Sheikh Said Research Articles

FOUNDATION OF THE EAST INDEPENDENCE COURT, ACTION AND ADJUDICATORY PROCEDURES

The Independence Courts, which carried out trials within the framework of ensuring the authority of the Turkish Grand National Assembly during the years of the War of Independence, continued their activities to ensure the establishment of the Turkish Revolution after the adoption of the Republican regime. As a matter of fact, in an environment where disagreements about developments such as the abolition of the Sultanate, the proclamation of the Republic and the abolition of the Caliphate deepened, the Sheikh Said Rebellion, which led to the establishment of the Eastern Independence Court, broke out. Fethi (Okyar) Bey, who was criticized for being passive in taking measures against the rebellion, resigned and İsmet (İnönü) Pasha was appointed to form the new government. On March 4, 1925, when the new government was formed, the Law on Recognition of Sukuk, which gave extraordinary powers to the government, was passed by the Parliament. After the approval of the Takrir-i Sükûn Law, the government's proposal to establish two separate Independence Courts, one in Ankara and the other in the rebellion zone, was also accepted. On March 7, 1925, the election of the president, prosecutor and member was held for both Independence Courts by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. As a result of the election, Hacim Muhiddin (Çarıklı) became the President of the Eastern Independence Court, Ahmed Süreyya Örgeevren became the Prosecutor, Ali Saib (Ursavaş) Bey, Avni (Doğan) Bey and Lütfi Müfid (Özdeş) Bey set off to Diyarbakır on 12 April 1925 and started their work. The court, according to the Law of Takrir-i Sükûn, was going to make judgments about reaction, rebellion, movements and publications that wanted to disrupt the peace and security of the country. The Eastern Independence Court, which continued its duty by traveling around the region, especially in Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Malatya and Urfa, had the authority to implement its decisions. The task of the Eastern Independence Court, which continued its activities for around two years with six-month extensions, was terminated with the Assembly Decision dated March 7, 1927.

Part of the introduction of the Sunni talent book Explanation of the urban introduction of the label Sheikh Said Baashan Investigation and suspension))

Through this scientific research, the researcher sought to highlight a distinguished jurisprudential scientific book of the brand Ba'shin, a book of Sunni talents Our goal in this research is to work towards achieving a chapter of this book in order to complete its full realization, In addition to making every effort to make the most of this unique book, The problem and the outcome of the research was the identification of the label "Living" and his book "Sunni talents" In addition to disassembling the verified part of that book, the researcher used a number of research approaches to solve the problem of research, namely attributing Koranic verses to her wall. and the graduation of the prophetic hadiths contained in the manuscript, and the fact that they stated that they had merely graduated it and attributed it to them, came the research; to highlight Muslim scholars in general and Yemeni scholars in particular; publicizing them and their scientific effort in the service of the Prophet's Year; The research found results, most notably: -Judge Baashan's interest in explaining the urban introduction and taking him out with a wonderful shipwreck befitting the science it contains. -This book is filled with various questions of jurisprudence and benefits, including: the smooth and brief dismantling of the phrase, the identification of some points of disagreement within the framework of doctrine, the listing of the opinions of scholars on the issues contained in the talk, it is like a scientific encyclopedia of jurisprudence.

Turkey's Kurdish Insurgency Reappraised (Part I)

As the modern Republic of Turkey—officially established on 29 October 1923—enters its second century and crucial national elections for president and parliament were held on 14 and 28 May 2023 in which the Kurds played a crucial role, this is a particularly important time to reappraise the county’s long-continuing Kurdish insurgency and related events. Over the years, two over-arching, seemingly contradictory themes involving change and continuity have characterised Turkey’s policy toward the Kurds. During Ottoman times (1261-1923) and even into the early Republican days (1923- ), the Kurds were granted a type of separate status befitting their unique ethnic identity. However, probably largely because of the Sheikh Said Rebellion in 1925, Kemalist Turkey abruptly cancelled this policy and instead initiated one of denial, assimilation, and force. The fear was that the Kurds would potentially challenge Turkey’s territorial integrity and divide the state. Only gradually beginning in the 1970s and 1980s, when this position of, denial, assimilation, and the fist had clearly failed, did Turkey cautiously and incrementally begin again reversing its policy and granting the Kurds some type of recognition. Thus this article also will cover the PKK insurgency, as well as Abdullah (Apo) Ocalan’s capture and its consequences. Subsequently, Part II of this reappraisal will bring events up to the present in 2024.

The Expansion of Islam in Pattani, South Thailand: A Historical Analysis

This qualitative study depicts the dissemination of Islam in Pattani, South Thailand, starting from its earlier Hindu-Buddhist kingdom to the current state, by focusing on the influence of Acehnese Muslims in the progress. Studying related documents and conducting observable behavior for six months toward the local Pattanians also were deployed to enrich the data. The intertwined connections between Aceh and Pattani were identified by the existence of resembling tombstones from Aceh on the Pattanian kings, the Story of Pattani and the Pasai village. In addition, the Muslim ambassadors also contributed to the development of Islam in Pattani. An Acehnese pious scholar, Sheikh Said and the fame Pattanian scholar, Sheikh Daud al-Fatani, played a substantial role in modeling Islam within the Pattani Kingdom and its civilians, even though the position of Islam is inferior compared to Buddha’s throughout Thailand.

The Journalist Cases in Istanbul and Eastern Independence Tribunals According to the Reports of American Diplomats

The abolition of the sultanate but the caliphate was left behind for a while after the War of Turkish Independence, the dissolution of the Parliament itself, the renewal of the elections, the establishment of the People's Party, the declaration of the Republic caused the reaction of the Istanbul press. These developments led to the establishment of İstiklâl Mahkemeleri (the Independence Tribunals) in Istanbul. Moreover, on 4 March 1925, with the decision of the Assembly, the Eastern Independence Tribunal was established to suppress the Sheikh Said Rebellion. In the trial process, Sheikh Said claimed that some of the newspaper publications had dragged them to the rebellion and that had been effective in their being against the government. These developments led to the establishment of the Independence Tribunals in Istanbul and El-Aziz. The trials which are known as the Gazeteciler Davası (the Journalist Cases) and the developments on the subject were frequently included in the reports of that period of American diplomats serving in Turkey. In this study, how the developments of the Journalist Cases seen in the Independence Tribunals reflected in the reports of the American diplomats will be examined. In general, the diplomats' approach to the Journalists Cases is judgmental. Although the diplomats stated the legal dimension of these cases, they evaluated and interpreted them as political cases on the grounds that there was not enough evidence. Moreover, along with The U.S. National Archives (NARA), the related news in the newspapers of that era, the memories of the journalists and the members of the Independence Tribunals, and the relevant literature will also be referred.

Ontological (In)Security and the Kurdish Issue in Turkey: The Use of Security Discourse (1925‒1984)

How could one account for the discourse of security used by the Turkish state considering the Kurdish issue before 1984, when the terrorist attacks of the Partiya Karkaren Kurdistani (PKK) had not yet started, and hence there was no physical security threat against the state? This article aims to answer this question from the perspective of ontological (in)security. Based on Critical Discourse Analysis of state discourse, the article argues that the political, social and cultural traits of Kurdish identity created uncertainty in the Turkish self after the Sheikh Said rebellion in 1925. Tribal/religious structures that were influential among Kurds and the expression of Kurdishness as a distinct identity disrupted the autobiographical narratives about Turkishness, hence generating ontological insecurity for the Turkish state. To overcome this problem, the state relied on security discourse and securitized the traits of Kurdish identity, by which it felt threatened. As a result of this securitization, the state was able to legitimize the extraordinary measures taken against Kurds, such as forced resettlements. Securitization, in this sense, regenerated ontological security for the state, because the extraordinary measures served to suppress the Kurdish identity that threatened the certainty and continuity of the Turkish self.

The Propose on Tazkiyah Al-Nafs approach by Sheikh Said Hawwa for Women Rehabilitation Centre

Social issue on teenage girls increase aggressively. The government has taken stern steps to overcome this problem with the establishment of a government-run women’s rehabilitation center. The center is aimed at providing protection, guidance and skills training to them. One of the approaches using in the centre based on religion approaches. The Islamic approach to known as tazkiyah al-nafs is a method for purification of the human soul and building the internal strengths of the trainee to increase their inner strength. This approach have several stages that importance for internal purification and external formation in order to suppress desires and bad habits that lead to mental health and behavioral disorders. One of Islamic figure Sheikh Sa’id Hawwa have extended purification method of the soul which origanially from Imam al-Ghazali’s method purification of the soul. This article aims to analyze tahaqquq process which is part of of tazkiyah al-nafs approach introduced by Sheikh Sa’id Hawwa. This study is a qualitative study with content analysis design. The results show that the stage of tahaqquq is emphasize on doing good morals in daily life based on the Quran and al-sunnah. This process that can be implimented to in the women rehabilitation center. The trainee must go through the first method of maintaining perfection in basic worship. The tahaqquq process which is able to educate the human and to avoid from soul problems that it lead to social issues. This study explains the comprehensive model of tahaqquq in the method of purification of the soul from qualitative research. Therefore, applied studies on implementation of the process tahaqquh suggested to conduct at women rehabilitation center in Malaysia.

Unpublished Non-Royal Statue of Wrirn(y) at Beni-Suief Museum (No. 1629)

This article is dedicated to the publication of a statue of non-royal Wrirny, who served as the sun temple priest for both King Userkaf and Neferirkare during the Fifth Dynasty. He was a great high official whose Userkaf permitted him to carve two tombs, one of them at Saqqara D20 and the other at Sheikh Said No. 25. He subsequently became the overseer of both kings Userkaf and Neferirkare's solar temples. Wrirny had worked as supervisor of the king's treasury in addition to his job as priest of the solar-temple, according to some inscription on the front of his right leg. Mariette discovered the statue in tomb D20 in Saqqara necropolis and he had pointed out that Wrirny had had four statues but only two are known: one in standing stance, which the authors will publish, and the other in EG CG172. All of them are sculpted between the mid-half and end of the Fifth Dynasty. All of these statutes will aid authors in publishing and clarifying the statue style that was followed toward the end of the Fifth Dynasty by non-royal artists. The authors will publish this statue based on the style of hair wig, kilt, and facial features and at the end, it may be deduced that this statue of Wrirny dates from the end of the Fifth Dynasty, Old Kingdom (2700-2200 BC).

Sumbangan Sheikh Sa’id Hawwa (1935-1989): sorotan awal proses tazkiyah al-nafs sebagai wadah pembersihan jiwa

Tazkiyah al-nafs is a method of purification of the human soul in the form of internal purification and external formation in order to suppress desires and bad habits that lead to mental health and behavioral disorders. Sufism figures have introduced the method of purification of the soul, including Sheikh Sa'id Hawwa, which further explains Imam al-Ghazali's method of purification of the soul. This article aims to highlight the contribution of this figure in this field and analyse the approach presented by Sheikh Sa'id Hawwa in the method of tazkiyah al-nafs. This study is a qualitative study with content analysis design. The results show that Sheikh Said Hawwa has highlighted the method of tazkiyah al-nafs that is able to educate the human soul to avoid mental health and behavioral disorders. This study can provide early guidance and highlights on the method of purification of the soul based on the Quran and al-sunnah

The Effects of Structural Elements on Groundwater of Wadi Yalamlam, Saudi Arabia Using Integration of Remote Sensing and Airborne Magnetic Survey

The present study aimed to develop an integrated approach that utilized field geology, remote sensing and airborne magnetic data to identify the Quaternary aquifers impounded by dykes and explain the dykes/lineaments relationship and their effects on the storage and flow of the groundwater of Sadiyah sub-basin, lower part of Wadi Yalamlam basin, Western Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. Field visits supported by Landsat ETM + ratio images (5/7, 5/4 and 5/1) revealed the presence of three main dyke types that can be chronologically arranged from older to younger as: Sheared mafic and acidic dykes (D1); Damm dyke complex (D2); and Ghumayqah dykes (D3). Two dykes referred to the first type (D1) were traced with depth using airborne magnetic survey crosscutting the main course of Wadi Yalamlam around Sadiyah village at high angle. According to water table elevation measurements, the aquifer of lower Wadi Yalamlam area is divided into three parts namely I, II and III. The water table elevations decreased from 158 m in the first part (I) to reach 66 m in the third part (III) of the aquifer. This drop is attributed to the effect of dykes which act as natural barriers. The study area was affected by three major fault systems as confirmed by field study and total magnetic map. Two of these systems have NE–SW to ENE–WSW and N–S to NNW–SSE directions, whereas the third one represents the Najd fault system trends in NW–SE direction. The present study identifies two locations valid for agricultural expansion lie just to the north of Sheikh Said and Abu Helal Farms.

The Theological Heritage of Sheikh Said Afandi al-Chirkawi as a Source of Prevention of Extremism and Spiritual and Moral Education of Modern Youth in Dagestan

Abstract: this paper analyzes the possibility of using the theological heritage of the venerable Sheikh shaziliyskogo tariqat Said Afandi al-Chirkawi in the Republic of Dagestan. The religious renaissance that took place in the 1990s allowed the ideas of Islam to regain on the territory of the republic. However, it led to the emergence among Dagestani youth of adherents of extremist religious ideas. The author reveals the positive significance of the application of sheikh’s writings in the work on prevention and countering manifestations of extremism among young people. Also shown are methods of using the spiritual heritage of Sheikh in solving other spiritual and moral problems of today’s youth.

Kurds and their role in bridging the rift between Sunnis and Shiites Said Norsi model

    This research includes the analysis of some of the light messages and specifically message (Lumet) Kurdish thinker (Sheikh Said Nurse), which is trying to address the historical dispute between the Sunnis and the community on the one hand and the Shia Twelve on the other hand. This dispute, which has damaged the Muslims for more than thirteen centuries since the death of the grandson of the Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) Al-Hussein Bin Ali in 10 Muharram 61 AH / 681 AD at the hands of the Umayyad Army in Karbala.    I've tried Sheikh Nurse reunification of the two teams at the same table, namely, the real mysticism table, Shiites duodenal emphasizes leading the Commander of the Faithful Ali  bin Abe Talib and his descendants after him, as is the majority of Sufis affiliated to the Sunni Imam Ali bin Abe Talib and their grandfather in terms of percentages and reference the absolute majority of the tutors and the Sufi orders, even the title of the authority of tutors, with what is characterized by its superior qualities in science and courage and worship. All of this was the common denominator between the two teams Islamists, who tried through which Nurse potential mechanism to reduce the controversy historical situation, and to work  together  to Islam and humanity together service... &nbsp

The pro-Islamic challenge for the Kurdish movement

Dagkapi Square in Diyarbakir, a Friday noon prayer time. Thousands of Kurds, who refused to pray behind the imams appointed by the Turkish state and listen to Turkish sermons prepared by the state’s Presidency of Religious Affairs (PRA), gathered to pray and listen to Kurdish sermons not in a mosque, but in the very square where Sheikh Said and his 46 friends had been hanged by the Turkish state in June 1925. This form of civil disobedience led by Kurdish meles (imams), later called ‘‘civilian Friday prayers,’’ has rapidly burgeoned in other Kurdish towns and cities and been underway since March 2011. While Turkish pro-Islamic politics have left the streets and been incorporated into the neo-liberal global system by the ruling Justice and Development Party (AK Party) since 2002, such increasing public and political visibility of Islamist Kurds under the leadership of Kurdish meles once again put on the national agenda the relationship between Islam and politics in the Kurdish scene. In a meeting in February 2012, Turkish National Security Council (NSC) discussed the issue and assigned a more active role to the PRA in ‘‘the fight against terrorism.’’ A few months later, Selahattin Demirtas, Co-chair of Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), the leading Kurdish political party in Turkey, asked the Kurds not to follow ‘‘Turkist,’’ ‘‘Fethullahist,’’ and ‘‘statist’’ imams, as such notions did not exist in ‘‘our religion.’’ Such confrontations over Islam reveal its potential as a substantial source of political mobilization for both Kurds and the Turkish state.

Exaggerating and exploiting the Sheikh Said Rebellion of 1925 for political gains

AbstractThe religious and nationalist nature of the Sheikh Said Rebellion in 1925 has been debated by the scholars for decades. For the Kurdish nationalists the rebellion symbolized the Kurdish struggle for an independent state. For the Turkish state, it was another deception by Great Britain to stir up the region for its colonialist interests. Newly available sources in the US diplomatic archives raise the question of the Turkish government's fomentation and/or manipulation of the Sheikh Said Rebellion. In addition, some of the Turkish oppositional leaders (such as Kazim Karabekir) of the time suggested that this rebellion was allowed to happen to suppress the political opposition in Turkey. This study examines the validity of these claims and how this rebellion was manipulated to silence political opposition in Turkey. More specifically, this study will seek answers to the following questions: Was the Sheikh Said Rebellion fomented by the Turkish government to eliminate the political opposition? How was this rebellion manipulated to accomplish this aim?

The Kurdish Rebellions of Sheikh Said (1925), Mt. Ararat (1930), and Dersim (1937-8): Their Impact on the Development of the Turkish Air Force and on Kurdish and Turkish Nationalism

The Sheikh Said rebellion of 1925, the Mt. Ararat revolt of 1930 and the Dersim rebellion of 1937-38 were significant developments in the history of modern Turkish and Kurdish nationalism.1 In this article I argue that the rebellions also contributed to the development of Turkey’s air force (TAF) which was to be used as an instrument to control, suppress and eradicate Kurdish nationalism. The suppression of Sheikh Said’s rebellion dealt a severe blow to Kurdish nationalism in Turkey and its potential growth in Iraq and Iran. It contributed to squashing Kurdish nationalism in northwestern Iran by Reza Khan and to British restraining of Kurdish nationalism in northern Iraq. It should be noted that the suppression of the Kurds in Iran after 1925 by Reza Khan was accomplished in part by the use of the nascent Iranian Air Force. In Iraq the British Royal Force (RAF) was instrumental in Great Britain’s conquest of Iraq during WW I and its occupation of that country until 1958. I argue in this article that the development of the TAF from 1925 onward played an important role in the ability of the Turkish state to further consolidate its ideology of Turkish nationalism vis

Expanding Kurdish Studies: A Review Essay

The Failure to Implement the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres thwarted Kurdish hopes for their own state, but it did not write the Kurds out of history. From Sheikh Said’s rebellion against the Turks in 1925 to the legendary Mulla Mustafa Barzani and his son Massud, Kurds have grabbed the occasional headline and challenged central authorities more or less continually throughout the 20th century. Conversely, and in less chronicled fashion, they have also played powerful roles in consolidating state rule. Only after the Gulf War in 1991, however, did Kurds begin receiving sustained western attention and, in the last three years in particular, a new flood of articles and books by academics and journalists has swelled periodicals and library shelves. The Middle East Studies Association’s annual conferences from 1995 to 1997 all featured panels devoted to Kurds and Kurdish politics; at the MESA conference in San Francisco last December, papers concerning Kurds were also presented on thematic panels dealing with such diverse subjects as nationalism in the Middle East and youth in Turkey.

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: The Mystical Teachings of al‐Shādhill: Including His Life Prayers, Letters, and Followers. A Translation from the Arabic of Ibn al‐Sabbagh's Durrat al‐Asrar wa Tuhfat al‐Abrar by Elmer H. Douglas. Edited with an Introduction and a Bibliography by Ibrahim M. Abu‐Rab?. Nizam Ad‐Din Awliya: Morals of the Heart. Translated and Annotated by Bruce B. Traditional Islam in the Modern World. By Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Islam: An Introduction. By Annemarie Schimmel. Al‐Damurdāshl's Chronicle of Egypt. 1685–1755: al‐Durra al‐musana f? akhbār al‐kināna. Translated and annotated by Daniel Crecelius and 'bd al‐Wahhāb Bakr. The Islamic Movement of Iraqi Shi'as. By Joyce N. Wiley. Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran under the Shah and Khomeini. By H. E. Chehabi. Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1906. By Mangol Bayat. Iran: A Decade of War and Revolution. By David Menashri. The Modern Uzbeks from the Fourteenth Century to the Present: A Cultural History. By Edward A. Religion, Learning and Science in the 'Abbasid Period. Edited by M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham and R. B. Serjeant. The Ismā'il?s: Their history and doctrines. By Farhad Daftary.'Abū Tammām and the Poetics of the 'bbāsid Age. By Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych. Images of Paradise in Islamic Art. Sheila S. Blair and Jonathan M. Bloom Displaying the Orient: Architecture of Islam at Nineteenth‐Century World's Fairs. By Zeynep çelik. Islamic Art. By Barbara Brend. Turkish Nationalism in the Young Turk Era. By Masam Arai. The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925. By Robert Olson. Islam and the Economic Challenge. By Muhammad Umer Chapra. Palestinian Universities Under Occupation. By Anthony Thrall Sullivan.

The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880 - 1925

The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880 - 1925

The Sheikh Said Rebellion in Turkey in 1925

The Sheikh Said Rebellion in Turkey in 1925

The Early Christian Sites at Tell El-Amarna and Sheikh Said

Archaeological evidence is presented for settlements dating to the early Christian period at two sites of Pharaonic rock-cut tombs. The discussion is based on observations of remains visible at the sites today and the published reports of Davies, the only Egyptologist to have examined these sites in detail. Pottery types noted on the disturbed ground surface are used to suggest a chronological framework for the period of occupation. Contrasting architectural styles and methods in which the ancient tombs were reused may indicate that each site supported a somewhat different kind of community. The results of a hitherto unpublished excavation offer a partial illustration of the community at Sheikh Said.