Shell Petroleum Development Company Research Articles

Challenges and causes of delays in oil and gas construction in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria: A case study of the Southern Swamp Associated Gas Solution Project (SSAGS)

Timely delivery of onshore oil and gas construction projects has been a significant challenge for many oil and gas construction companies operating in the oil-rich area of the Niger Delta. The region, characterized by wetlands and water bodies with creeks and river crossings, became the home of many International Oil Companies shortly after Oil was discovered in 1956. Because the region is hospitable and blessed with Petroleum resources, most operating companies need to pay more attention to the terrain in the area before engaging in full exploration. This paper examines the challenges and reasons for delays in onshore projects and makes recommendations that should be adopted to enhance the speedy delivery of projects. It is a case study of the Southern Swamp Associated Gas Solution Project of Shell Petroleum Development Company, Nigeria.

Participatory evaluation of Sustainable Community Development Parameters in SHELL’S Global Memorandum of Understanding model in the Niger Delta

ABSTRACT International Oil Companies (IOCs) are increasingly becoming key development actors in communities where they operate. This is becoming the norm as IOCs come to the realisation that their contributions to the well-being of their host communities brings them closer to attaining their business goals. The evaluation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) actions by IOCs operating in Nigeria's oil rich Niger Delta is however characterised by a unilateral self-assessment by IOCs themselves, without commensurate integration of host community participation. In providing an alternative approach, this study utilised a participatory community-based appraisal to evaluate the Shell Petroleum Development Company's (SPDC), Global Memorandum of Understanding (GMoU) model within the praxis of selected parameters for sustainable community development including ownership, participation, sustainability and transparency. The study argues that due to the limitations of universal indicators in the assessment of community development problems, a combination of community-based parameters works better in evaluating community development.

Oil Economy and Society of Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region, 1956-2019

This paper studies the oil economy with a particular focus on the Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region. It argues that since the discovery and exploration of oil in commercial quantities in the Region, it has become both a blessing and a curse. It is a blessing because it has provided wealth to the people and government of the region. Some indigenes of the Nigeria Delta are owners of the oil wells others are employed to work with the oil multi-national companies like Chevron, Texaco, Shell Petroleum Development Company, Agip Oil Company, et cetera. The exploration of oil in the area under review is also a curse because it has negatively affected plants and animals (that is the destruction of flora and fauna); it has destroyed the ecosystem of the area. Using survey and documentary methods of data collection; the paper reveals that despite the discovery and exploration of oil in the said region, Nigeria’s Delta Region has remained one of the underdeveloped regions of the country. This is to say that the impact of the oil industry on the economy and society of the people is marginally felt. Based on the foregoing, these policy options are made. The government should give immediate attention to the indigenes of the region where crude oil is being extracted from. This will reduce the unrest in that region. The government should establish an institution that will ensure that the multinational oil companies are socially responsible to their host communities. Environmental pollution and the adverse effects on the host communities of oil exploration sites in the Niger Delta is an important issue that requires urgent and prompt attention because petroleum production forms the major natural-based resources on which the country depends. Therefore, Policymakers of the various oil exploration companies should realize that there is a need to protect the health, safety, and welfare of these communities. The communities and the inhabitants have to be well protected and some of the health and safety measures, which members of the company staff benefit, should be extended to members of the host communities to improve their standard of living.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development: A Study of Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria and Nigeria AGIP

This study assessed the procedures and practices of Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC) and Nigeria AGIP Oil Company (NAOC) in implementing their respective corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the development of host communities of Bayelsa state. The theoretical framework was derived from the social exchange theory, while the ex post facto research design was applied by employing multi-stage sampling technique, through survey questionnaires. It recorded a reliability index of 0.83. To achieve this, two research questions guided the study, with a sample size of 398 respondents drawn from twenty-four (24) host communities through multi-stage sampling techniques. Data were analysed with mean analysis and chi-square. It found that there was a significant relationship between the level of host community participation and the socio-economic life of the host communities in CSR of SPDC and NAOC on the sustainable development in Bayelsa State. It therefore recommended that SPDC/NAOC should invest a greater percentage of their profit on educational projects, adhere to the implementation of the Global Memorandum of Understanding (GMoU), the introduction of capacity-building programmes and full public participation by the host communities in the implementation of CRS activities.

Outsourcing in the Form of Risk Sharing and Staff Commitment Among Employees in Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) Between 2018 – 2023

Outsourcing in the Form of Risk Sharing and Staff Commitment Among Employees in Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) Between 2018 – 2023

An Arbitrator’s Duty to Disclose Conflict of Interest: Revisiting Global Gas and Refinery Limited v Shell Petroleum Development Company

An Arbitrator’s Duty to Disclose Conflict of Interest: Revisiting Global Gas and Refinery Limited v Shell Petroleum Development Company

Community relation strategies and sustainable development: a study of Shell Petroleum Development Company Limited (SPDC) and her host communities in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

The objective of the study was to investigate and assess the community relations strategies (CRS) and sustainable development (SD) of Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) and their host communities in Bayelsa state. The study adopted the marginality and mattering theory (MMT) proposed by Schlossberg (1989), as theoretical underpinning for understanding community relation strategies and sustainable development particularly marginalized SPDC host communities in Bayelsa state, and applied descriptive survey research design to generate data. It was reinforced by secondary sources. The study finds that SPDC has not imparted positively to the sustainable development of the host communities in Bayelsa state compared to the negative consequences rising from the exploitation and exploration of oil and gas activities in their host communities, which include: environmental pollution, oil spillage, unemployment, destruction of farmland and other forms of degradation. It also reveals that even the little efforts put towards host community’s development projects such as Scholarships, health centre construction/maintenance, school renovations, link road construction, market construction, portable water and electricity supplies, etc, have not been sustained after at least six months of commissioning. Despite this, SPDC's relationship with her host communities has been tense. Thus recommend that government and SPDC should implement capacity-building programmes, assure full community engagement in need identification, and devise measures to foster peace and harmony within SPDC's host communities’ operation to takes place.

A Comparison of Two Machine Learning Techniques for the Prediction of Initial Oil in Place in the Niger Delta Region

Conventionally, the knowledge of experts on the drilling features of a potential oil well is practically used to predict the volume of initial oil in place. Experts used different knowledge-based models such as volumetric, material balancing, analogy to predict the initial oil in place. In this study, 816 datasets were collected from Shell petroleum development company (SPDC) where the volumetric method is used for their prediction. These datasets were preprocessed and applied on two machine learning techniques of random forest and supervised vector regressor to predict the initial oil in place and the results obtained were compared with that obtained from SPDC.The results of computation using 4 principal features from the 9 features were closer to that obtained from SPDC than the computations using all the 9 features. The results of computations with random forest were also compared with that of supervised vector regressor. The results of random forest covary strongly (0.970) with the field results more than that of the support vector regressor (0.832). The uniqueness of this study is shown in the use of 4 predicting features (independent variables) to obtain prediction values that are very close to that obtained in the field with 9 features. This is obtained with random forest, so it can be recommended as a reliable machine technique for the prediction of initial oil in place in the Niger delta region.

MISCONCEPTION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF OIL COMPANIES ON THEIR HOST COMMUNITIES: A STUDY OF SHELL PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT COMPANY AND COMMUNITIES IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

Over time, there has been a strained relationship between the residents of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria and the Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) due to the perceived inadequate implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives by SPDC. SPDC, however, maintains that they are merely a company and cannot take on the role of the government in the development of the region. The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the current perception of CSR among residents of the Niger Delta in Nigeria. It was anchored on Stakeholder theory. A secondary research was conducted to explore previous views and evolution of CSR, but it only provided insight into the concept without any conclusion. As a result, a primary research was carried out using an ethnographic qualitative method in eight oil-producing communities in Delta state, where the inhabitants were reluctant to disclose information to strangers. The findings revealed that while the residents had a favourable perception of CSR, they were inflexible in their insistence that it should be mandatory for SPDC to undertake CSR initiatives due to the environmental hazards resulting from the company's operations. It was recommended that public enlightenment programmes, on behalf of the SPDC/Government/Communities, could help change people's perception about who is responsible for what, and how the communities should be managed. It was also recommended that SPDC should strengthen its community relations team to interact more with the community and improve its corporate image. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Host Communities, Misconception, Niger Delta, Oil Companies, SPDC.

Review of Literature on Sources of Remotely Sensed Data for Utilization of Land Resources

In Nigeria aerial photographs and other remotely sensed data can be obtained from Federal Survey Department, this unit acquires and archives aerial photograph of different parts of the country. Oil prospecting companies operating in Nigeria such as Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited, Elf Plc, Chevron and AGIP also acquires and store aerial photos. Satellite imageries (particularly Landsat and SPOT) may be obtained through Regional Centre for Training in Aerospace Surveys (RECTAS), Ile Ife; international Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan; Federal Department of Water Resources, Kaduna; etc. even if required remotely sensed data is not in stock the imagery of an area on the earth’s surface which is of particular interest to a client, SSC satellitbild can programme the SPOT satellite to record an image of the area in question provided that he (the client) can identify the area in terms of latitude and longitude.

Evaluation of the Level of Variability of Niger Delta Community People’s Awareness and Knowledge of Chevron Regional Development Councils (RDCs) and Shell’s Cluster Development Boards (CDBs) Activities

The study's objectives were to evaluate the level of variability in community people's awareness and knowledge of Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL) Regional Development Councils (RDCs) and Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC) Shell Cluster Development Boards (CDBs) and to determine whether the ascertained community people's awareness and knowledge have a significant impact on how well Multi-National Oil Corporations (MNOCs) development programmes are carried out in the host communities. Adopting the cross-sectional research design, the study surveyed 400 respondents from selected four states in the Niger Delta Oil Producing communities where RDCs and CDBs are operated. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means, and percentages were used to describe the socio-demographic information and the research questions. Inferential statistical tools like the One-Way Analysis of Variance and regression analysis had been used to take a look at the formulated hypotheses for the study. The findings indicate no relevant difference among community people in their state of awareness of the RDCs and CDBs but that the host community’s people poor involvement in the RDCs and CDBs resulted from inadequate requisite knowledge of the activities of MNOCs in their communities. The study recommended that every decision-making and taking process involve in project initiation, execution and implementation should involve the host communities in order to earn the people’s trust and respect.

EFFECTIVENESS OF SHELL PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT COMPANY’S COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN PROMOTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION MANAGEMENT IN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA

The study examined the effectiveness of shell petroleum development company’s (SPDC) communication strategies in promotion of environmental degradation impact management in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Purposive random sampling technique was used for the selection of 240 community members in SPDC host communities. Data were collected using structured questionnaire, and were analyzed with descriptive statistics, while linear multivariate regression was used to test the hypothesis. The result showed that SPDC provided start pack for trained farmers ( x=3.3), delivery of household health service ( x=3.3), provides safe drinking water ( x=2.9) were the various environmental degradation impact management intervention by SPDC. The further showed that radio advertisement on shell (x =3.4), bill board promotional campaign of shell’s activities ( x=3.4) and advocacy visit by SPDC to royal fathers (x =3.6) were various SPDC communication strategies in management of environmental degradation community members were exposed to. The study found a significant relationship between the extent of exposure to SPDC communication strategies and impact management intervention by SPDC was rejected at 5% level. The study concluded that Shell Petroleum Development company’s communication strategies promoted environmental degradation impact management intervention within host communities. The study recommended that there is need for SPDC to increase her effort to provide conflict prevention strategies among host communities within her clusters in order to ensure uninterrupted exploration of crude oil.

Electro-sequence analysis and natural resources potential of a transitional environment in central swamp depobelt, Niger delta, Nigeria

Sequence stratigraphy and Electrosequence of the Don-Field Central Swamp depobelt of the Niger Delta Basin, was carried out using well logs, biostratigraphic and core data. The aim of this study is to re-characterise and revalidate the reservoirs within the study area and provide an optimum framework for predicting reservoir character, development and reservoir quality distribution. Detailed petrophysical evaluation reveals proficient hydrocarbon reservoir units with variable parameters (i.e. porosity, permeability and shale volume) that can accommodate productive hydrocarbon reserve. Core data analyses revealed heavy minerals like pyrites and glauconites that can be of economic interest. The gamma wireline signatures of the wells show reservoir units that are predominantly blocky in shape indicative of fluvial channels. Fluvial channels are typically associated with coastal and/or marginal marine environments. More so, the aforementioned observations were validated using palaeoenvironmental interpretation of strata penetrated by Well-1, Well-2, and Well-3 via the sidewall core analyses. Sequence stratigraphic surfaces such as maximum flooding surfaces (MFS) and sequence boundary (SB) were observed to show good correlation with palynological and foraminiferal zones. The stacking patterns (i.e. progradation, retrogradation and aggradation) encountered gave acumen into systems tracts (i.e. lowstand system tract (LST), transgressıve system tract (TST) and highstand system tract (HST) interpretation. These system tracts constitute a depositional sequence set of middle—late Miocene age bounded chronologically by MFS of 9.5 Ma, 12.8 Ma, 15.0 Ma, 15.9 Ma and SB of 12.1 Ma, 13.1 Ma, 15.5 Ma, 15.9 Ma. The SB and MFS were delineated based on Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) biozonation scheme: F-zone and P-zone were within P820-P680 and F9500-F9600/F9700 as contained in the biofacies interpreted data of index fossils (Globorotalia foshi S.I; Globorotalia praefohsi; Globorotalia peripheroacuta; Orbulina spp; Praeorbulina sicana; Paragloborotalia mayeri; Neogloboquadrina acostaensis) which corresponded to the alphanumeric code N8–N16 planktonic foraminiferal zones of Blow.

Assessment of Some Haematological, Coagulation and Immune Parameters among Male Oil Refinery Workers in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the levels of some hematological, coagulation and immune parameters among male oil refinery workers in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
 Study Design: This study is a cross-sectional study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH), Port Harcourt, Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited and Modular Oil Refinery, Rivers State, between January 2021 and September 2021.
 Methodology: A total of one hundred (100) subjects (50 oil and gas workers as test subjects and 50 non-oil and gas workers as control subjects), were enrolled in the study. The convenient sampling technique was employed in the study. Venous blood samples were collected from all subjects and tested for Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT), Fibrinogen concentration, Full Blood Count (FBC) (Haemoglobin (Hb), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Total White Blood Cell (WBC) count, Lymphocyte, Neutrophils, monocytes and Platelet Count), CD4 cell count, CD3 cell count and CD8 cell count. Data generated were analyzed statistically using Graph-Pad Prism, Version 8.0.2.
 Results: There was statistically significant decrease (P<.001) in Prothrombin time (PT) (11.55±0.73s), International Normalized Ratio (INR) (0.85±0.05), Fibrinogen (202.4±27.4mg/dl), Platelet count (185.6±37.1(103/μl)) and Neutrophils (46.6±6.4%) in oil refinery workers exposed to gas flare, while there was a statistical significant increase in APTT (31.8±4.15s), Hb (13.7±1.0g/dl), PCV (41.1±3.2%), Monocytes (8.4±3.0%) in subjects exposed to gas flare over control subjects with Prothrombin time(12.23±0.82s), INR(0.90±0.06), Fibrinogen(252.0±57.0mg/dl), platelet count(213.3±49.5(103/μl)) and Neutrophils(52.6±11.7%). Other parameters showed no statistical significant difference at P<.05 in both test and control subjects. Comparison of the mean ± standard deviation of the studied parameters in test subjects based on age using Analysis of Variance showed no statistically significant difference in all parameters at P<.05. Also, Comparison of the mean ± standard deviation of the studied parameters in test subjects based on duration of Exposure using Analysis of Variance showed a significant decrease in CD8 cells as the years of exposure increase (2-5years exposure = 865±319, 6-10years exposure = 579±288, 11-20 years exposure = 591± 286, F- Value = 3.869, P- Value = 0.0278).
 Conclusion: In conclusion, based on the findings, some haematogical, coagulation and immune parameters increased while others decreased in male oil refinery workers and duration of exposure can also be considered as a risk factor and age was considered not a risk factor as to cause any aberrations in the studied parameters.

The Impact of Oil and Gas Development on the Landscape and Surface in Nigeria

This writing will focus on the impact on the impact of oil and gas development on the landscape, surface water and groundwater of the Niger Delta – while also assessing the various means of remediation in use. Geologically, the Niger Delta petroleum systems consist of Lower Cretaceous , Upper Cretaceous–lower Paleocene and Tertiary. When Nigeria became an independent nation on 1 October 1960, Shell–BP began to relinquish its acreage and its exploration licenses were converted into prospecting licenses that allowed development and production. The Federal Government of Nigeria started its Department of Petroleum Resources Inspectorate in 1970 and Nigeria joined the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries in 1971. – and in order to take control of the country’s petroleum industry, Nigeria nationalized BP’s holding completely in 1979, and Shell–BP became Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria. Oil spillages routinely occur in the Niger Delta. The official figures of SPDC show that between 1976 and 2001, 6,187 incidents in which 3 million barrels were spilled. The Niger Delta Environmental Survey An impact assessment of the 1983 Oshika oil spill. Spills of crude oil in Niger Delta farmlands have been reported since 1971. In general, toxicity depends on nature and type of crude oil , level of oil contamination, type of environment and degree of selective of individual organisms. Controlled burning effectively reduce the amount of oil in water, if done properly but it must be done in low wind and can cause air pollution. A principal target for emissions reduction is flaring and venting which causes most of the air pollution. Saltwater tanks can be often susceptible to lightning strikes due to build up in static electricity, with the spilled oil spreading to surrounding lands, waterways. This requires a secondary containment of the tanks that makes it easier to clean up the inevitable spill. In cases of expected major storms or flooding events, crude oil can be removed from tank batteries while refilling the tanks with saltwater to prevent them tipping over during the flooding event.

ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES ORGANIZED BY SHELL PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT COMPANY IN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA

The study examined community members' participation in conferences organized by shell petroleum development company (SPDC) in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Purposive random sampling technique was used for the selection of 240 community members in SPDC host communities. The data for the study were collected through the use of questionnaire and were analysed using both descriptive (the mean) and inferential statistics (ANOVA). The result showed that impact assessment studies ( = 2.8), oil spillage clean-up process ( = 2.9), community-based pipeline surveillance ( = 3.1) and construction of inter-community roads ( = 3.0) were the various conferences community members participated in. The result further showed that SPDC is insensitive to the plight of community members ( = 3.8), SPDC uses incinerators to burn wastes; however, in the Niger Delta, the waste from spillage are deposited in a large trench ( = 3.6), instructional materials are not provided to schools in host communities by SPDC ( = 3.4) and scholarship from SPDC is not distributed equally among host communities ( = 3.4) were various perception of community members on SPDC environmental degradation impact management. The ANOVA result showed significant difference on the level of community member’s participation in conferences organized by SPDC in Niger Delta at P<0.05 level of significance. The study concluded that community member’s participated in conference organized by SPDC. Hence, there is need for SPDC to increase her scholarship programme and equally distributed among host communities. Beneficiaries’ names should be published on the print media and notice boards within the SPDC cluster communities.

ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS BY SHELL PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT COMPANY IN EMPOWERING CLUSTER COMMUNITIES IN KOLOKUMA/OPOKUMA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA

The study assessed community development projects available by Shell petroleum Development Company (SPDC) in empowering rural dwellers in Kolokuma/Opokuma Local Government Area of Bayelsa State. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 105 respondents. Data obtained were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings showed that road construction (m = 2.87), scholarship to youths (m = 3.39) and skill acquisition for youth (m = 2.85) were the recognized empowerment projects of SPDC. Availability of SPDC empowerment projects in the study area benefited rural dwellers in terms of provision of employment, serving as source of income, allowing them to acquire knowledge/skills, making some rural infrastructure available, enabling them become an entrepreneur and offers leadership opportunity to them. There was significant difference in the mean ratings on benefits derived by cluster communities on rural development projects. In conclusion, scholarship to youths, and skill acquisition for youth were the empowerment projects of SPDC made available to rural dwellers. The study recommended that there is need to review SPDC projects to make it more robust in providing empowerment projects such as pipe born water, building of schools, building of health centres/general health care, rural electrification, provision of vehicles for rural transportation, and provision of farm equipment which the rural dwellers in cluster communities in Kolokuma/Opukuma Local Government Area of Bayelsa State could not identify as being made available to them by SPDC.

Environmental Injustices and Conflicts in Nigeria’s Niger Delta: Evidence from Ogoniland

Ogoniland would come to experience a massive scale of environmental degradation beginning from when crude oil was first drilled on one of the many oil wells in the region in 1958 by the Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC). Between 1958 and 2016 – when the Oil clean-up exercise was proposed barely one year after President MuhammaduBuhari came to power in 2015, findings revealed that the Ogoni clean-up exercise has continued to remain a lingering issue with a bleak reality ahead. Although, at the initial stage, the idea to conduct a systematic environmental clean-up of Ogoniland was lauded as a right step in the right direction – as it promises to address one of the root causes of conflict in the area, and the entire Niger Delta region – a critical assessment of the Ogoni clean-up revealed that the President MuhammaduBuhari-led administration is yet to fulfill its promise on the clean-up exercise, as very little or nothing have been done to address the issue of environmental injustices that has remained one of the pivotal concerns of the people since 1970 when the first major oil spill happened in Ogoniland.

EFFECT OF OUTSOURCING ON EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF SHELL PETROLEUM PRODUCING AND DEVELOPMENT COMPANY

This study investigates the effect of outsourcing practice on employment relations in Multinational Corporations with special focus on Shell Petroleum Producing and Development Company (SPDC). The study also examined the importance of employment relations in organizational performance. Descriptive research methodology was adopted in this study. The questionnaire that was administered in the field survey was the abbreviated version of Hewitt’s Human Resource Outsourcing Survey Questionnaire. The research findings showed that: the management of SPDC engages in unfair labour practices in order to trivialize workers conditions of service; mere transferring human resource management to a third party does not necessarily improve labour-management relations; outsourcing affects workers’ performance in Nigeria; there is positive relationship between employment relations and organisational performance. Based on the research findings, it recommends that the management of SPDC must discontinue its unfair labour practices; should improve the working conditions of its contract staff and show more interest in their career development; should focus attention on fostering mutual employment relations by ensuring that all its human resource policies are not counter-productive especially its outsourcing policy.
 
 JEL: L20; L23; L53
 
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An insight into the current oil spills and on-site bioremediation approaches to contaminated sites in Nigeria.

Land oil spills in Nigeria have a long history of contaminating the soil, groundwater, vegetation, and streams with spill extension being the primary of numerous ordeals. These have left the host communities of oil fields and pipelines in crucial need of soil rehabilitation. Thus, this review provides insights into the current state of land oil spills and the effectiveness of on-site remediation approaches across communities. A total of 44 incidents of land oil spills of ≥ 500 bbl, amounting to 53,631 bbl between 2011 and 2019, was recorded by the Shell Petroleum Development Company, which primarily attributed to 83% of the total sabotage. Over 73% of the 53,631 bbl spills were unrecovered from the spill areas, which had deleterious impacts on farmlands, fishponds, rivers, and residential areas. Remediation by enhanced natural attenuation (RENA) is a feasible technique for restoring petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated sites, but it might be ineffective when limited to tiling, windrows, and fertilizer applications due to the presence of non-biodegradable residues and contaminants beyond the aeration depth. However, bioremediation techniques ranging from non-supplemented in-situ and fertilizer supplemented in-situ to mixed in-situ and ex-situ bio-cells supplemented RENA are feasible approaches for spill sites. However, challenging limitations with regard to RENA application failures in the region include delayed responses to spill emergency, large amounts of un-recovered spilled oil, and un-implemented legislative guidelines for spill cleanup. Nevertheless, the temperature, moisture, nutrient, oxygen, and pH of the soil are essential parameters to be considered when implementing a landfarming remediation approach.