Shear Strength Of Deposits Research Articles

Modelling hydrate deposition and sloughing in gas-dominant pipelines

We present a model for hydrate deposition and sloughing in gas dominated pipelines which allows for rapid estimations of the pressure and temperature profiles along a horizontal pipeline during normal operation in the hydrate forming region in the presence of monoethylene glycol (MEG). Previous models assume that the hydrate deposit growing at the pipe wall is stable, which may lead to an overestimation of the pressure drop over time. Hydrate growth rates were calculated using a classical hydrate kinetic model combined with a simplified two-phase flow model for pipelines in the annular flow regime with droplet entrainment. Hydrate growth at the pipe wall, deposition of hydrate particles from the gas stream and sloughing due to shear fracture of the deposited film contributed to the evolution of the hydrate deposit. The model parameters included a scaling factor to the kinetic rate of hydrate growth and a particle deposition efficiency factor. The fraction of deposited particles forming a stable hydrate film at the pipe wall through sintering and the shear strength of the deposit were introduced as two additional parameters to enable simulation of sloughing events. The tuned model predicted hydrate formation within 40% and pressure drop within 50% of measurements previously obtained in a gas-dominated flow loop over a wide range of subcoolings, MEG concentrations and high and intermediate gas velocities. The observed decrease of the kinetic factor with decreasing gas velocity indicated larger resistances to hydrate growth in the entrained droplets at lower flow rates, while the increase of the deposition parameter with MEG concentration was consistent with a particle adhesion/cohesion mechanism based on the formation of a capillary bridge. The preliminary sloughing model presented in this work, combined with flowloop testing, has allowed the first in-situ determinations of the effective shear strength of the hydrate deposits (in the range of 100–200Pa) which is a key property to predict hydrate detachment and accumulation in gas-dominated pipelines.

Shear strength of plasma-sprayed coatings

1. Using the test technique described it is possible to evaluate the shear strength of a tungsten coating (but not the adhesion of the coating to a substrate). 2. It is shown that spraying range exerts a dominant influence on the shear strength of deposits. 3. The effect of microstructure and residual stresses in coatings on the shear strength was determined.