Sharp Cleavage Research Articles

ADAPTATION AS A SOLID PRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUE IN TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX LITERARY TEXTS

<p><span>Adaptation as one of the most efficient techniques in translation seen from a general perspective has alwaysbeen a challenge to encounter with almost all those who practice this complex intellectual activity. In this regard, this paper aims to identify some crucial steeps to be undertaken during the translation process, all in order to see what is the scale this technique reaches, and which are the text transfer difficulties from SL to TT, impacting the overall message transfer from L1 to L2. The source samplings are translation products from 20 students at the English Language Department, at our home institution. The samplings are divided into two groups of ten translations each, which have been put under both qualitative and quantitative analysis, aiming to reveal factors, reasons and level of language mastery, as a crucial factor and cause, which impacts and puts under condition the overall adaptation scale to be used in the process. Text Quantum Transfer Interactions Typology (TQTIT), based primarily on using adaptation as a technique, will be revealed and defined. This analytical approach will result with quantitative percentage referring to adaptation, expressed in an explicit way. It will show a sharp cleavage between ST and TT consistency balance in terms of adaptation functionality, of the overall transferred message from one to the other language. This will be the final answer to the priory set hypothesis concerning translation based upon adaptation as a technique. And finally the answer will define and qualify the product as an “ad verbum”, rather than as an “adsensum” translation product.</span></p><p><span><strong><span>Keywords: </span></strong><span>Translation, adaptation, scale, factors, reasons.</span></span></p>

Discursive (re)production of social cleavages in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary elections

ABSTRACT This article studies the problem of discursive (re)production of social cleavages in the politics of divided societies. Through the discourse analysis of communication of a wide variety of political parties, politicians, and actors during the 2019 parliamentary election in Ukraine, we supplement and clarify the theory of cleavages in its application to Ukraine and similar societies with deep division and armed conflict. The results show that cleavages are (re)produced in different ways in the discourses during the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary elections. The sharp cleavages are articulated in a simplified form, while the fundamental cleavages are masked by discursive means, which, overall, blocks the overcoming of fundamental cleavages. Our results indicate that it is necessary to supplement the theory of cleavages with discursive components of separation and distinguishing between instrumental and fundamental cleavages.

On the edges of the law: sex workers’ legal consciousness in England

AbstractIn England, sex workers are placed at the edges of the law. How the social and legal status of sex workers impacts on their perception of and interaction with the law in a semi-legal setting has not yet been explored. Drawing on fifty-two qualitative interviews with indoor and outdoor sex workers in England, this study investigates their disposition to the law, legality and the state. The commonalities and discrepancies between the experiences of indoor and outdoor sex workers reveal the influence of the combination of legal framework and social status on sex workers’ legal consciousness. This study finds that, even in a setting of semi-legality, sex workers attempt to avoid contact with state authorities. However, this aversion to the current law does not prevent them from making claims for legal change. Surprisingly, indoor and outdoor sex workers hold opposing views on the appropriate level of regulation and state involvement in the sex industry. Remarkably, although outdoor sex workers have more negative experiences with arbitrators of the law, they desire the law's protection. In contrast, indoor sex workers’ main grievance is for sex work to be a legitimate industry that can operate with only minimal state control. These differences in outdoor and indoor workers’ legal claims are explicable by sharp cleavages in social status, vulnerability and degree of criminalisation. These findings demonstrate that intra-group differences in the legal consciousness of marginalised groups are key to understanding the role of social and legal status in shaping legal claims.

Introduction: Migration and Divided Societies

The academic literature on divided societies emerged from the study of colonial societies that were characterized by sharp and persistent cleavage along ethnic lines, and the study of consociational democracies in which there are power-sharing arrangements between two or more groups in an ethnically segmented society. The study of divided societies emerged historically at a moment when there was a growing interest in the study of immigration and inter-ethnic relations in developed industrial nations. These two sets of literature—on divided societies and on immigration and inter-ethnic relations—have developed largely in isolation from each other. Both sets of literature have also tended to focus on inter-ethnic relations, and have paid much less attention to migration. In this article, it is argued that there are a number of reasons why it is worth trying to encourage dialogue across these two sets of literature. In making the case: what is meant by the term divided society is examined; some of the ways in which the issue of migration has changed in three different divided societies—Bosnia, Northern Ireland and South Africa—are outlined; the topic of immigration and integration is examined; and some ways in which the study of divided societies might benefit from engaging more seriously with the literature on migration are suggested.

Second Generations on the Job Market in France: A Persistent Ethnic Penalty

How consistent over time is the ethnic penalty regarding access to the labor market in France? We address this issue considering two cohorts of young people who left school in the last decade of the twentieth century. Our results show that, with educational qualifications kept constant, the penalty remains basically the same over the years for young people of North African origin–who were already experiencing difficulties in the 1980s– in spite of relatively favorable labor market conditions and regardless of the ongoing educational expansion. Two other groups were also subjected to a significant penalty: young people of sub-Saharan African origin and, to a lesser degree, young people of Southeast Asian origin. Over this period, while the improvement of economic conditions benefited most degreeholders, high numbers of young people of North African immigrant origin remained stuck in lower educational positions. The group was overtaken by young people of Portuguese origin, who seem to have gained access to higher educational levels through the extension of vocational education to the lower tertiary level. Such facts would seem to support the idea of “statistical discrimination”, a mechanism based on a given group’s average characteristics. However, the boundary line between this and more overtly racist discrimination remains indistinct. In any case, the strong feeling of being discriminated against expressed by young people of North African and black African origins, as well as their pessimistic view of the future, reveals a sharp cleavage within French society–a statement that does not hold, however, for young people of Turkish origin. These pessimistic perceptions may also work to amplify a negative dynamic over the longer term, as shown by longitudinal data available on the second cohort. Our results lead to revisiting the “segmented assimilation” theory as elaborated in the American context, referring to a form of racism specific to American society; i.e., racism against the black population of slave descent.

Graphite under the magnetic force microscope

AbstractIn search for magnetically active carbon structures, we have undertaken the magnetic force microscopy study of intrinsic defects at the surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Most of the observed defects, such as ridges and cleavage edges, are found magnetically inert. However, some of the observed sharp cleavage edges do show magnetic activity – a built‐in surface magnetization, which reveals itself as the magnetic force gradient signal sensitive to the polarity of the tip magnetization. These results indicate the existence of a defect related magnetism at room temperature on graphite surface. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

An AFM study of the thermal development of the [formula omitted] surface of KCl from room temperature up to the melting point

The topographical development of the (0 0 1) surface of KCl was investigated from room temperature up to the melting point by atomic force microscopy in UHV. Cleavage topographies of air-cleaved surfaces show extended growth hills formed by large numbers of rounded, mostly monatomic steps caused by the re-crystallization of crystal material dissolved in adsorbed water layers. Vacuum cleaved surfaces are more irregular. They exhibit among others sharp cleavage tips, which seem to be characteristic for ionic crystals. At moderately heated surfaces, 673 K, closed loop lamella systems as well as different types of spiral systems originating from edge and screw dislocations, respectively, are observed. High resolution images of spiral centers exhibit the emergence of mono and diatomic steps from the surface. The centers of closed loop step systems could not be visualized. After stronger heating, at 773 and 873 K, extended evaporation pits with macro-steps of heights between 20 and 35 nm are found. After shortly exceeding the melting point at about 1013 K, the surface is covered by macro-steps of heights between 3 and 5 nm and mono and diatomic steps running diagonally across the terraces between the high steps.

White Supremacist Networks on the Internet

In this paper we use methods of social network analysis to examine the interorganizational structure of the white supremacist movement. Treating links between Internet websites as ties of affinity, communication, or potential coordination, we investigate the structural properties of connections among white supremacist groups. White supremacism appears to be a relatively decentralized movement with multiple centers of influence, but without sharp cleavages between factions. Interorganizational links are stronger among groups with a special interest in mutual affirmation of their intellectual legitimacy (Holocaust revisionists) or cultural identity (racist skinheads) and weaker among groups that compete for members (political parties) or customers (commercial enterprises). The network is relatively isolated from both mainstream conservatives and other extremist groups. Christian Identity theology appears ineffective as a unifying creed of the movement, while Nazi sympathies are pervasive. Recruitment is facilitated by links between youth and adult organizations and by the propaganda efforts of more covertly racist groups. Links connect groups in many countries, suggesting the potential of the Internet to facilitate a whitesupremacist “cyber-community” that transcends regional and national boundaries.

The influence of multiple slip systems on the brittle–ductile transition in silicon

Abstract The brittle–ductile transition results from the competition between cleavage fracture and dislocation activities at or near the crack tip. In the present paper a 2-dimensional dynamic dislocation simulation is performed. The material properties used in the simulation are those of single crystalline silicon. Dislocations are assumed to emit from an atomically sharp cleavage crack along different symmetrically placed slip systems. Individual dislocations move away from the crack tip following an Arrhenius law driven by the net resolved shear stress. The dislocations shield the crack tip from the increasing far field stress intensity. Brittle fracture occurs when the crack tip stress intensity reaches the intrinsic fracture toughness. Ductile failure is assumed to occur if the far field stress intensity reaches a critical value significantly higher than the intrinsic toughness. The study focuses on the influence of interaction forces between dislocations in different slip systems. With all interactions fully accounted for, the simulations show that the activation of multiple slip systems results in a sharp transition whereas the activation of a single symmetric pair results in a gradual transition.

The Isis Crises and the Coming of Age of the History of Science Society

ANYONE WHO EXAMINES THE DEVELOPMENT of the History of Science Society I (HSS) will note a sharp cleavage between its activities and institutional structure in the years before and after World War II. In part this was caused by the postwar growth of the history of science as an academic discipline that eventually required an infrastructure adapted to the new professional needs. But the precipitating factor that completely altered the character of the HSS was the response to a series of problems that arose in relation to the publication of Isis. In this presentation I shall deal, first of all, with these problems of publishing Isis and then turn to the growth of the profession of History of Science and the constantly expanding role of the HSS.

Rating Threat Mitigators: Faith in Experts, Governments, and Individuals Themselves to Create a Safer World

This research explores public judgments about the threat‐reducing potential of experts, individual behavior, and government spending. The data are responses of a national sample of 1225 to mail surveys that include measures of several dimensions of public judgments about violent crime, automobile accidents, hazardous chemical waste, air pollution, water pollution, global warming, AIDS, heart disease, and cancer. Beliefs about who can best mitigate threats are specific to classes of threats. In general, there is little faith that experts can do much about violent crime and automobile accidents, moderate faith in their ability to address problems of global warming, and greater expectations for expert solutions to the remaining threats. People judge individual behavior as effective in reducing the threats of violent crime, AIDS, heart disease, and automobile accidents but less so for the remaining threats. Faith in more government spending is highest for AIDS and the other two health items, lowest for the trio of violent crime, automobile accidents, and global warming, and moderate for the remaining threats. For most threats, people are not distributed at the extremes in judging mitigators. Strong attitudinal and demographic cleavages are also lacking, although some interesting relationships occur. This relative lack of sharp cleavages and the generally moderate opinion indicate ample opportunity for public education and risk communication.

Rating threat mitigators: faith in experts, governments, and individuals themselves to create a safer world.

This research explores public judgments about the threat-reducing potential of experts, individual behavior, and government spending. The data are responses of a national sample of 1225 to mail surveys that include measures of several dimensions of public judgments about violent crime, automobile accidents, hazardous chemical waste, air pollution, water pollution, global warming, AIDS, heart disease, and cancer. Beliefs about who can best mitigate threats are specific to classes of threats. In general, there is little faith that experts can do much about violent crime and automobile accidents, moderate faith in their ability to address problems of global warming, and greater expectations for expert solutions to the remaining threats. People judge individual behavior as effective in reducing the threats of violent crime, AIDS, heart disease, and automobile accidents but less so for the remaining threats. Faith in more government spending is highest for AIDS and the other two health items, lowest for the trio of violent crime, automobile accidents, and global warming, and moderate for the remaining threats. For most threats, people are not distributed at the extremes in judging mitigators. Strong attitudinal and demographic cleavages are also lacking, although some interesting relationships occur. This relative lack of sharp cleavages and the generally moderate opinion indicate ample opportunity for public education and risk communication.

Waldo on Wilson

Waldo on Wilson

The Military and Foreign Policy in Burma and Indonesia

Research Article| March 01 1982 The Military and Foreign Policy in Burma and Indonesia Josef Silverstein Josef Silverstein Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1953) 22 (3): 278–291. https://doi.org/10.2307/2644030 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Josef Silverstein; The Military and Foreign Policy in Burma and Indonesia. Far Eastern Survey 25 February 1953; 22 (3): 278–291. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2644030 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAsian Survey Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1982 The Regents of the University of California Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Segregation-induced embrittlement of grain boundaries

Abstract Conditions are discussed under which an interface, possibly containing an adsorbed species, is capable of sustaining an atomistically sharp cleavage crack, rather than having any such crack blunt out via dislocation nucleation. Two models for ductile versus brittle interface response are discussed. One of these is applied to model grain boundaries in face-centred-cubic materials, and is used to compare predictions with experimental observations on the embrittlement of Cu polycrystals by the addition of dilute concentrations of Bi. The results are in qualitative agreement.

The Question of a United Ireland: Perspectives of the Irish Political Elite*

p OLITICAL leaders in countries with sharp ethnic, religious, or linguistic cleavages have no doubt often wished that some miracle would suddenly transform those societies into homogeneous entities. But at least one country exists in which virtually all political leaders would exchange safe homogeneity for uncertain diversity. That co-untry is the Republic of Ireland. For fifty-five years its leaders have advocated 'rejoining' what is now the 26-county Republic of Ireland with the sixcounty Northern Ireland area which has remained part of the United Kingdom. This paper focuses on the problems in Northern Ireland from the perspective of the Republic of Ireland. Specifically, it examines the perceptions of members of the political elite of the Republic with regard to the North. The questions that are relevant concern the views of the political elite about the likelihood of achieving a united Ireland, the factors that might impede or facilitate such an occurrence, and what form(s) a united Ireland might take. The analysis is based upon interviews that were conducted during the academic year 1968-69 and in March and December, 1975.' The Republic of Ireland is one of the most homogeneous countries in the wo-rld. Its population is 96 per cent Roman Catholic of whom the vast majority are active communicants.2 This widespread adherence to Roman Catholicism is stroiigly reflected in the social, cultural, and political life of the country and is reinforced by the particular mix of

Ductile versus brittle behaviour of crystals

Abstract A necessary criterion for brittle fracture in crystals is established, in terms of the spontaneous emission of dislocations from an atomically sharp cleavage crack. We have calculated the stability of a sharp crack against emission of a blunting dislocation for a number of crystals and crystal types in two dimensions and the energy to form a stable loop of dislocation from the crack tip in three dimensions. We find that contrary to previous expectations, an atomically sharp cleavage crack is stable in a wide range of crystal types, but that in the face centred cubic metals investigated, blunting reactions occur spontaneously. Of the body centred metals investigated, iron is an intermediate case between the brittle and ductile cases, and the ionic and covalent crystals investigated are all stable against dislocation emission. Qualitatively, we find that crystals whose dislocations have wide cores, and small values of the parameter μb/γ (μb/γ⋦7·5 to 10) are ductile while crystals with narrow cores and large values of μb/r are brittle.

The Attitudes of Friendly Societies towards the Movement in Great Britain for State Pensions, 1878—1908

The last three decades of the nineteenth century were marked in British social history by a vigorous and far-reaching debate about the causes and incidence of poverty amongst the elderly. By the early 1890s this controversy had produced a sharp cleavage of opinion between those commentators who held that old-age pauperism was largely a product of character defects and those who attributed it to certain social and economic ills which the individual, acting alone, could never hope to remedy. Social thinkers who subscribed to this latter view – the loosely labelled collectivist school of thought – were not content, however, merely with the work of analysis; they were equally anxious to find a panacea for one of the main social problems of the day. In the end the solution they most widely canvassed was the introduction of an old age pensions scheme in which the state would have a vital rle to play. But perhaps of more significance for the development of social services in Great Britain, three of the leading advocates of state intervention endeavoured, in their own distinctive styles, to translate this general declaration of intent into detailed programmes of action.

An early nineteenth-century view of functional vs. organic disease.

Like the antithesis between mind and body, that between structure and function has occupied the attention of medical and biological theoreticians for a very long time. The familiar distinction of functional from organic disease is related to both antitheses. When a physician says that a patient has an organic disease he means that a morphological lesion is present. When he says that the disease is functional the matter is not quite so simple. He may mean that the patient is suffering from the effects of a disturbance of physiological or biochemical equilibrium unaccounted for by a structural alteration or unassociated with any such alteration. Or he may mean that the patient's difficulties are of psychogenic origin. Putting to one side the question of psychogenic causation and directing our attention solely to the remaining aspects of the antithesis, it is plain that we are confronted by a potentially sharp cleavage of

History as Experiment

U History and science are usually pictured as belonging to two sharply contrasting realms. History as a narrative of past events seems confined to describing unique individuals and situations as they emerge, flower, and pass away only to be succeeded by others, each different from its predecessors. Science, on the other hand, as it is ordinarily described, focuses on observing and analyzing only the abstract, general, and repeatable aspects of events and things. So physics, chemistry, and biology-to mention only three of the natural sciences-study, among other things, masses in motion, the reactions of chemical elements and their compounds, and such functions of animal and plant organisms as digestion, respiration, and reproduction. The results of such controlled observations and experiments are summed up in mathematical formulas that purport to state universal truths or tentative approximations to invariant relations between specific events, elements, or phases of the processes and objects under investigation. Newton's law of gravitation, Boyle's law of gases, and Einstein's world-shaking formula, E-Mc2, are among the best known examples of laws in the natural sciences. Many identify all of science with this concentration upon the similar and recurrent phases of events and processes in nature and society. Here is a dichotomy, a sharp cleavage between two fields of