Sheffield School Research Articles

Social, intellectual, psychological, and attractiveness judgements of lay people about patients before and after combined orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment.

Facial appearance plays a significant role in the success of social interactions. There is a limited amount of evidence investigating the influence of combined orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment on the social judgments of lay people. The aim of this study was to investigate whether changes in facial appearance following orthognathic surgery alter the social judgements made by lay people. Ethical approval was granted from the University of Sheffield School of Clinical Dentistry Research Ethics Committee on 17th August 2020 (Reference: 033775). This cross-sectional, web-based survey involved clinical photographs of six Caucasian female patients pre- and post-combined orthodontic-orthognathic treatment. Three patients had a pre-treatment class 2 skeletal pattern, and three patients had a pre-treatment class 3 skeletal pattern. Staff and students at the University of Sheffield, UK were invited to evaluate five personality traits: (i) friendliness, (ii) intelligence, (iii) attractiveness, (iv) self-confidence, and (5) trustworthiness using a 5-point Likert scale. The trait scores were summed to obtain a total social judgement score, and a paired t-test was used to compare the total scores from pre- and post-treatment images. There were 261 responses to the survey of which 181 (75%) were completed fully. The total social judgement scores from after treatment images were higher compared with the pre-treatment images (mean diff 1.6; P < .001) indicating more positive social judgements. The improvements in perceived social judgments were more notable for class 3 patients (mean diff 2.7) compared to class 2 patients (mean diff 0.7). Social judgement scores were higher (more positive) from post-treatment images of patient faces than their pre-treatment images. The findings highlight the possible indirect benefits combined orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment may have on an individual in a social setting.

Young people's perspectives on inequalities in health in England: a qualitative study

BackgroundAcross England, inequalities in health are worsening. They have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and are particularly acute for some ethnic and socioeconomic groups, and some regions. Exploration of the public's understanding of health inequalities has increased, but few studies have looked at the views of young people. Our study seeks to redress this gap by exploring young people's perspectives of inequalities in health. MethodsWe did a qualitative study consisting of three interlinked focus groups (online and face-to-face) with young people from six youth organisations. Focus groups took place from Feb 10 to June 28, 2021. They were co-delivered with partnering youth organisations and involved participatory concept mapping activities and the discussion of health-related news articles. Working with youth organisations, we recruited young people (aged 13–21 years) from six youth groups in areas of high and mixed deprivation across three geographical locations in England (the North East, South Yorkshire, and London). Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The data management software NVivo 12 was used to facilitate coding. All participants provided written informed consent, following acquisition of verbal informed consent from parents or guardians. Ethical approval for the study was granted by the University of Sheffield, Durham University, and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine ethics committees. FindingsWe ran 15 focus groups online and three face-to-face with 42 young people (19 male, 18 female, two non-binary, and three trans-male). Numbers ranged from two to ten participants in each group. Young people described a variety of different factors that shaped their health, including individual behaviours, personal or household resources, relationships and community, local services, the physical environment (particularly reputation and safety), psychosocial factors (including sense of belonging), and the socioeconomic context of the area (eg, quality and quantity of local jobs). However, throughout their discussions they foregrounded the importance of interrelationships between factors. Young people's understanding of inequalities in health were often rooted in their own experience and focused on an awareness of advantage and disadvantage. Young people articulated several different pathways through which they perceived health inequalities to be created, and consistently emphasised the importance of poverty as a root cause of inequality. Priorities for change included improving mental health support, access to safe and healthy local spaces, affordability of activities, healthy food availability, and youth group funding. InterpretationOur study highlights that young people have nuanced, experiential understandings of factors influencing their and other people's health within their local areas. Exploring young people's perspectives of inequalities is crucial in designing policies that are relevant to, and informed by, the people and places they affect. FundingUK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) School for Public Health Research (SPHR).

Performative interventions to re-claim, re-define and produce public space in different cultural and political contexts

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to ask how forms of “performative” interventions can prompt processes of re-thinking, which can, in turn, instigate the critical production of public space. Most importantly, it also asks how this methodology can manifest within various cultural and political contexts. Today, public spaces tend to be controlled either by the state or by private corporations. Neoliberal policies promote commercial interests, which subsequently drives inequality and determines what can and cannot be accessed by the public. The public spaces that are currently present in the neoliberal cities are, in fact, “pseudo” public spaces.Design/methodology/approachIn an attempt to form new understandings of this problem, the authors’ approach is rooted in feminist theories of performativity, which focus on how identities are persistently re-produced through performance. These theories consider how the “self” is always entangled within everyday life interactions and how it is shaped by both societal and bodily practices. Framing spaces as shapable, informed by the embodied dialectic relations between spaces and social relations, the study uses forms of performative methodology to create productive disruptions and “constructed situations” (Debord, 2012). This methodology consists of intervention within these spaces in order to produce alternative public space and forms of publicness. Based on research conducted at the Sheffield School of Architecture, as well as a four-day invited workshop at the Floating University Berlin, this study investigates applications of performative practice methodology in the cities of Amman and Berlin.FindingsThe paper will begin by exploring how the two cities are regulated through various political and planning policies that affect public spaces. This line of enquiry will also involve questioning physical, social and political access to public space in these contexts and analysing the various actants, performative actions and processes that were involved in producing performative interventions.Originality/valueThe paper will conclude by discussing the potential and limitations of applying and translating such approaches in public spaces within different cultural and political contexts. As such, the study proposes a new methodological framework for re-thinking and provoking the critical production of public space through forms of performative spatial practice.

External Validation of a Colorectal Cancer Model Against Screening Trial Long-Term Follow-Up Data

BackgroundThe University of Sheffield School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR) Bowel Cancer Screening Model has been used previously to make decisions about colorectal cancer screening strategies in England. ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to perform an external validation of the ScHARR model against long-term follow-up data about colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality reductions due to screening, from the Nottingham trial of guaiac faecal occult blood testing for CRC, and the UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Screening Trial. MethodsThe ScHARR model was adapted prior to validation to reflect the setting of each trial in terms of population characteristics, details of screening and surveillance programs, uptake of screening, and further investigations and study follow-up. The impact of using current versus historical CRC incidence and mortality data in the validation was also examined by carrying out a series of analyses in which historical data from different years was included in the model. ResultsThe ScHARR model was able to predict CRC incidence and mortality rate/hazard ratios from both trials to well within the 95% confidence intervals in the observed data. While it was less accurate in predicting absolute incidence and mortality rates, modeling historical incidence and mortality data enabled these predictions to be improved considerably. ConclusionThe ScHARR model is able to replicate the long-term relative benefit from screening observed in 2 large-scale UK-based screening trials and can therefore be considered to be an appropriate tool to facilitate decision making around the English bowel cancer screening program.

School life on the margins: Slovak Roma pupils negotiating education

Building on the work of Chris Searle in this journal, the author draws on an ethnographic study of a Sheffield school to examine the experiences of Slovak Roma children in the first year of secondary school as they negotiate prevailing English-only language ideologies and complex curriculum challenges and attempt to fit into an educational framework that is trying to adapt to the forces of migration and super-diversity. Struggling to engage academically, pupils are banished to the bottom sets where they are fed a watered-down curriculum. It is argued that the Roma pupils in this situation are in the exclusionary ‘anteroom’; unable to rise through the academic system, weighed down by lack of English language, an alien culture, non-white skin colour and the lack of various forms of capital prized by schools, the next logical step for many is temporary or permanent exclusion. This article sheds light on those pupils at the bottom of the heap for whom chances are curtailed, and adds to debates about xeno-racism, exclusion and class-biased pedagogies.

Из истории когнитивно-лингвистических подходов в отечественной и зарубежной поэтике

The article provides an overview of some recent works on cognitive poetics. Of particular interest are studies close to linguistic problematic of cognition in literary texts. A separate analysis tackles the case from the history of Russian thought about language and poetry – the theory of artistic (poetic) concepts by the Russian philosopher S. А. Askoldov. The paper also considers conceptions of Western-European linguists that emerged at the peak of the “cognitive turn” in the 1970s: theories of T. van Dijk and J. Lakoff – M. Turner, as well as criticism of these works by the Israeli literary critic R. Tsur; the approaches of P. Stockwell (author of the theory of deictic shifts), the Sheffield School of Text Worlds Analysis (J. Gavins, A. Gibbons), and M. Freeman (applications of cognitive linguistics to the study of literary text).

All about … converged play

Digital technologies can enhance ‘offline’ activities if the right balance is struck, explain Professor Elizabeth Wood, Aderonke Folorunsho and Liz Chesworth of the University of Sheffield's School of Education

Henry Herbert Donaldson’s (1857–1938) contribution to an organized approach to the experimental study of the mammalian central nervous system

ABSTRACTThis article shows that the academic and research careers of Henry Herbert Donaldson (1857–1938) were directed to provide basic information about the growth of the vertebrate nervous system and to provide standards and the means to make such research efficient. He earned the reputation of making the albino rat a standard laboratory animal. His academic career began when he was an undergraduate at Yale University in 1875 and concluded with his death as Professor and Head of the Department of Neurology at the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology of the University of Pennsylvania in 1938. During that period, pivotal experiences occurred, including research in physiological chemistry with Chittenden at the Sheffield School at Yale, graduate study at Johns Hopkins University, postgraduate study in Europe, and professorial positions at Clark University and the University of Chicago. It was at Johns Hopkins University that Donaldson learned about the need for physiological, anatomical, and psychophysical research and about the techniques to allow such research. It was at Clark University that he had first-hand and detailed experience with the anatomy of the brain of a deaf-blind-mute woman, as he attempted to correlate her sensory deficits with her brain development. It was at Clark University that he clearly recognized the need for standardization in neurological research. At the University of Chicago, he developed administrative skills and began a coordinated research effort to delimit the growth of the nervous system. It was at Chicago that he learned that the albino rat could be a reasonable subject for such research. It was also at Chicago that he was able to formulate ideas about the future organizational needs of human neuroanatomy. It was at the Wistar Institute that his research program and his professional career matured. He organized a research effort to elucidate the growth of the nervous system. He contributed to the coordination of neurological research in the United States and Europe. It was while at the Wistar Institute that he became well-known for making the albino rat a standard laboratory mammal—a convenient living material for research.

Transition towards a psychological service

By the late 1960s the balance between child guidance and educational psychology was beginning to change. The Child Guidance Clinic had changed to Child Guidance Centre, and although much of the work was still clinic based, the time spent by psychologists visiting schools had changed little from the 1950s - on average one day a week. However, pressures were increasing for a more school focused service. The Summerfield Report on the role of Educational Psychology was published in 1968. The profile of educational psychology was developing, and with the retirement in 1970 of Noel Whilde, the Principal Psychologist and head of the Child Guidance Service since 1940, the stage was set for major changes.Judy Bennison, who joined the service in 1967, and Kathleen Cox who joined in 1969 bridged the period of rapid change when David Loxley arrived as the new Principal Educational Psychologist in 1970. He had been appointed by the Chief Education Officer, Michael Harrison, to develop a broadly based Psychological Service, applying psychology not just to schools, but to the whole education department. This was a time of major upheavals in Sheffield schools as Sheffield became one of the first LEAs in the country to complete the move to a comprehensive secondary sector.First, Judy Bennison recalls her time in Newbould Lane, and the pervasive influence of Jungian psychology with its emphasis on the spiritual rather than the material, with a disinterest in the immediate environment in terms of comfort and aesthetics. The goal of Jungian analysis was to reconcile personal experiences with the collective unconscious to attain wisdom.

Consolidation and development

The 1950s were a period of consolidation after the upsets of the war years, and the continuing staff shortages up to the end of the 1940s. In 1952 the section of the Annual Report of the Chief School Medical Officer on child guidance in Sheffield was for the first time attributed to the Psychologist in Charge, Mr N. Whilde who had occupied the post since 1940. He notes that the referrals to the service had settled down to a pattern that changed little from one year to the next - boys were referred more than girls, a ratio of around 2:1; schools referred more than 50 per cent of cases and in terms of difficulties; Intellectual and behavioural difficulties accounted for around 80 per cent of referrals. The report also notes that for the first time in many years the service had a psychiatric social worker. The 1953 report notes that for the first time since 1945 the service was fully staffed. However, this was short-lived as two educational psychologists and a social worker resigned at the end of the year. For most of 1954 the service was one psychologist short and had no social workers. There was a vacancy for a senior psychologist, but with no suitable applicants, an assistant psychologist was appointed.At a national level in 1950 the government had commissioned a committee to look at treatment and provision for maladjusted children. Under the chairmanship of Dr Underwood, the committee produced their report that was published in 1955 (Ministry of Education, 1955). The committee consisted of 17 members, mainly medical doctors working in school medical services, a few head teachers and just one psychologist. Dr Alexander, Sheffield’s Chief Education Officer (see Chapter 1) gave evidence to the committee on behalf of the Association of LEAs, and Mr N. Whilde gave evidence on the incidence of maladjustment in the area covered by the Sheffield clinic (Sheffield, West Riding, Rotherham and Doncaster). Sheffield was well represented.Amongst its many recommendations, the Underwood Report recommended that all LEAs should have a child guidance clinic with an educational psychologist, psychiatrist and a social worker, and that each should have a school psychological service. It also wanted child guidance clinics to accept referrals of all individuals up to the age of 18, whether or not they were in full-time education. The report suggested that across England and Wales 280 educational psychologists would be needed to work in child guidance clinics, as well as those posts within school psychological services. They noted the need for an expansion of training in psychology at undergraduate level as well as in the postgraduate training of educational psychologists.The staff shortages in the Sheffield child guidance clinic and school psychological service described above continued throughout the 1950s. An advertised post for a senior psychologist in 1954 failed to attract any suitable applicants, and instead a newly qualified psychologist, Peter Portwood, was appointed as assistant psychologist. Peter remained in the service until 1959 when he moved to Cornwall to become the senior psychologist there, and eventually Principal Educational Psychologist, taking up some important posts in the BPS Division of Education and Child Psychology. His account of the Sheffield Service was written in the 1990s and appears below. Peter died in 2005.

Virtual chromoendoscopy for the real-time assessment of colorectal polyps in vivo: a systematic review and economic evaluation.

Current clinical practice is to remove a colorectal polyp detected during colonoscopy and determine whether it is an adenoma or hyperplastic by histopathology. Identifying adenomas is important because they may eventually become cancerous if untreated, whereas hyperplastic polyps do not usually develop into cancer, and a surveillance interval is set based on the number and size of adenomas found. Virtual chromoendoscopy (VCE) (an electronic endoscopic imaging technique) could be used by the endoscopist under strictly controlled conditions for real-time optical diagnosis of diminutive (≤ 5 mm) colorectal polyps to replace histopathological diagnosis. To assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the VCE technologies narrow-band imaging (NBI), flexible spectral imaging colour enhancement (FICE) and i-scan for the characterisation and management of diminutive (≤ 5 mm) colorectal polyps using high-definition (HD) systems without magnification. Systematic review and economic analysis. People undergoing colonoscopy for screening or surveillance or to investigate symptoms suggestive of colorectal cancer. NBI, FICE and i-scan. Diagnostic accuracy, recommended surveillance intervals, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), adverse effects, incidence of colorectal cancer, mortality and cost-effectiveness of VCE compared with histopathology. Electronic bibliographic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects were searched for published English-language studies from inception to June 2016. Bibliographies of related papers, systematic reviews and company information were screened and experts were contacted to identify additional evidence. Systematic reviews of test accuracy and economic evaluations were undertaken in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Meta-analyses were conducted, where possible, to inform the independent economic model. A cost-utility decision-analytic model was developed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of VCE compared with histopathology. The model used a decision tree for patients undergoing endoscopy, combined with estimates of long-term outcomes (e.g. incidence of colorectal cancer and subsequent morbidity and mortality) derived from University of Sheffield School of Health and Related Research's bowel cancer screening model. The model took a NHS perspective, with costs and benefits discounted at 3.5% over a lifetime horizon. There were limitations in the data on the distribution of adenomas across risk categories and recurrence rates post polypectomy. Thirty test accuracy studies were included: 24 for NBI, five for i-scan and three for FICE (two studies assessed two interventions). Polyp assessments made with high confidence were associated with higher sensitivity and endoscopists experienced in VCE achieved better results than those without experience. Two economic evaluations were included. NBI, i-scan and FICE are cost-saving strategies compared with histopathology and the number of quality-adjusted life-years gained was similar for histopathology and VCE. The correct surveillance interval would be given to 95% of patients with NBI, 94% of patients with FICE and 97% of patients with i-scan. Limited evidence was available for i-scan and FICE and there was heterogeneity among the NBI studies. There is a lack of data on longer-term health outcomes of patients undergoing VCE for assessment of diminutive colorectal polyps. VCE technologies, using HD systems without magnification, could potentially be used for the real-time assessment of diminutive colorectal polyps, if endoscopists have adequate experience and training. Future research priorities include head-to-head randomised controlled trials of all three VCE technologies; more research on the diagnostic accuracy of FICE and i-scan (when used without magnification); further studies evaluating the impact of endoscopist experience and training on outcomes; studies measuring adverse effects, HRQoL and anxiety; and longitudinal data on colorectal cancer incidence, HRQoL and mortality. This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42016037767. The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

Xeno-racism and the scourge of Roma school exclusion

The author, formerly a head teacher in Sheffield and adviser to the education authority, exposes the fact that around a quarter of all recently arrived Slovak Roma children are now excluded from Sheffield schools. He places this form of blatant discrimination in the context of former racist institutional responses such as the labelling of West Indian children as educationally sub-normal and their forced withdrawal from mainstream education in the 1960s and 1970s. Only the solidarity shown by the Yemeni community to the Roma children, victims of xeno-racism and bullying, provides hope.

Seminar Report: UK Quo Vadis? The EEA As a Workable Framework

On 3 February 2017, the University of Sheffield School of Law—in co-operation with the UK Constitutional Law Association and the European Circuit of the Bar—hosted a seminar. The keynote speaker was Michael-James Clifton, a barrister and now Chef de Cabinet in the Chambers of the President of the EFTA Court, Professor Carl Baudenbacher. The EFTA Court—based in Luxembourg—fulfills the judicial function within the EFTA system, interpreting the Agreement on the European Economic Area with regard to the EFTA States party to the Agreement (currently Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway). The EEA/EFTA model (often referred to as the ‘Norwegian model’ in UK discussions) has frequently been mentioned as a possible route forward for a post-Brexit UK. However, little is known about the EEA/EFTA model in the UK. The seminar was thus designed to raise awareness of the model in the UK, and to consider how the EEA could form the basis for the future relationship between the EU and the UK. As the Prime Minister has given notice under Article 50 TEU, the contents of the paper remain highly relevant. Mr. Clifton’s paper, given in a personal capacity, assessed the conceivable options for the UK to forge a mature, co-operative relationship with the remainder of the EU and beyond. It considers the white papers published by the UK Government and the devolved administrations of Wales and Scotland against the background of the potential post-Brexit models mooted since the referendum: the EEA as it presently stands, the institutionalised Swiss model (including ‘docking’), a potential bespoke FTA, and the WTO. It takes as a working assumption that the two-year negotiation window provided for by Article 50 TEU is unlikely to be extended. Evaluating the options, it concludes that an updated version of the EEA Agreement could be a natural home for the UK post Brexit: a solution which could also be in the interests of the EU, EEA/EFTA States and potentially Switzerland.

Role on!

Nursery WorldVol. 2017, No. 4 Enabling EnvironmentsRole on!Nicole WeinsteinNicole WeinsteinSearch for more papers by this authorNicole WeinsteinPublished Online:1 Mar 2017https://doi.org/10.12968/nuwa.2017.4.32AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View articleAbstractA ‘mini city’ is informing children about career choices and enhancing role play at one Sheffield school. Nicole Weinstein reports FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 20 February 2017Volume 2017Issue 4ISSN (print): 0029-6422ISSN (online): 2059-9358 Metrics History Published online 1 March 2017 Published in print 20 February 2017 Information© MA Education LimitedPDF download

Economic value of pharmacy-led medicines reconciliation at admission to hospital: an observational, UK-based study

ObjectiveTo describe the cost–benefits of pharmacy-led medicines reconciliation (MR) on admission by applying a theoretical model (University of Sheffield School of Health and Related Research—SCHARR model) to real-world data.MethodsThis was...

Consultant Pharmacist Case Management of Older People in Intermediate Care: a New Innovative Model

Rationale, Aims and Objectives: In 2011, ‘Transforming Your Care’ outlined the remodelling of Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland (HSCNI) UK, specifically recommending better integration of hospital and community services for older people. This work aimed to evaluate consultant pharmacist case management for older patients admitted from acute to intermediate care continuing back into the community setting, given the importance of such a transition to person-centered healthcare. Method: On transfer to intermediate care, the consultant pharmacist determined the Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI) for each drug prescribed. Individualised pharmaceutical care plans were implemented with clinical interventions recorded and graded using Eadon criteria. Cost savings resulting from interventions which prevent medication errors/Adverse Drug Events (ADEs) have been estimated using the model as described by the University of Sheffield School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR); these were applied. Drugs stopped/started were costed using the NHS dictionary of medicines and devices (dm+d). Case management continued via communication with GPs and/or community pharmacists and post-discharge patient telephone calls/home visits. Results: Three hundred and fifty-five patients had 3674 drugs assessed for medication appropriateness; both individual and total drug MAI scores on admission to and discharge from intermediate care, were significantly reduced (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p&lt;0.001, n=355). An average of 2.5 clinical interventions per patient were made, with 84% being self-graded as Eadon ≥ Grade 4 (significant interventions resulting in improved care standards). Clinical interventions yielded potential savings of £63-144k pa whilst annual drug cost savings were £68k. Conclusion: This project demonstrated consultant pharmacist case management results in both cost savings and more appropriate prescribing with safer, seamless and more person-centered care.

The School Food Plan and the social context of food in schools

This paper explores the social context of food practices in primary schools in England based on research conducted in 2013–2014 as part of the Sheffield School Food Project. Drawing on the capability approach, and social quality theory, the theoretical framework informed a research methodology enabling exploration of ways in which food practices are related to developing pupil well-being and building school communities. It was found that complex social processes influence the roles of food in primary schools in England. These processes enhance and diminish the likelihood of pupils consuming balanced meals, drinks and snacks across the school day. Moreover it was found that, in addition to nutritional outcomes, food practices are related to wider aspects of individual well-being and the social culture of schools. A key outcome of the research was the development of the School Food Self-Evaluation Toolbox (SET). The School Food SET and related resources aim to empower children and their school communities by providing a set of tools to support the self-evaluation and development of food practices in schools.

A tribute to Tony Lowe: the man who taught me how to think

March 2014 saw the passing of Tony Lowe, the academic father figure of the 'Sheffield School of 'Accounting' Thought'. His legacy has been described in extended reflections in major academic accounting journals in the UK and the USA written by remarkable academics. This paper is an attempt to complement these valuable contributions. The author has been supervised by Tony Lowe and is one of the earliest members of his Sheffield School. He describes in this paper how Tony Lowe supervised his students, and highlights his views about education and supervision. He also describes how Tony selected members of his elite group, how he kept following their careers even if they were so far away and how he managed to create a strong bond social and academic between them. The legend of the Sheffield School is two-fold: First, its impact on accounting theory, research and education. Second: The high quality of academics it produced. They have together made a remarkable positive impact on the development of accounting education and research all over the world. The names I listed represent part of the group who were more closely associated with me during my stay in the UK. I apologise to those colleagues whose names I overlooked.

Generalizability and Unaddressed Issues in Mapping

Health utility measures are used in economic analysis to provide estimates of cost-effectiveness in terms of costs per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Some studies measure health-related quality of life but do not use preference-based health utility measures. A common method for estimating health utilities in these studies is to use a mapping function. Mapping, also known as cross-walking, uses a data set containing the health utility measure and health-related quality-of-life measure to estimate a function and can then be applied to other data sets that contain only the health-related qualityof-life measure to estimate health utilities in costeffectiveness analysis. A number of methodological issues have been recognized in mapping studies; these include whether there is sufficient overlap between the health utility and quality-of-life instruments, appropriate methodology and model specification, and measuring uncertainty. In their article on uncertainty, Chan and others focus on the last of these, specifically the underestimation of the variance in mapping functions, resulting in tighter confidence intervals around utility estimates than if utilities had been observed directly. The authors state that this is due to the presence of important unmeasured predictors and assuming regression coefficients are fixed. They provide mathematical explanations as to why this will underestimate the variance and then provide 3 solutions: 1) R adjustment to account for unmeasured variables, 2) a parametric method for mapping functions fitted using ordinary least squares regression, and 3) a nonparametric general case method that can be used across all types of mapping model. Methods are illustrated with both real and simulated examples and demonstrate that all 3 methods correct for the underestimation of the variance. The 3 proposed solutions by Chan and others are also generalizable beyond mapping. For example, the tariffs (algorithms) used to derive health utility indices used in economic evaluations are based on mathematical models with regression coefficients, and the 2 factors identified by Chan and others that underestimate uncertainty in mapping models will also occur in the derivation of health utility indices. The models used to derive the tariffs are likely to exclude unmeasured/unknown factors that people participating in the valuation may take into account. Furthermore, when these tariffs are applied to other data sets, the coefficients in the scoring algorithm are regarded as fixed rather than random. Authors of some of the tariffs already provide sufficient information to make these adjustments. For example, for the EQ-5D York modeling valuations (MV) tariff, Dolan provides R for the tariff to estimate the R adjustment, and in their National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) technical support document on health state utility values in decision models, Ara and Wailoo provide the variance-covariance matrix for the York MV tariff, which can be used to correct the variance using Chen and others’ proposed parametric solution. Chan and others point out that although it is possible to account for the uncertainties from unaccounted predictors, ‘‘this does not affect the accuracy of the mapping algorithm itself,’’ and if the mapping algorithm is poor at predicting utility values, it will remain poor after allowing for unaccounted predictors. When constructing mapping algorithms, the researcher is making the assumption that there is sufficient overlap of the constructs (domains/dimensions) between the utility measure Received 11 June 2014 from University of Sheffield School of Health and Related Research, Sheffield, UK. Revision accepted for publication 11 August 2014.

Tony Lowe and the Interdisciplinary and Critical Perspectives on Accounting Project

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the life of Tony Lowe, Emeritus Professor of Accounting and Financial Management at the University of Sheffield, who died on 5 March 2014. It celebrates Tony Lowe’s considerable direct contributions to accounting knowledge and, possibly more significantly, his indirect contribution through his enabling of a range of those associated with him at Sheffield to become scholars of distinction in their own right. Design/methodology/approach – Publication review, personal reflections and argument. Findings – Apart from providing insight into Tony Lowe's direct contribution to accounting knowledge through an analysis of a range of significant sole authored and joint authored publications, the paper gives rather more attention to his more indirect enabling contribution. In this regard it traces the development of initially the Management Control Association and subsequently the “Sheffield School” to Tony Lowe, clarifying the values that underlie these groups. It also clarifies how some of the key elements that have allowed the now global Interdisciplinary and Critical Perspectives on Accounting (ICPA) Project to exist and flourish are traceable to Tony Lowe and the “Sheffield School” he created. Research limitations/implications – This paper provides an important historical analysis of the direct and indirect influence of a unique scholar on the beginnings and development of particularly the now global ICPA Project. This history is personal and maybe selective and possibly limited because of this but hopefully will encourage others to investigate the claims further. Originality/value – The history of the ICPA Project has only partially been told before. This is another part of this history that has not been analysed before on which further work can build.