Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger Research Articles

Artificial intelligence assisted prediction of optimum operating conditions of shell and tube heat exchangers: A grey‐box approach

AbstractIn this study, a Grey‐box (GB) model was developed to predict the optimum mass flow rates of inlet streams of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (STHE) under varying process conditions. Aspen Exchanger Design and Rating (Aspen‐EDR) was initially used to construct a first principle model (FP) of the STHE using industrial data. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) was incorporated into the FP model to attain the minimum exit temperature for the hot kerosene process stream under varying process conditions. A dataset comprised of optimum process conditions was generated through FP‐GA integration and was utilised to develop an Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) model. Subsequently, the ANN model was merged with the FP model by substituting the GA, to form a GB model. The developed GB model, that is, ANN and FP integration, achieved higher effectiveness and lower outlet temperature than those derived through the standalone FP model. Performance of the GB framework was also comparable to the FP‐GA approach but it significantly reduced the computation time required for estimating the optimum process conditions. The proposed GB‐based method improved the STHE's ability to extract energy from the process stream and strengthened its resilience to cope with diverse process conditions.

Evaluating the Thermal Performance of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers: The Role of Flow Rate in Water-Based Systems

This research investigates the performance of water as a working fluid in the shell side of shell-and-tube heat exchangers (STHEs), explicitly analyzing how variations in flow rate influence the heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and friction factor characteristics. Experiments were conducted using an STHE with a SUS 201 stainless steel shell and a pure copper tube featuring an inner diameter of 10 mm and an outer diameter of 13 mm. The flow rates of the cold fluid varied at 9, 10, and 12 liters per minute (LPM), while the hot fluid flow was maintained at a constant rate of 6.67 LPM. A 600 W heater, regulated by a PID system, was utilized to evaluate thermal performance, with water serving as the hot fluid on the shell side and the cold fluid on the tube side. Results demonstrate a significant increase in both the heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate with higher flow rates of the cold fluid, with the maximum heat transfer coefficient recorded at 12 LPM and the minimum at 9 LPM. The STHE exhibited high efficiency, with heat transfer rate differences between the shell and tube sides remaining below 5%. Although pressure fluctuations were observed with increasing flow rates, they did not substantially affect the friction factor, indicating a predominantly turbulent flow regime. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing heat transfer performance in STHEs, contributing to advancements in thermal management technologies and enhancing the design of efficient heat exchangers.

Design of metal foam baffle to enhance the thermal-hydraulic performance of shell and tube heat exchanger

Solid baffles are widely used in shell and tube heat exchanger (STHX), while the highly increased flow resistance and dead zones remain serious drawbacks in the applications. To address this issue, metal foam baffle is proposed in this study to replace solid baffle. The numerical model with considering the thermal non-equilibrium between fluid and foam baffles was established. Laminar flow is assumed in the foam baffles region and the realizable k-ε turbulence model is assumed in the open region. Effects of porosity, pore density, thickness and number of foam baffle (N) on the performance were examined. Results show the foam baffles always lead to lower pressure drop of STHX compared to the solid baffles. Compared to five 2 mm thick solid baffles, five 6 mm thick metal baffles with the porosity of 0.80, 0.85 and 0.90 results higher outlet temperature at the pore density greater than 80, 120 and 160 PPI, respectively. The metal foam baffle leads to higher outlet water temperature compared with solid baffles at the baffle number N ≤ 7. The foam baffles with optimum pore parameters reduced the pressure drop by 12.9 % and increase the outlet and inlet temperature difference by 31.0 % compared to the solid baffles.

A second law analysis on flow of a PCM based nanofluid in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger: An experimental study for sustainable energy

In the foreseeable future, heat exchangers will continue to play an important role in environmental management and have numerous applications, their geometry has been the subject of interest for many researchers. The main goal of this research is to improve the heat exchangers' thermal performance and exergetic efficiency using new type of nanofluid. In this concept, the effect of nanoencapsulated phase change material (NEPCM) addition to water and producing NEPCM nanofluid for heat transfer augmentation in shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE) was investigated, experimentally. Nanocapsules were synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization containing phase change material (PCM) as core and chitosan (GO/CS) as shell material. After synthesis of nanocapsules, nanofluids with different concentration of NEPCM have been prepared and the stability and thermophysical properties of the nanofluids were characterized. In the subsequent stage, thermal and exergy efficiencies test was conducted on STHE using response surface method. The experiments were performed at different conditions; NPCM concentration (φ), inlet temperature (Tin) and Re number to optimse exergy efficiency. The optimum level of the φ, Tin and Re inlet for maximum ɛ (73 %) were found to be 10.55 %, 78.35 °C and 10365, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that proposed nanofluid could enhance exergy efficiency for thermal system. It appears that a combination of NEPCM nanofluids gives a better cooling rate in the heat exchangers and could be a promising alternative along with other cooling techniques.

Thermal efficiency evaluation in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: A CFD-based parametric study

In this study, a novel approach was employed to enhance the performance of a Bowman brand EC-2028 shell-and-tube heat exchanger (STHE) by introducing perforated plates. The heat exchanger was first tested in a real system within a laboratory environment to establish baseline performance data. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis revealed that flow velocities in the middle tubes were higher due to their alignment with the main flow direction, resulting in decreased heat transfer efficiency. To address this issue, a perforated plate with concentric circles was introduced at the cold fluid entry. This plate, devoid of central holes, featured circles with radii of 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, and 63 mm, each containing 6, 10, 17, 24, 30, 36, and 42 equidistant holes, respectively. The introduction of the perforated plate led to a decrease of approximately 0.33°C in the hot outlet temperatures, indicating an improvement in heat transfer efficiency. To further enhance performance, various configurations were tested by progressively closing holes from the innermost to the outermost circles. Eight different configurations, including the control, were evaluated under counterflow conditions. The CFD model was validated with experimental data before introducing the perforated plates, ensuring the accuracy of the simulations. The findings demonstrated significant improvements in heat transfer efficiency, with the optimized perforated plate configurations leading to more uniform flow distribution and reduced pressure drops. This study's novel approach of using perforated plates to modulate flow and enhance thermal performance highlights a new avenue for optimizing STHE designs, contributing to more efficient thermal management solutions in industrial processes.

Experimental and Comparative Heat Transfer Analysis of Heat Exchanger with Surface Modification

This research aims to enhance the heat exchanger performance by a surface modification approach. The shot peening effect on the heat transfer performance of shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE) is experimentally studied with different surface modifications of stainless steel (SS) tube-like plain SS tube, grinded surface and blast with copper, sand & iron surface. The effect of shot peening on the surface morphology of the SS outer surface is analyzed by scanning electron microscope, and it was found that the iron blast surface has a coarse grain structure. The optimum flow rate for STHE was experimentally studied by base SS tube, and its values are compared with analytical results of computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer research. The underwater medium maintained the higher and lower temperatures of 80 °C and 30 °C, respectively. Based on the logarithmic mean temperature difference, number of transfer units (NTU), overall heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness and exergy efficiency of SS and its modified surface are experimentally evaluated, and iron blasted surface offered maximum heat exchanger performance like 100% for Stanton number, 89% for Nusselt number, 89% for overall heat transfer coefficient, 89% for an NTU, 57% for effectiveness, and 148% for exergy efficiency, while compared to SS surface without modification.

KAJI EKSPERIMEN DAN SIMULASI PENGARUH SUDUT DOUBLE SEGMENTAL BAFFLE DAN LAJU ALIRAN FLUIDA PADA HEAT EXCHANGER JENIS SHELL AND TUBE PADA MESIN MAIN EXTRUDER TERHADAP KEBAIKAN PERPINDAHAN PANAS

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (STHX) is very important for its use in the industrial world which can support the continuity and success of the entire network process. Various kinds of research have been carried out to increase the heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers (STHX) both experimentally and by simulation. This research examines the increase in heat change coefficient and effectiveness of STHX with variations in baffle angles of 0°, 10°, and 20° with fluid mass flow rates of 2, 4, and 6 kg/s. As a result, STHX with a baffle angle of 0° has the largest heat change coefficient value than STHX with a baffle angle of 10° and 20° both during experiment and simulation, values ​​ranging from 4218 W/m²C and 4226 W/m²C at a baffle angle of 0° when the fluid flow rate is increased to 6 kg/s. Keywords: Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger, baffle angle configuration, double segmental baffle, total heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness, CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics).

Analysis of stream flow and its impact on thermal performance in shell-side of heat exchangers based on flow dead zone

The performance of shell-and-tube heat exchanger (STHE) is primarily determined by different flow paths on the shell-side. The flow path and its impact on the shell-side flow in segmental baffle shell-and-tube heat exchanger with clearance (SC-STHE) is investigated qualitatively and quantitatively, by adopting stream classification and dead zone analysis method. By utilizing Residence Time Distribution (RTD) curves, the influence of different streams on fluid flow and heat transfer is discussed to reveal the intricate interconnections within the shell-side of SC-STHE. Then the cases with baffle-tube clearance (0.2–1.0 mm) and baffle-shell clearance (1.0–5.0 mm) ranges are studied. The study identifies that optimal comprehensive performance is achieved with a baffle-tube clearance of 0.6 mm, resulting in a 3.5 % improvement compared to a clearance of 0.2 mm. An increase of baffle-shell clearance results in a reduction in comprehensive performance by 8.23–19.54 %. The interactions among stream flows and potential mechanisms are discussed by analyzing the influence of each flow path on the flow dead zone volume. It is revealed that the presence of baffle-tube and baffle-shell clearances reduces the volume fraction of flow dead zones compared to structures without clearances. A-stream and E-stream are identified as pivotal, mutually influencing B-stream and C-stream while maintaining relative independence. The result indicates that an increase in baffle-tube clearance results in a 7.60 % expansion of the volume of the dead zone within the B-stream, while in the C-stream, it decreases by 2.58 %. Conversely, an increase in baffle-shell clearance reduces the volume of the dead zone in the B-stream by 5.04 % but increases it in the C-stream by 31.95 %. The flow dead zones are mainly distributed in the B-stream and C-stream regions, and the diversion effect of leakage flows improves the fluid stagnation but also leads to a decrease in turbulence intensity and flow velocity. This study reveals the complex interaction mechanisms among the stream flows, facilitating further analysis and optimization in STHE design.

Comprehensive numerical investigation of the effect of various baffle design and baffle spacing on a shell and tube heat exchanger

This article explores the significance of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers (STHX), with a focus on various baffle types such as Segmental, Double segmental, Helical, Disc-and-Doughnut, Clamping anti-vibration, and Flower-B. In this study, the commercial software ANSYS FLUENT is used to simulate the problem. The study evaluates their impact on heat exchanger performance using parameters like overall heat transfer coefficient (OHT), pressure drop (PD), and Performance Evaluation Criteria (PEC). Clamping anti-vibration, Flower-B, Helical, and Double segmental baffles exhibit reductions in shell side PD by 14%-28%. Despite OHT reductions in these designs, Disc-and-Doughnut baffles demonstrate a higher OHT (21%-24%) compared to Segmental baffles. Based on PEC values, Disc-and-Doughnut baffles are identified as the most favorable. Further investigation into different numbers of Disc-and-Doughnut baffles reveals increased OHT (17%-29%), PD (58%-59%), and cold water temperature (0.5%-1%). The STHX with Disc-and-Doughnut 10 baffles displays the highest PEC value, establishing it as the most effective STHX in the simulation.

An investigation shell and tube heat exchanger for cooling system: A case study of biodiesel plants using lauric acid

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (STHE) is a commonly used type of heat exchanger in various industries due to its cost-effectiveness and ease of maintenance. Continuous washing and maintenance of STHE play an important role in influencing both the quality and quantity of production from biodiesel plants. In this particular investigation, the STHE serves as a cooling medium for biodiesel production, with cooling water circulating on the tube side and biodiesel flowing on the shell side. This study focuses on removing silica crust buildup caused by cooling water in the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. Furthermore, a Clean-in-Place machine and a 10 % citric acid solution with variable washing times of 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h, and 12 h were used for the cleaning process. The results indicate a significant 250 % increase in the volumetric flow rate of the cooling tower along with an increase in the overall Heat Transfer Coefficient after 10 h of washing. Further analysis at the hours mark showed consistent results, suggesting a steady state. Beyond this point, no additional temperature decrease was observed, with temperature stabilizing at 32 °C. The results of the Scanning Electron Microscope analysis show that the crust formed in the STHE comes from silica found in cooling water.

A meta-heuristic approach for reliability-based design optimization of shell-and-tube heat exchangers

This study introduces a new framework for optimizing Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (STHE) layouts using a reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) approach. The framework combines a control variate-based surrogate model and a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm. The proposed hybrid algorithm, k-means clustering and whale optimization algorithm (kWOA), was evaluated using CEC’2020 and a case study for optimizing STHE design under static conditions. kWOA showed superior performance in minimizing STHE's total annual cost and solving benchmark functions effectively. In our case study, the RBDO framework optimized the STHE design under two scenarios with target failure probabilities of 1% and 5%, resulting in cost increases of 112% and 82%, respectively, compared to deterministic optimization (DO). The integration of the RBDO approach with the STHE mathematical model, considering factors like inlet flow temperatures, mass flow rates, and fouling resistance, demonstrated the framework's ability to balance the trade-off between cost and reliability under uncertainty. Hybrid control variate radial basis function (RBF) models and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) were used to assess safety levels, showing the RBDO framework's superiority in improving safety and significantly reducing failure probability from 89% to 1% and 5%. The RBDO framework offers a robust approach for designing STHEs that achieve optimal performance while ensuring high reliability under uncertain conditions.

Performance increasement in shell-and-tube heat exchangers reinforced with dimpled tubes: A correlation-based approach

Shell-and-tube heat exchangers (STHEs) are pivotal components in various industries, facilitating efficient heat transfer across fluid streams. The simulation of STHEs often demands a substantial number of computational cells, significantly when augmenting heat transfer surfaces by incorporating additional tubes or dimples. This study introduces a novel approach to mitigate the computational cost associated with STHE simulations. Correlations are designed to predict heat transfer within and outside the tubes, both in the presence and absence of dimples. These correlations are developed using the P-NTU thermal analysis method and a turbulence model that is carefully selected to align with the specific characteristics of STHEs. Following the validation of our approach, the correlations are applied to analyze the performance of various baffle arrangements within STHEs. Precisely, segmental, disk and donut baffle configurations, each featuring elliptical and teardrop dimples on the tube surfaces, are investigated. Furthermore, the impact of variations in shell and tube inlet mass flow rates on the overall performance of the heat exchanger is explored. The results reveal compelling findings. Elliptical dimples contribute to a remarkable enhancement in the performance evaluation criteria (PEC), yielding improvements of 36.7 % and 19.7 % for segmental as well as disk and donut baffle arrangements, respectively. Similarly, teardrop dimples exhibit their effectiveness, elevating the PEC by 51.5 % and 32.6 % in these same configurations under the specified working conditions. These findings contribute to the optimization of heat exchanger designs in diverse applications, fostering greater energy efficiency and environmental sustainability.

Hybrid optimization algorithm for enhanced performance and security of counter-flow shell and tube heat exchangers.

A shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE) for heat recovery applications was studied to discover the intricacies of its optimization. To optimize performance, a hybrid optimization methodology was developed by combining the Neural Fitting Tool (NFTool), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Grey Relational Analysis (GRE). STHE heat exchangers were analyzed systematically using the Taguchi method to analyze the critical elements related to a particular response. To clarify the complex relationship between the heat exchanger efficiency and operational parameters, grey relational grades (GRGs) are first computed. A forecast of the grey relation coefficients was then conducted using NFTool to provide more insight into the complex dynamics. An optimized parameter with a grey coefficient was created after applying PSO analysis, resulting in a higher grey coefficient and improved performance of the heat exchanger. A major and far-reaching application of this study was based on heat recovery. A detailed comparison was conducted between the estimated values and the experimental results as a result of the hybrid optimization algorithm. In the current study, the results demonstrate that the proposed counter-flow shell and tube strategy is effective for optimizing performance.

OPTIMIZATION OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN WITH INCLINED BAFFLES

Shell and tube heat exchanger (STHeX) design development continues to be carried out to increase the effectiveness of a system. One way is to investigate the optimal baffle design. The new structure of STHeX with Inclined-Segmental Baffles is further investigated. The experiment was carried out using the numerical method Computing Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software with three-dimensional modeling. The results show that the heat change coefficient value is lower than conventional STHeX, However, the pressure drop value is reduced quite significantly. Therefore, it is necessary to know the overall heat transfer coefficient value per pressure loss (U/DeltaP). Hence, we get U/DeltaP values of 0.9 and 0.68 for STHeX with Inclined-Segmental Baffle and conventional STHeX, respectively. Thus, there is a significant increase ranging from 37-34%. It is concluded that STHeX with Inclined-Segmental baffles increases the U/DeltaP value significantly compared to conventional STHeX.

An innovative cost-effective numerical-analytical procedure to derive heat correlations for shell and tube heat exchangers equipped with smooth and dimple tubes

Nowadays, heat-exchangers in general and shell-and-tube heat-exchangers (STHEs) in particular have crucial influences on the performances of various industry processes. Apparently, the STHE designers wish to design STHEs with optimal performances under various operating conditions. Literature shows that previous research works relied entirely on either experiments or numerical simulations to calculate the hydrothermal performances of STHEs. Alternatively, this study introduces an innovative efficient procedure, which benefits from both numerical simulations and analytical approaches to accurately predict the STHE thermal performance at its wide ranges of proposed working conditions. This procedure involves three main steps. First, numerical simulations are utilized to develop accurate numerical-based correlations for both smooth and dimpled tubes for 3,000 < Re < 30,000 and 7 < Pr < 70 ranges. Second, the P-NTU analytical approach is used to construct a full STHE model based on its specific geometrical characteristics. Third, the developed correlations are suitably inserted in the P-NTU model to produce correlation for the entire STHE and calculate its thermal performance under various operating conditions. It is shown that the achieved results are as accurate as the experimental data. As the novelty, this study eliminates the need for expensive experimental setups and reduces the computational costs due to benefiting from analytical correlations. Since the present procedure is cost-effective, the designers are encouraged to design STHEs with more optimum thermal performances within their working condition ranges via suitable choices of various their design parameters, such as the tube type and size and the STHE general configuration. Fortunately, the present procedure can be similarly extended to design and optimize the thermal performances of other similar thermal equipment.

CFD Analysis of the Effect of Mass Flow Rate in a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Design

Heat exchangers are often found in the chemical process industry, but of all types of heat exchangers, the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (STHE) are the most used. The design of shell and tube heat exchangers are continually evolving because of it reduce production costs. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was employed using SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation version 2022 to model the effect of operating parameter such as the mass flow rate on the pressure drop, heat transfer coefficient and the turbulence intensity. The turbulence model adopted for the simulation was the k–ɛ turbulence model incorporating the boundary conditions. Three conditions were studied increasing both shell and tube side mass flow rate, maintaining either the shell or tube constant and then varying the other. The results obtained showed that an increase in mass flow rate have tremendous effect on the pressure drop, heat transfer and turbulence intensity.

Power disassembly equipment for high efficiency heat transfer plate heat exchangers

Plate heat exchangers are realized by means of a heat transfer mechanism, in which heat is naturally transferred from the hot substance to the object with a lower temperature according to the laws of thermodynamics. Two liquids of different temperatures flow on the wall, heat transfer on the wall and convection of the liquid on the wall, thus promoting heat transfer between the two liquids. Under the same flow rate and power consumption conditions, its heat transfer coefficient is three times that of shell and tube heat exchangers, which is a key and efficient new equipment for effectively using effective resources and saving and developing new energy. However the heat supply plate heat exchanger has a tiny circulation surface and is easily obstructed. Regular maintenance and cleaning, troubleshooting, and plate replacement all necessitate frequent heat exchanger disassembly and installation. The requirements and challenges in dismantling and assembling the heat exchanger are very high, and manual disassembly is wasteful, making consistent force difficult to achieve. The current methods of disassembly and assembly are inefficient and incorrect. The intelligent mechanization of disassembly and assembly equipment is realized in this paper by driving, clamping, automatic control, distance measurement, sensing, and other systems. The problems of uneven force, low efficiency, and precision in plate heat exchanger disassembly and assembly are solved. Our power disassembly equipment for high efficiency heat transfer plate heat exchangers not only enhances disassembly efficiency and precision, but it also ensures the safe operation of the plate heat exchanger heating system, and the heat transfer efficiency and heat exchange efficiency are improved. Furthermore, it has a wide range of applications in the petroleum, chemical, and other industries.

Prediction model of a shell and tube heat exchanger based on the technique of artificial neural networks

The purpose of this paper is to report the proposal of a temperature prediction model methodology for a shell and tube heat exchanger using Artificial Neural Networks (RNAs). For the generation of the model, a set of historical data of five years was used, where 1633 readings from the equipment were obtained. The recorded data were the heat transfer coefficients and the fuel flow to predict the fluid temperature. The proposed methodology uses three stages. The first was the scaling of the data set between 0 and 1, this was done to facilitate the training of the RNA model: The second was to apply data mining techniques to create data clusters to model the behavior of the heat exchanger. The last stage was the evaluation of the prediction models. 5 proposals for Neural Network models were evaluated, these used 10 neurons in the hidden layer, the main difference between them was the number of clusters used in the training data that increased one by one. The average training errors obtained by the four types of data pools were 0.00220, 0.00190, 0.00133, 0.00098, and 0.00080. According to the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that the model that uses a greater number of clusters has a lower prediction error.

Study of fatigue fracture characteristics for duplex stainless steel STHE welded joint specimen

A shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE) welded joint is considered for fatigue fracture mechanism. The joint is made up of a protruding tube fabricated to a tubesheet by means of welding. A super duplex stainless steel (DSS) material is used for the tube and tubesheet. Fatigue test was newly conducted using the single tube test specimen. The initial cracking plane was moved from the minimum sectional-area plane that was perpendicular to the loading direction, and the crack growth was almost planar. Stress analysis is carried out using finite element method (FEM) and the stress distributions are carefully studied by comparing the simple perforated plate. In addition, three-dimensional crack propagation (CP) simulation is performed employing extended finite element method (X-FEM). Fracture phenomenon is verified using the experimental and numerical crack front geometries. The fracture mechanics parameter is evaluated and verified with empirical formulae. CP behaviors are carefully discussed based on the fracture mechanics parameter. The CP life is presented for three loading amplitudes. The FAT class of the STHE welded joint is studied based on the available design standards such as BS, IIW and JSSC. Finally, the fatigue fracture characteristics of the STHE welded joint specimen are shown through the experimental and numerical methods.

Thermo-hydraulic efficiency enhancing: Optimized ladder fold baffle structure with cam and circle tube bundle

In this article, the design and thermo-hydraulic efficiency of a shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE) having ladder fold baffle equipped by two configurations with pore and without pore considering two types of tube bundles, cam and circular, are investigated numerically. Three-dimensional STHE is simulated employing the Solid Works Flow Simulation software. A numerical approach is performed for different values of mass flow rate from 0.5 to 2 kg/s, baffle height of 0, 20, and 40, and baffle pitch of 85.7, 60, and 46.15. STHE pressure drop, heat transfer, and efficiency evaluation coefficient (EEC) for different arrangements have been performed to study the STHE fluid flow and heat transfer. Obtained results for a ladder fold baffle and two studied types of tube bundles, cam, and circle, are provided, and thermo-hydraulic performance is compared with the current baffle structure. Based on the obtained results, an increase of 12.2% and 17.4% in pressure drop with increasing baffle height from 0 to 20 mm and from 20 to 40 mm was observed for circular tube bundles without pores, respectively. Related values for the case with pore are 14% and 14%. These values for the cam tube bundle are 12% and 15% without pores and 3% and 9% with pores. In addition, at an angle of 0, 20, and 40° in the case without pore, the EEC factor increased by 2.31%, 15.67%, and 15.47% compared to the case with pore for the cam tube bundle. The perforated ladder fold baffle showed the best performance with pitch and height of 85.7 mm and 40 mm, respectively.