Shear Geometry Research Articles

Designing Moiré Patterns by Shearing.

We analyze the elastic properties, structural effects, and low-energy physics of a sheared nanoribbon placed on top of graphene, which creates a gradually changing moiré pattern. By means of a classical elastic model we derive the strains in the ribbon and we obtain its electronic energy spectrum with a scaled tight-binding model. The size of the sheared region is determined by the balance between elastic and van der Waals energy, and different regimes are identified. Near the clamped edge, moderate strains and small twist angles lead to one-dimensional channels. Near the sheared edge, a long region behaves like magic angle twisted bilayer graphene (TBG), showing a sharp peak in the density of states, mostly isolated from the rest of the spectrum. We also calculate the band topology along the ribbon and we find that it is stable for large intervals of strains and twist angles. Together with the experimental observations, these results show that the sheared nanoribbon geometry is ideal for exploring superconductivity and correlated phases in TBG in the very sought-after regime of ultralow twist angle disorder.

Study on the fatigue properties of SPR-bonded aluminum-steel sheet joints

This study deals mainly with the influence of adhesive layer on the fatigue behavior and fretting of self-piercing riveted (SPR) joint joining differing thicknesses of AlSi10MnMg aluminum and DP590 steel sheets in lap shear geometry. Fatigue life, failure modes, crack propagation and fretting behaviors of the SPR and SPR-bonded joints were investigated and compared. The results showed that the static strength and fatigue life of SPR-bonded joints were significantly enhanced than that of SPR joints, but the fatigue failure mode of SPR-bonded and SPR joints differed. The SPR-bonded joints all failed in a rivet tail pull-out mode at all tested loads, which accompanied with small cracking in the aluminum sheet in contact with the rivet tail at lower test load. However, the failure mode of the SPR joints shifted from the aluminum sheet cracking to rivet tail pull-out as the fatigue test load increased. And during the aluminum sheet cracking failure, the fatigue crack originated from the faying interface of aluminum and steel sheet at the vicinity of the rivet shank and propagated along the width direction of aluminum sheet. Fretting wear analysis showed that the overall extent of fretting decreased and the location of fretting areas varied due to the adhesive bonding. Fretting of SPR joints mostly existed at the faying interface between aluminum and steel about 1.5mm away from the rivet shank and resulted in fatigue crack initiation, while the fretting region of SPR-bonded joints shifted to the faying interface between rivet tail and aluminum sheet.

Tacking: Shear fragility and geometry reduces the dissipation for dense suspensions

Dense suspensions tend to shear jam at large packing fractions. However, it has recently been shown that various oscillation protocols can unjam as well as reduce viscosity and dissipation per strain. In this numerical work, we show that alternating shear rotations protocols also reduce the dissipation per strain similar to shear protocols with a steady primary shear and superimposed cross oscillations, even though the latter's viscosity reduction is more considerable. Furthermore, we find that alternating between primary and perpendicular oscillations yields a much higher dissipation than the two protocols mentioned above, yet has similar viscosity as the cross-oscillatory one. While self-organization has been shown to minimize viscosity, our findings challenge the idea that random organization is the underlying mechanism for reducing the dissipation per strain. Instead, we attribute it to shear “fragility” combined with geometry, which explains the counterintuitive decoupling of the minima of viscosity and dissipation for the alternating shear rotation protocol. This work paves the way for a new class of highly energy-efficient flow protocols. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Discrepancies in dynamic yield stress measurements of cement pastes

The dynamic yield stress associated with the flow cessation of cement pastes is measured using a rheometer equipped with various shear geometries such as vane, helical, sandblasted co-axial cylinders, and serrated parallel plates, as well as with the mini-cone spread test. Discrepancies in yield stress values are observed for cement pastes at various volume fractions, with one to two orders of magnitude difference between vane, helical and mini-cone spread measurements on the one hand, and co-axial cylinder and parallel plate measurements on the other hand. To understand this discrepancy, the flow profile of a cement paste in the parallel-plate geometry is investigated with a high-speed camera, revealing the rapid formation of an un-sheared band near the static bottom plate. The width of this band depends upon the rotational velocity of the top plate, and upon the shear time. Recalculation of shear stress shows that the reduced sheared gap alone cannot explain the low measured yield stress. Further exploration suggests the formation of zones with lower particle content, possibly linked to cement particle sedimentation. Here, we argue that the complex nature of cement pastes, composed of negatively buoyant non-Brownian particles with attractive interactions due to highly charged nano-size hydration products, accounts for their complex rheological behavior.Graphical abstract

Shear Trough Depth and Geometry Relation Determined from Satellite Radar Images from One or Two Orbits

Shear Trough Depth and Geometry Relation Determined from Satellite Radar Images from One or Two Orbits

Spatiotemporally Mapped Endothelial Dysfunction at Bifurcations in a Coronary Artery‐on‐a‐Chip

AbstractAtherosclerotic plaques are commonly observed at low shear regions, in particular, the left main coronary artery (LMCA) bifurcation. Low shear regions at bifurcations promote endothelial dysfunction, a key factor initiating atherogenesis, however, mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Dynamic in vitro models are critical to investigate endothelial dysfunction, but current static and vessels‐on‐chip systems typically lack physiologically complex geometries and local shear changes. Here, a bifurcating coronary artery‐on‐a‐chip is developed, mimicking the human LMCA, displaying reduced shear near the bifurcation, verified using computational fluid dynamics simulations. Over 7 days of dynamic culture, human coronary artery endothelial cells aligned with the flow and expressed more Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and intercellular cell adheison molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) at high shear regions (12.7 dyn cm−2) adjacent to, but not at the bifurcation (0–3 dyn cm−2). After tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNFα) stimulation to induce endothelial dysfunction, spatially mapping cellular changes and shear gradients revealed cell alignment is disrupted over a larger area surrounding the bifurcation at a higher shear, and ICAM‐1 expression is increased closer to the bifurcation at a lower shear. This coronary artery‐on‐a‐chip establishes a system to spatially map endothelial cell behavior in response to differential shear and vessel geometry, enabling future studies into plaque initiation events, treatment targets, and drug screening.

Blood Clots Are Mechanically Weak in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease

Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) causes a hypercoagulable state characterized by frequent thrombotic sequelae including pulmonary embolism (PE) (Connes et al. Blood. Rev. 2016). Although the coagulation cascade is well characterized in SCD, the engineering-based, biomechanical structural properties of sickle blood clots are poorly understood. Furthermore, the role of clot mechanics in both traditional thrombotic disease manifestations (in situ blood clot, PE) but also common sickle cell related sequelae (pain, stroke) is unknown. Since blood clot embolization is inherently a mechanical process, where clots embolize or “fracture” when hemodynamic forces exceed the internal “strength” of the clot (Tutwiler et al. Sci. Adv. 2020), we submit that investigating the mechanical properties of sickle cell blood clots will reveal insights into the disease-specific factors at play. We hypothesize that SCD clots are not only structurally abnormal, but that this abnormality informs an increased propensity for clot embolization and causes severe vascular complications. Methods: Under the guidance and approval of the IRB, we acquired venipuncture-derived human blood samples from 10 healthy control subjects (14.3±0.9 g/dL Hgb) and 10 patients with sickle cell disease (7 HbSS, 2 HbSC, 1 HbS beta; 10.5±2.3 g/dL Hgb). We coagulated blood into 3D-printed molds designed for uniaxial extension on our mechanical testing machine, see figure 1. To do so, we added calcium chloride to a concentration of 20mM to reverse the ACD anticoagulant and incubated samples for 60 minutes at 37°C and atmospheric oxygen conditions (Sugerman et al. Curr. Protoc. 2021). Samples were then mounted to our tensile testing machine (Instron, Norwood, MA, USA) and two tests were conducted: extension-to-failure in a simple pure shear geometry and in a mode-I fracture geometry. From this data, we calculated various mechanical metrics by quantifying the structural abnormalities and propensity for embolization of SCD blood clots. Results and Conclusion: We primarily compared the stiffness and fracture toughness of sickle cell and healthy blood clots. Stiffness measures how the blood clot deforms in response to force, while fracture toughness measures whether a blood clot is strong or weak (i.e its resistance to rupture). The measured stiffness of SCD clots is 7.27±1.68 kPa, which is significantly higher than the stiffness of healthy clots, 5.22±1.09 kPa (p < 0.001). Additionally, the blood from SCD patients makes clots with a fracture toughness of 2.91±0.85 J/m 2, which is significantly lower than the fracture toughness of healthy clots, 4.43±1.11 J/m 2 (p < 0.0001), see figure 2. The high stiffness of sickle cell blood clots suggests that they are more resistant to deformation than healthy clots. However, the low fracture toughness of sickle cell blood clots suggests that they are more likely to break or embolize when compared to healthy clots. In other words, sickle blood clots exhibit mechanical properties similar to ceramic which has high stiffness and low toughness as opposed to leather (low stiffness, high toughness) or diamond (high stiffness, high toughness). In conclusion, our biomechanical findings of higher stiffness and lower toughness in sickle blood clots are well aligned with established rheological data showing that SCD red blood cells are less deformable than healthy red blood cells (Lu et al. Exp. Biol. Med. 2020). That is, the low deformability of red blood cells in SCD is apparent even at the clot level, which may inform novel disease mechanisms. The sickle cell related determinants of these biomechanical abnormalities, their role in clinical outcomes (PE, pain and stroke) and their response to therapy is the object of future study.

Unstable drift waves in presence of dust

The well-known stability of the drift wave in a sheared slab geometry does not hold in the presence of dust particles. Due to the presence of dust particles, the magnetic shear damping is reduced drastically. As a result, collisionless drift modes become unstable under typical parameter regimes of tokamak. Consequently, drift wave must still be considered as an underlying dynamic of anomalous transport in tokamak edges, where dust particles are found to be abundant, the same physics is expected in the spacial environments as well.

High strain rate constitutive and fracture characterization of AA7075-T6 sheet under various stress states

The stress state and strain rate dependent fracture behavior of high strength aluminum sheet, AA7075-T6, is characterized experimentally and numerically. Experiments were performed using shear, hole tension, notch tension, and groove tension specimen geometries at strain rates in the regime 10−2 – 500 s−1. The temperature change on the specimen surface was measured utilizing high speed thermal imaging, while strains were acquired using DIC-based optical measurements. Mild positive rate sensitivity was observed in the flow response for equivalent strains up to approximately 20%, while the flow stress decreased at higher (500 s−1) strain rates as the strain levels increased. An increase in temperature was observed within the gauge region of the specimens during elevated strain rate (500 s−1) tests leading to thermal softening. Positive strain rate sensitivity was observed in the measured axial force response for the hole tension and notch tension specimens. The fracture limits of the AA7075-T6 in the shear, hole tension, and notch specimens decreased between strain rates of 0.01 and 10 s−1, then increased at strain rates between 10 and 500 s−1. A strain rate and temperature dependent Hockett–Sherby (HS-SRT) constitutive model was proposed to capture the dependency of the flow stress on the equivalent plastic strain, strain rate, and temperature. The generalized Drucker-Prager (GDP) fracture model was extended to capture the effect of strain rate on fracture initiation. Numerical simulations of the coupon experiments were then performed to extract the local stress and strain states to calibrate the GDP fracture model across the range of strains considered.

Diffusion Creep of Sodic Amphibole‐Bearing Blueschist Limited by Microboudinage

AbstractTo investigate the mechanical and microstructural properties of mafic blueschists, we conducted deformation experiments on powdered natural blueschist aggregates using the general shear geometry in the Griggs apparatus. Experiments were performed at ∼1.0 GPa and temperatures ranging from 650 to 700°C. The blueschist starting material consists primarily of sodic amphibole and epidote, with minor amounts of quartz, titanite, albite, and white mica. Strain rate stepping experiments provided mechanical data with stress exponents ranging from 1.8 to 2.2. Microstructural analysis of the deformed samples show that the blueschist aggregates were deforming by microboudinage of the sodic amphibole, with a chemically new sodic‐calcic amphibole diffused into the boudin neck. Based on these results, we interpret the samples to have deformed by diffusion creep of the sodic‐calcic amphibole, which was rate‐limited by diffusion into the boudin neck. We developed a microboudinage diffusion creep flow law using a least square regression, with parameters of A = 2.43e11 MPa−n μm s−1, n = 2.0 ± 0.3, m = 1.0, and Q = 384 ± 15 kJ/mol. Extrapolation of the flow law to the blueschist stability field suggests viscosities that are higher than metasedimentary rocks (quartz dislocation creep flow law) and lower than eclogitic rocks (omphacite dislocation creep flow law) consistent with field observations. We also show that this type of deformation mechanism matches observations of natural rocks in paleosubduction zone environments, supporting the application of this flow law to estimate amphibole rheology in modern subduction zones.

Experimental and Numerical Fracture Characterization of DP1180 Steel in Combined Simple Shear and Uniaxial Tension

Current tests for plane stress characterization of fracture in automotive sheet metals include simple shear, uniaxial, plane strain, and biaxial tension, but there is a significant gap between shear and uniaxial tension. Presently, it remains uncertain whether the fracture strain experiences a reduction between simple shear and uniaxial tension or undergoes an exponential increase as the triaxiality decreases. Fracture in combined simple shear and tension is complicated by premature edge cracking in tension along with a strong sensitivity of fracture strain to the measurement lengthscale. To address these issues, several existing simple shear geometries were modified and evaluated, with a focus on obtaining approximately linear strain paths corresponding to combined uniaxial tension and simple shear suitable for experimental fracture characterization using digital image correlation (DIC). An experimental and numerical investigation was conducted using two planar geometries that do not require through-thickness machining and can be easily tested on a universal test frame. Finite-element analysis was used to investigate the influence of the notch eccentricity on the stress state and predicted fracture location. The most promising geometry in each coupon type was then selected and tested for a dual-phase advanced high-strength steel, DP1180. The performance of the two planar geometries was evaluated based on the linearity of strain and stress state, along with the location of fracture initiation. The best geometry was then used to evaluate and recalibrate the modified Mohr-Coulomb (MMC) fracture locus with data in combined shear and tension. The initial MMC calibration using four fracture tests that suppressed necking provided an accurate estimate for the fracture strain in combined uniaxial tension and simple shear. The MMC model correctly predicted a valley in the fracture strain between these two loading conditions.

Combined optical connectivity and optical flow velocimetry measurement of interfacial velocity of a liquid jet in gas crossflow

Liquid jet in crossflow (LJIC) is a process in which a high-speed gas crossflow deforms and shears a continuous liquid flow into tiny droplets. This study quantifies the liquid surface motion of LJIC during the primary breakup process, which has not been quantified due to the optical limitation close to the nozzle exit. The interfacial velocity of a breaking liquid jet indicates the local interaction of the gas and liquid flows and determines the initial velocity of the stripped droplets. The local interfacial liquid velocities of LJIC have only been estimated from theoretical and computational studies, which have not been evaluated from measurements. Optical Connectivity (OC) introduces a laser beam through an atomiser nozzle and relies on total internal reflection at the liquid interface to propagate the laser light inside the continuous liquid to record the instantaneous features of the interface of the continuous liquid during the primary atomisation at the near nozzle region through imaging of the emitted fluorescent intensity from the liquid flow. The current study combines Optical Connectivity with Optical Flow Velocimetry (OFV) to quantify the time-dependent, local interfacial velocity of the liquid interface structures of the LJIC for gas Weber numbers between 14.9 - 112.6 and liquid-to-gas momentum ratios between 2.1 - 36.4. The combined OC-OFV measurements of the spatial distribution of the mean and fluctuating values of the different components of the liquid interfacial velocity of LJIC demonstrate how the gaseous shear and liquid jet geometry interact to influence the atomisation process.

Transient Analysis of Fluid Flow through a Closing Blowout Preventer Using Coupled Domain Computational Fluid Dynamics

Summary Erosion and forces on rams may prevent a blowout preventer (BOP) from sealing a well. Analyzing the flow field throughout a BOP may provide insight into these flowing effects on the inability of a BOP to seal the well. 3D transient simulation of fluid flow throughout closing BOP fluid domains is demonstrated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Simulation may be used to analyze the transient stress, pressure, and velocity fields throughout a BOP domain as it is closing. Many challenges exist in simulating a closing BOP using CFD, including boundary conditions and treatment of dynamic meshing. Solutions to those challenges are presented in this work. CFD simulations are carried out using ANSYS Fluent v19.2 (ANSYS, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, USA). For inlet boundary conditions to the CFD domain, the CFD simulations are explicitly coupled with a 1D wellbore simulator. The 1D wellbore simulator provides a connection between the BOP and constant pressure reservoir. Numerical instability is present during this coupling process. An implementation for dealing with this instability is presented. An example validation case is presented to demonstrate the accuracy of CFD for pressure fields throughout valves. A second 2D axisymmetric case is shown to demonstrate the meshing and coupling simulation process. A third case, simulation through a 3D shear geometry is then presented to show the applicability of the process to a more complex geometric design. Velocity and stress fields are plotted to show the practicality of CFD in analyzing the probable causes of failure in BOP closures.

Chain Sliding versus β-Sheet Formation upon Shearing Single α-Helical Coiled Coils.

Coiled coils (CCs) are key building blocks of biogenic materials and determine their mechanical response to large deformations. Of particular interest is the observation that CC-based materials display a force-induced transition from α-helices to mechanically stronger β-sheets (αβT). Steered molecular dynamics simulations predict that this αβT requires a minimum, pulling speed-dependent CC length. Here, de novo designed CCs with a length between four to seven heptads are utilized to probe if the transition found in natural CCs can be mimicked with synthetic sequences. Using single-molecule force spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, these CCs are mechanically loaded in shear geometry and their rupture forces and structural responses to the applied load are determined. Simulations at the highest pulling speed (0.01nm ns-1 ) show the appearance of β-sheet structures for the five- and six-heptad CCs and a concomitant increase in mechanical strength. The αβT is less probable at a lower pulling speed of 0.001nm ns-1 and is not observed in force spectroscopy experiments. For CCs loaded in shear geometry, the formation of β-sheets competes with interchain sliding. β-sheet formation is only possible in higher-order CC assemblies or in tensile-loading geometries where chain sliding and dissociation are prohibited.

Molecular mechanics of coiled coils loaded in the shear geometry

Molecular mechanics of coiled coils loaded in the shear geometry

Inactivation of Lactobacillus brevis cells and Bacillus cereus spores as influenced by pressure, shear, thermal, and valve geometry

ABSTRACT This study investigated the influence of pressure, shear, temperature, and their interactions on the inactivation of two bacteria – Lactobacillus brevis and Bacillus cereus spores. Cell suspension of L. brevis (1.6 × 1010 CFU/mL) and spore suspension of B. cereus (3.2 × 108 CFU/mL) were suspended in HEPES buffer (pH 7.3) and subjected to ultra-shear treatment (UST) at 400 MPa, process temperatures of 40 and 70°C, and flow rate of 0.0012 ± 0.0003 kg/s. In separate equipment, thermal (0.1 MPa-70°C-0/5 min) and high-pressure processing (HPP-400 MPa-40°C and 70°C-0/5 min) experiments were carried out to evaluate thermal only, pressure only, and combined pressure-thermal effects. Pressure-only treatment at 400 MPa for 0 min (come-up time) at 70°C resulted in 8.4 and 2.3 log reductions of L. brevis cells and B. cereus spores, respectively. After UST treatment at 70°C, L. brevis and B. cereus spores were reduced by 7.1 and 1.6 logs, respectively. Both strains showed different sensitivities to thermal, pressure, shear, and their combinations. B. cereus spores were relatively more resistant to HPP and UST treatments. Three valve geometries, namely, ultra-shear valve, needle valve, and tubular valve, were used to compare UST treatment effect on L. brevis and B. cereus spores at 40 and 70°C. UST treatment using the ultra-shear valve produced inactivation of 2.0 and 7.1 log cycles for L. brevis during 40 and 70°C process temperatures, respectively, which was relatively higher than needle valve and tubular valve. This higher inactivation could be attributed to the smaller valve gap and higher shear rate in the ultra-shear valve. Further, the comparatively higher inactivation at 70°C UST (7.1 log) emphasized the role of temperature on inactivation during UST. For both L. brevis and B. cereus, the inactivation was least in the tubular valve with relatively lesser shear rate, which indicated the desirable contribution of high shear rate for microbial inactivation. The information from this study contributes to the development of safe harbor UST process conditions for liquid foods.

Microscopic foundation of the μ(I) rheology for dense granular flows on inclined planes

Macroscopic and microscopic properties of dense granular layers flowing down inclined planes are obtained from Discrete-Element-Method simulations for both frictionless and frictional grains. Three fundamental observations for dense granular flows are recovered, namely the occurrence of a critical stress, the Bagnold velocity profile, as well as well-defined friction and dilatancy laws. The microscopic aspects of the grain motion highlight the formation of transient clusters. From this microscopic picture, we derive a theoretical scaling model without any empirical input that explains quantitatively the fundamental laws of dense granular flows in incline plane and shear geometries. The adequacy between the model and the observed results suggests that granular flows can be viewed as flows from thermal fluids of hard spheres.

Nonlinear analysis of steel-concrete composite beams with flexible shear connectors

Steel-concrete composite beam is a typical construction which is made up of two dissimilar materials such as steel and concrete. It is used mainly for construction of commercial/residential high-rise buildings and bridges. From last few decades steel-concrete composite structure has been utilised in construction industry due to several advantages such as reduced time and cost of major construction and the avoidance of one of the major issues in present era, space scarcity. Shear connector is a basic component through which steel and concrete components are mechanically connected to transfer the load from concrete slab to steel beam in a conventional type of steel-concrete composite beam. Three dimensional numerical models are created using finite element analysis commercial software package ANSYS15 to study the flexural capacity of beam specimens. Earlier, validation has been done with the test results available in the literature and the proposed model is found to be capable of analysing the specimens with acceptable accuracy. Further numerical models are made to understand the behaviour of steel-concrete composite beam which is made up of two different flexible shear connectors such as stud and channel connector under four-point bending. Degree of shear connection, geometry and layout of shear connectors are taken into account as key parameters for this present numerical study. Normal strength of concrete is considered. The associated results such as ultimate load, mid-span deformation, interfacial slip capacity are presented. Diameter along with length of stud connector is found to influence the load carrying capacity of beams. Ultimate load capacity as well as stiffness of beams is found to enhance when channel section is considered with minimal spacing of connector. Thus finding the required degree of shear connection was also proved to be vital for assessing the performance of steel-concrete composite beams.

Enzymatically Pretreated High-Solid-Content Nanocellulose for a High-Throughput Coating Process

There is an ever-increasing interest toward utilizing nanocellulose as barrier coatings and films, and recent studies have underlined the efficiency of using innovative fibrillation processes such as twin-screw extrusion with an enzymatic pretreatment for producing nanocellulose suspensions with solid contents as high as 20 wt %, which can lead to faster coating speeds and reduced drying energy costs. The current work aims at understanding the factors that influence high-throughput processability of high-solid-content nanocellulose during roll-to-roll coating. The rheological properties of 12.5, 10, and 7.5 wt % suspensions were evaluated across a wide range of shear rates and geometries (rotational, pipe, and slot). The influence of dispersants [carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and sodium polyacrylate (NaPA)] on the rheology and coating quality was assessed. A Casson-power-cross model is proposed to explain the rheological behavior across a wide shear rate range and is used to predict useful parameters, viz., yield stress, transition shear rate, and power-law index at high shear rates. Finally, a 12.5 wt % nanocellulose suspension with CMC or NaPA dispersant was roll-to-roll-coated on paperboard using a slot-die applicator. CMC addition had a positive influence on the yield stress, thixotropy, and water release and, therefore, resulted in a better mineral oil and grease barrier of the coated samples compared to the rest.

Combined Optical Connectivity And Optical Flow Velocimetry For Measurement Of The Interfacial Velocity Of A Liquid Jet In Gas Cross-Flow

Liquid jet in crossflow (LJIC) is a process in which a high-speed gas crossflow deforms and shears a continuous liquid flow into tiny droplets. This study quantifies the liquid surface motion of LJIC during the primary breakup process, which has not been fully assessed due to limited optical access close to the nozzle exit. The interfacial velocity of a breaking liquid jet indicates the interaction of the gas and liquid flows and the initial velocity of the stripped droplets. However, the local interfacial liquid velocities have not been measured, since no measurement technique is available, and they have only been estimated from theoretical and computational studies. Optical Connectivity (OC) is a new optical technique, which introduces a laser beam through an atomiser nozzle and relies on total internal reflection at the liquid interface to propagate the laser light inside the continuous liquid. This allows the recording of the instantaneous features of the disintegrating continuous liquid and its interface during the primary atomisation at the near nozzle region through imaging of the emitted fluorescent intensity from the liquid flow. The current research reports time-dependent OC measurements of the temporal evolution of the liquid interface structures along a LJIC. The LJIC breakup behaviour is reported for different atomisation regimes, as determined by non-dimensional parameters. Optical Connectivity is combined with Optical Flow Velocimetry (OFV) to quantify the local interfacial liquid velocities of liquid interface structures of the LJIC for a range of gas Weber numbers between 14.9 - 112.6 and liquid-to-gas momentum ratios between 2.1 - 36.4. The combined OC-OFV measurements report the spatial distribution of interfacial velocities along the surface of LJIC and reveal the physics of the contribution of gaseous shear and liquid jet geometry on the atomisation process.