main dietary source of LSTs, but very few studies have appraised dietary exposure to LSTs through shellfish consumption in China. We measured levels of multiple LSTs in shellfish samples sold in the principal wholesale seafood market in the southern coastal city of Shenzhen, and we estimated the potential for acute and chronic LST exposure of the Shenzhen population via ingestion of shellfish. LST contamination data were obtained from a total of 14 species of 188 commercial samples. Eleven individual LSTs, namely okadaic acid (OA), dinophysis toxin-1 and −2 (DTX1 and DTX2), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), yessotoxin and homo yessotoxin (YTX and hYTX), azaspiracid-1, −2 and −3 (AZA1, AZA2, AZA3), spirolides (SPXs), and gymnodimine (GYM), were determined using liquid chromatography electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). More than two thirds of samples showed undetectable LSTs, while the detection rates (the proportion of samples with detectable LSTs) of individual LSTs ranged from 0% to 45.7%. Most shellfish samples had lower levels of LST contamination than the corresponding limits of detection (LODs), while some samples had levels of hYTX and GYM that exceeded the limits of quantification (LOQs). Overall, levels of LSTs in the 188 samples were below the regulatory limits set by most countries. Acute and chronic exposures of LST were estimated by a point-estimate modeling method that combined sample contamination data with consumption data from dietary survey of Shenzhen residents and consumption figures proposed by EFSA, the European Food Safety Authority. Seasonal variations in LST concentrations were noted in some instances. Overall, the estimated acute exposure to LSTs based on consumption of large-size shellfish portions and the maximum LSTs contamination level were below the provisional acute reference doses (ARfDs) proposed by the EFSA. Chronic exposure estimates based on mean and 99th percentile consumption of shellfish by Shenzhen residents and mean LSTs contamination levels in the collected samples were from 2452 to 74 times lower than those associated with estimated acute exposure levels.

Metal/metalloid levels in hair of Shenzhen residents and the associated influencing factors

129 Shenzhen residents’ hair samples were collected and the metal/metalloid concentrations of Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe and Ni were detected. Meanwhile, the relationships between metal/metalloid contents in human hair and gender, age, seafood diet habit, smoking habit, as well as the housing type (dwelling environment) were analyzed. Results showed that the average content of Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe and Ni in human hair of Shenzhen residents was 0.76 ± 0.96, 0.10 ± 0.04, 5.25 ± 4.88, 0.25 ± 0.33, 0.60 ± 0.31, 13.84 ± 3.67, 2.82 ± 2.01, 196.90 ± 145.01, 12.20 ± 5.10 and 0.34 ± 0.32 μg/g, respectively. Compared with other regions at home and abroad, most metal/metalloids in Shenzhen residents were at a moderate level, and the highly toxic elements (i.e. Pb, Cd, As and Hg) didn’t exceed the upper limit of normal values in China. Statistical analysis showed that the young male people contained significantly higher (p < 0.05) level of Pb (in age group of 20–30 years old) and Fe (in age group of 20–40 years old) in hair than the female people. Smokers had significantly (p < 0.05) higher level of Cd (0.35 μg/g) but lower level of Zn (101.24 µg/g) than non-smokers (Cd: 0.17 μg/g; Zn: 252.63 µg/g). Hg and Pb contents in hair of Shenzhen people were positively related with the frequencies of seafood consumption and the age, respectively. Moreover, residents lived in private buildings (well decorated house) accumulated significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of Pb, Cr, Fe and Ni as compared with those lived in public rental house and village house (no decoration or simple decoration), suggesting that decoration material was also an important way for human exposure to heavy metals.

Research on resident Health level and Measurement and Control Model based on Index system and Entropy method

In order to thoroughly implement the spirit of the National and Provincial Health and Health Conference, this action plan is formulated according to the outline of the healthy China 2030 Plan and combined with the reality of Shenzhen. In this paper, principal component analysis and mutation series evaluation are mainly used to solve the health problems of Shenzhen residents. First of all, this paper analyzes the factors that affect the health level of residents, determines the corresponding indicators and constructs a three-tier index system, including 21 indicators. As there may be a certain correlation between the indicators in the established index system, and the correlation between the indicators will produce repeated information for the evaluation of residents' health level, so the independent indicators are reduced by principal component analysis. Finally, the catastrophe series method is used to calculate the independent principal components. Then the indicators within the framework are analyzed and screened to determine the index system of population health assessment; finally, the social public health and environment and individual residents are evaluated by entropy method and fuzzy evaluation. Find out the main health problems of Shenzhen residents and analyze the potential influencing factors, and put forward suggestions for health promotion and health intervention.

Health risk and temporal trend of dietary potentially toxic elements exposure in the residents of the Shenzhen metropolis, China, between 2005 and 2017: a risk assessment based on probabilistic estimation.

Dietary potentially toxic elements (PTEs) exposure in developing countries is of great concern. Probabilistic estimation exhibits great superiority in risk assessment by dealing with the variability and uncertainty of the parameters. Here, a probabilistic estimation based on two dimensions, PTEs in foods and food intake, was conducted. A total of 13 foods were collected from Shenzhen markets during 2005-2017, and the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg, and As were detected. A total of 853 residents from 245 households participated in a total diet study. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg and As were 0.046, 0.0196, 0.0038, and 0.029mgkg-1 in cereals, 0.042, 0.0174, 0.0027, and 0.014mgkg-1 in vegetables, 0.044, 0.0237, 0.0056, and 0.021mgkg-1 in meat, and 0.081, 0.1035, 0.0257, and 0.680mgkg-1 in aquatic products, respectively. The probability density function showed that the 95th percentiles of the Pb, Cd, Hg, As hazard quotients (HQ) and the hazard index (HI) were 0.68, 1.57, 0.38, 5.81 and 7.51, respectively. Cumulative probability and sensitivity analysis showed that cereals and vegetables contributed most to Pb and Cd exposure; aquatic products to Hg exposure; and cereals and aquatic products to As exposure. The results showed that Shenzhen residents were at risk of exposure to Cd, As, and four PTEs in combination, although a temporal decreasing trend was observed. The probabilistic estimation used here reveals a complete picture of multiple PTEs exposure risk and identifies major contributing food categories, providing a valuable means for risk assessment.