Share Of Smokers Research Articles

TOBACCO CONSUMPTION DYNAMICS BEFORE AND AFTER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

In 2022, 2,453 residents were surveyed (men - 1137, women - 1316) aged from 15 to 86 years (average age - 43,0 ± 16,4 years). There were 58,9% city dwellers, 41,1% villagers. The GATS technique was used. The results of the 2022 survey were compared with 2019. Mathematical and statistical processing included descriptive statistics and calculation of the χ2 distribution. Over the past three years, the share of smokers has not changed (19,0% in 2022 vs 19,9% in 2019). At the same time, there were significantly more women smoking (7,4% vs 5,4%), and fewer men smoking (32,4% vs 36,7%). The number of smokers has significantly increased in the age group 65+, among women, as well as among persons aged 45-64 years. In 2022, smokers made fewer attempts to quit smoking. The number of users of electronic nicotine delivery systems increased (7.1% vs 5.4%), especially among men (9.5% vs 6.0%); a noticeable increase was observed in the 45-64 age group (2.8% vs 0.9%). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the proportion of smokers of both sexes in the older age group has increased significantly. The number of users of electronic nicotine delivery systems has increased. Many indicators of assistance to the population in quitting tobacco use and prevention of smoking among the adult population have worsened.

Smoking patterns during COVID-19: Evidence from Serbia.

INTRODUCTIONRecent research shows that in many countries, smokers who increased smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic outnumbered those who decreased it, despite higher exposure to COVID-19 severity and death. In this study, we compared changes in smoking behavior in the initial and later stages of the pandemic and factors associated with lower smoking intensity.METHODSWe conducted two survey rounds on representative samples, the first in the initial stage of the pandemic (11–19 May 2020) and the second in the latter stage (4–11 June 2021), in Serbia. Multinomial logistic regression was run to estimate associations between smokers’ characteristics and lower smoking intensity. In contrast to most studies that assess psychological factors affecting smoking in the pandemic, we focused on factual determinants of the change in smoking intensity.RESULTSThe share of smokers who claimed to smoke more increased significantly, from 22.7% in May 2020 to 35.2% in June 2021. The share of smokers who reported a decrease in smoking only slightly increased, from 11.7% to 13.3%. The persistence of the pandemic considerably increased intentions to cease smoking, from 26.3% to 40%. Higher education (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=2.11; 95% CI: 1.08–4.13), income fall (AOR=2.14; 95% CI: 1.11–4.11), occasional smoking (AOR=4.24; 95% CI: 2.26–7.96) and recovery from COVID-19 (AOR=2.38; 95% CI: 1.23–4.60) increased the odds to reduce smoking during the pandemic.CONCLUSIONSMost smokers are unaware that consuming tobacco products increases exposure to health risks related to COVID-19, but those who get coronavirus infected tend to reduce smoking. This research highlights that tobacco control policy needs to be more proactive in creating public campaigns which demonstrate the severity of COVID-19 impact on smokers’ health. Such campaigns should mainly target those groups of smokers who are less able to curb their smoking intensity.

Healthy lifestyle commitment and the workаbility index of industrial employees in the Sverdlovsk Region

Introduction. The gain in the morbidity rate and medical costs associated with the work environment and lifestyle stimulates employers to search for effective preventive measures to preserve health and longevity of workers. The study aimed to assess commitment to a healthy lifestyle (HLS) and the work ability index of employees of an industrial enterprise and to determine directions for developing effective corporate health promotion programs. Material and methods. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey of 1188 employees of a large copper smelter to assess their workability and healthy lifestyle commitment. Results. Two-thirds of the employees rated their quality of life as good; the same proportion of workers was satisfied with the psychological climate and working conditions. More than half of employees were overweight and 64.3 % of them did not adhere to a diet in an attempt to lose weight; only 34.4 % of the workers reported having regular meals in the works canteen; 51.6 % did not engage in physical training and sports, and the share of smokers in the main production workshops was 49.1 %. The average workability at the enterprise was assessed as suitable. We established an inverse relationship between chronic diseases and the workability index. A positive rating of the quality of life and working conditions correlated with satisfaction with the working conditions, the profession chosen, the quality of personal protective equipment, and the psychological climate at work. Discussion. Having a disease significantly affects the workability index, while every tenth worker has a discrepancy between the general health status and job requirements. The employees appreciate their health but fail to change their health-related behaviour, putting other life values above health and undermining it. Conclusion. Creating comfortable working conditions and motivation for a healthy lifestyle should be differentiated and aimed primarily at workers having a high risk of developing a disease and low motivation and specific behavioural patterns, depending on the initial data obtained. It is necessary to use adapted questionnaires and modern preventive, diagnostic techniques.

First wave of SARS‐COV2 in Europe: Study and typology of the 15 worst affected European countries

Since 11 March 2020 when officially declared a global pandemic, Covid‐19 (or SARS‐COV2) has turned out to be a multifaceted disease differently affecting countries and individuals. What makes certain countries more vulnerable than others has attracted the interest of scientists from various disciplines. This paper intends to compare the impact of demographic parameters, population health conditions and policy actions on prevalence and fatality levels of Covid‐19 during the first 3 months since its declaration of global pandemic. A country‐level exploratory analysis has been conducted in order to assess how demography, national health conditions and measures taken interact and condition the disease outcomes. Analysis relies on publicly available data on Covid‐19 reported cases, deaths and number of persons tested. Those data are combined with demographic parameters (sex ratio, mean age, population density and life expectancy), health data (cardiovascular death rate, diabetes prevalence, share of smokers among males and females and number of hospital beds) and information about relative national policies aiming the management of the pandemic (lockdown timing and duration). Our analysis confirms the diversity of factors and the complexity of their interaction in explaining the propagation and fatality of the disease across Europe. Our findings question some well‐established attitudes concerning the role of demographic variables and public health conditions in the spread of the disease.

Вплив законодавчих змін у сфері охорони здоров‘я щодо тютюнопаління на захворюваність та смертність від серцево-судинної патології серед населення України

Smoking is at one of the first places among the factors of lifestyle that negatively affect human health, including indicators of the respiratory, reproductive, digestive and cardiovascular systems. A relationship between smoking and morbidity, prevalence and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD), taking into account the age structure of the Ukrainian population, was a subject of the study. These diseases were selected as an indicator of the negative effects of smoking. Objective: We identified the trends in the variability of cardiovascular pathology among the population under the influence of both active and passive smoking, established the degree of relationship between these indicators and assessed «cause-effect» relationships as well. Materials and methods: The data analysis was performed on the basis of the official state statistics and own retrospective genetic monitoring data. Results: In Ukraine, since 2009, current legislation significantly restricts smoking in public places. Due to the reduction of smoking intensity, the above measures were expected to lead to a reduction in the incidence (mortality) from CVD during a long period after the enactment of legislative changes. The share of smokers in Ukraine (age 12+) for the period 2013-2016 is lower by 17.4% (t=4.6; p<0.01) than for the period 2004-2012. The share of the smokers in Ukraine (age 12+) for the period 2013-2016 is lower by 17.4% (t=4.6; p<0.01) than for the period 2004-2012. At the same time, there was a decrease in the proportion of those who smoke 1-5 or more 20 cigarettes a day. From 2009 to 2016, the incidence of CVD decreased by 23%, and the mortality rate from CVD decreased by 9%. This decrease was due both to a decrease in the number of smokers (almost by 32%) and to a decrease in cigarette sales (at least by 39%). The relationship between a decrease in the proportion of smokers in the population and a decrease in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (p<0.05) has been established. Conclusions: The enactment of the Law of Ukraine on Tobacco Control had a positive systemic effect, its impact affected the reduction of morbidity and mortality of the population of Ukraine from cardiovascular diseases, which significantly improved the demographic situation.

Comparative Characteristics of Patients with Cerebral Stroke and Myocardial Infarction in Outpatient Practice: Structure of Comorbidity, Risk Factors, Drug Treatment and Outcomes

Aim. To conduct a comparative analysis of clinical and anamnestic characteristics, risk factors, pharmacotherapy and outcomes in patients with previous stroke and myocardial infarction (MI) in outpatient practice based on data from prospective outpatient registries.Material and methods. On the basis of three outpatient clinics in Ryazan, based on the results of treatment in 2012-2013, an outpatient registry of patients who had stroke of any remoteness (REGION-AR) and an outpatient registry of patients who had previous myocardial infarction (REGATA) were created, which included, respectively, 511 patients (212 men, 41.5%) and 481 patients (247 men, 51.4%). Clinical and anamnestic characteristics, risk factors, prescribed pharmacotherapy, and its compliance with clinical guidelines were evaluated.Results. Most of the patients in the REGION-AR and REGATA registries were diagnosed with arterial hypertension (AH; 97.1% and 98.5%), coronary heart disease (СHD; 75.1% and 100%), chronic heart failure (CHF; 74.0% and 94.8%), and the proportion of atrial fibrillation (AF) cases were 20.9% and 23.3%, respectively. The share of smokers was significantly higher (23.4% vs 8.9%; p<0.0001) in the REGATA registry, and the share of people with high blood pressure at the inclusion visit (82.6% vs 67.6 %; p<0.0001) and hypercholesterolemia (63.8% vs 45.8%; p<0.0001) was higher in the REGION-AR registry. In both registries, there was a generally insufficient frequency of proper medication prescriptions, while patients in the REGION registry were statistically significantly less likely to receive mandatory prescriptions in general (44.4% vs 58.2%, p<0.0001), including antihypertensive therapy for hypertension, as well as angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in CHF, beta-blockers in CHF and MI history, statins in CHD, antiplatelet agents in CHD without AF. Over 3 years of follow-up, the degree of compliance of drug prescriptions with clinical recommendations increased both in the REGION-AR registry (from 44.4% to 58.2%) and in the REGATA registry (from 58.2% to 62.9%). For 36 months of prospective observation in the REGION-AR registry, as compared to the REGATA registry, there was a higher mortality rate (22.1% vs 17.0%; p=0.04), moreover the mortality rate among men was higher (22.2% vs 14.2%; p=0.03), and among women it did not differ significantly (22.1% and 20.0%; p=0.56).Conclusion. Outpatient registries of patients who survived after acute cerebrovascular accident and myocardial infarction were comparable in terms of the average age of patients, however, women prevailed in the REGION-AR study, and men - in the REGATA registry. In the registry of patients who had myocardial infarction, СHD, CHF, respiratory and digestive system diseases, chronic kidney disease, obesity were more often diagnosed, less often – heart defects and oncological diseases. This category of patients was more often prescribed ACE inhibitors/ARBs, beta-blockers, statins, antiplatelet agents. The proportion of compliance of prescriptions with clinical guidelines was higher in the registry of patients who underwent MI both at the stage of inclusion and during subsequent prospective observation. In both registries, an improvement in the quality of drug therapy was noted after 3 years of follow-up. Mortality from all causes over 3 years of follow-up was significantly higher in the registry of post-stroke patients compared to the registry of those with MI, and this was due to the higher mortality in men (1.6 times), but among women in the compared studies the death rate did not differ significantly.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTIMORBIDITY, DRUG TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES IN POSTSTROKE PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND WITH OR WITHOUT HISTORY OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (REGISTRY REGION DATA)

AIM . Within the framework of outpatient and hospital registers of REGION (REGIster of patients who have undergone acute cerebrovascular accident) to carry out a comparative assessment of demographic and clinical-anamnestical characteristics, medical treatment and outcomes in clinical practice in patients with a combination of undergone acute cerebrovascular accident (ACVA) and atrial fibrillation (AF) in the presence or absence of myocardial infarction (MI) in the medical history. MATERIAL AND METHODS . Outpatient registers REGION (Ryazan) and hospital register REGION (Moscow) included 1886 patients who have undergone ACVA (age 70.6 ± 12.5 years, 41.9% of men), of them 516 (27.4%) people with AF. Comparison groups included 152 (8.1%) patients with a combination of ACVA, AF and MI in medical history (ACVA + AF + MI group) and 364 (19.3%) patients with ACVA, AF without MI (ACVA + AF without MI group). The presence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), concomitant diseases, drug therapy and outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS. In the group of ACVA + AF + MI patients, compared to the ACVA + AF without MI group, the share of patients with AH (100% and 97.2%), IHD (100% and 87.1%), CHD (68.4% and 57.1%), repeated ACVA (36.9% and 23.9%), diabetes mellitus in women (39.5% and 20.4%) was statistically significantly higher. In the comparison groups, the share of smokers (13.3% and 15.5%), patients with burdened heredity of early development of CVDs (2.1% and 1.1%) and hypercholesterolemia (41.1% and 50.0%) did not differ significantly, however, in the group of ACVA + AF + MI, in comparison with the group of ACVA + AF without MI, there was a higher risk on the CHA2DS2-VASc scale (5.26 ± 1.32 and 4.09 ± 1.44; p < 0.001) and HAS-BLED scale (1.91 ± 0.76 and 1.62 ± 0.79; p < 0.01). Patients with AF of REGION register, both with and without MI, had insufficient frequency of proper medical prescriptions for CVDs (46.6% and 38.9% on average), especially prescription of anticoagulants (19.1% and 21.4%), statins in case of IHD (33.6% and 27.4%) and beta-adrenoblockers in case of CHD (39.4% and 35.6%). During the four-year period of observation, in comparison with post-stroke patients without a history of MI, the mortality rate for all causes was 1.5 times higher (56.6% and 37.6%, p = 0.0001), the incidence of non-fatal MI was higher (2.0% and 0.3%, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION. Patients with a combination of ACVA, AF and MI history are a very high risk group for adverse outcomes observed on an outpatient stage. For these patients it is very important to improve the quality of drug therapy and the effectiveness of secondary prophylaxis.

Socioeconomic determinants of Parkinson&amp;apos;s disease for developed and developing countries

We set and solved the problem of identifying socio-economic determinants of Parkinson's disease (PD) by comparing the characteristics of different countries. Econometric analysis of panel data on 117 countries for 2010-2013 showed that the nature of the impact of a number of factors depends on whether a country belongs to the set of developed or developing economies. For both groups, the incidence of Parkinson's disease increases with life expectancy and decreases with the share of smokers. In addition, for developed countries, the incidence drops with increasing per capita consumption of fish and seafood and increases with amounts of fertilizer applied to the soil per hectare of arable land. For developing countries, the share of rural populations and per capita consumption of alcohol and vegetables are significant factors, with the incidence of PD decreasing with the first factor and increases with the last two. There is also reason to believe that in developing countries, the incidence of PD increases with the level of education; this is due to a decrease in physical activity of the representatives of the professions concerned. The findings are compared with the known results based on the study of patient samples for individual countries, and allow improving them. The results of this work can be used in patient selection procedures for early diagnostics of PD and are particularly important for developing countries where evidence-based recommendations has not yet been available.

Smoking among adults in Germany.

Smoking poses a considerable health risk and is the leading cause of premature death. Germany has implemented numerous measures (such as tax increases, protection of non-smokers, and cigarette warning labels) to reduce the population's tobacco consumption. According to the GEDA 2014/15-EHIS survey, 20.8% of women and 27.0% of men aged 18 and over smoke at least occasionally. For both genders, the share of smokers is highest among the younger age groups. Among women and men with higher levels of education, smoking is far less common than among those with lower levels of education. Since 2003, the share of smokers in the adult population has decreased. Compared to other European countries, and in spite of making considerable progress in tobacco prevention policy, Germany still has great potential for improvement in many areas, such as bans on tobacco adverts and tobacco taxation.

Smoking as the main factor of preventable mortality in Serbia

The use of tobacco in Serbia has for many years been one of the most frequent risk factors affecting disease development. Although its impact is often neglected and the effects on health minimised, reviewing the existing literature and calculating the tobacco consumption impact on the mortality of the population in Serbia (using the Peto-Lopez method) show a clear link between smoking and health of the population. Serbian population is heavily burdened with the negative effects of tobacco on health, especially men. At the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century, mortality from the illness or cause of death associated with smoking was at about 17% of the total mortality. In men, it is estimated that even a quarter of the total mortality is associated with smoking. In the female population, the share of smokers is considerably lower, and consequently the mortality from this factor is lower, about 9% of the total mortality. Of all major disease groups, tumours are most affected by smoking. The share of tobaccorelated mortality in neoplasms is high and accounts for 30% (43% in men and 14% in women). In cardiovascular diseases, the impact of smoking is much smaller and about 6,000 deaths per year are associated with the use of tobacco. Since the early 1990s, the number of smoking-attributable death has been growing. Relatively, the share of men has not changed, but for 20 years of analysis the share of women has significantly increased from 5% to 9%. In all age groups, the share of smoking-related mortality has increased in the female population, especially in the 45-69 age range where mortality has been doubled. Surveys on the health of the Serbian population also confirm the trend of increasing the share of women smokers in the population, especially in the categories of young people. Men in Serbia (35-69 years of age) have the highest smoking-attributable death rate in Europe. As much as 44% of total deaths in that age are directly related to smoking. Besides Hungary, where mortality in men is also relatively high (42%), other countries have significantly lower shares. Observed at the level of the entire continent, countries of the Balkan Peninsula (and their neighbours) have the highest shares of smoking-attributable death. Women in Serbia have a moderately high share of 9% and are among the ten most vulnerable countries in Europe. The biggest difference in smoking-related mortality by gender is observed in the Pyrenees Peninsula and in the eastern and south-eastern parts of Europe. These are also the countries with the largest absolute difference in the mortality rate of men and women, thus confirming the hypothesis that tobacco smoke, as a single mortality factor, plays the most important role in establishing a different gender mortality pattern. A high percentage of smokers in the total population limits the growth of life expectancy and affects the difference in gender mortality rate. If a certain mortality factor potentially affects the life expectancy of up to three years for men in Serbia, as shown in the paper, then it is especially important to pay attention to measures of prevention and awareness of the population regarding this issue. Moreover, it is particularly important to recognise the consequences of passive smoking the youth and children are exposed to, since in Serbia there is a great deal of tolerance for smoking indoors.

The Reaction of Patients to Back Pain

Introduction. Back pain is an increasing health problem that significantly affects the feasibility of life goals of the individual. Back problems are the second most common cause of physical disability and absenteeism at work.Aim. Analysis of the most common reaction to the appearance of chronic pain in the population diagnosed with back pain syndrome.Material and Methods. The study included 187 patients diagnosed with back pain syndrome at the age from 20 to 83 years. The study was conducted in April and May 2013. A diagnostic survey method was used — the statistical analysis. The results were compared with studies nationwide that held a group of scientists under the direction of prof. J. Czapiński within the framework of the project “Social Diagnosis 2013 Conditions and Quality of Life Poles”.Results. The study showed that the average duration of back pain in the study group was 14.93±9.11 years (from 1 to 40 years). Average time elapsed since diagnosis was 8.34±6.24 years (from 1 to 25 years). 80.75% of respondents received assistance from the family doctor, 80.21% conducted X-ray, 28.34% CT and MRI of the spine 29.5%, 40.73% were diagnosed with neurological consultation. 85.56% of respondents performed work increased back pain, 80.75% preferred the systematic physical activity, 19.25% rested passively more than two hours a day or more, 56.15% did not cope with stress, 24.06% was dependent on nicotine.Conclusions. 1. Back pain occasionally prompts respondents to resort to professional help. 2. 22.9% of all households used hospital treatments, while among those diagnosed with spinal pain syndrome only 16.04% has decided on this form of therapy. 3. Back pain has prompted the majority (80.75%) of respondents to a systematic physical activity. 4. People diagnosed with spinal pain syndrome spend significantly less time on passive leisure than individuals from the general population. 5. The share of smokers in the group of patients diagnosed with spinal pain syndrome is 24.06%, which is comparable with the percentage of smokers in the general population of Poles (25.8%). (JNNN 2014;3(1):4–9)

Health Risk Factors Among the Older European Populations: Personal and Country Effects

It is now common to use the individual's self-assessed-health-status (SAHS) as a measure of health. The use of SAHS is supported by numerous studies that show that SAHS is a better predictor of mortality and morbidity than medical records. The 2011 wave of the rich Survey of Health Aging and Retirement Europe (SHARE) is used for the exploration of the full spectrum of factors behind the health-status in 16 European countries, focusing on behavioral risk factors (smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity) – both at the individual and country levels. The main findings are: (i) SAHS regressions provide clear evidence of the significant effects of the three behavioral risk factors on the individual's SAHS, beyond and above effects of health conditions and of socio-economic personal variables; (ii) the second, more innovative, finding is related to the effects of country-specific risk factors (country-level measures of smoking, obesity, and alcohol consumption) on the subjective-health of the residents, controlling for personal characteristics. Adapting the technique presented in Oswald and Wu (2010), country effects derived from the SAHS regression are examined for correlations with a set of objective country macro measures. They include: share of smokers on a daily/regular basis; alcohol consumption (per-capita liters per year); share of obese individuals in the country. It appears that country-level smoking and obesity affect negatively aggregate country SAHS, while alcohol consumption has no effect. It is therefore not only 'who you are' that affects the subjective rating of health, but also 'in which country you live': both individual and country-level risk factors affect subjective-health and the two levels of behavioral risks accumulate and reinforce the subjective-health assessment. This suggests the economic cost-effectiveness of preventive obesity and smoking treatment and seems to be at odds with the 'Easterlin Paradox' that emphasizes within country individual effects and denies cross-country effects.

P1-249 Adoption of home smoking bans after the implementation of national smoke-free legislation. Findings from the international tobacco control (ITC) Europe surveys

ObjectiveTo examine changes in prevalence and predictors of home smoking bans (HSB) among smokers in four European countries after the implementation of national smoke-free legislation.MethodsTwo waves (pre- and post-legislation) of...

The socioeconomic profile of patients treated by phlebotropic drugs in Germany.

Conservative treatment of venous disease is difficult. There is much skepticism concerning the efficacy of drugs in venous diseases. Nevertheless, in Germany, these drugs have obtained a substantial market share with a tendency to increase. The objective of this empirical study is to evaluate the socioeconomic characteristics of consumers of venous medications and to explore the demand elasticity with respect to health insurance coverage. In a first set of inquiries 12,500 households were asked from July to September 1993 if they had purchased prescribed venous medication during the past 12 months. About 10,000 households with 19,750 persons aged fifteen years and older responded; 2,080 (11%) of those persons had consumed prescribed medications against venous disease over the past twelve months. In the second part of the study a detailed questionnaire was sent to the 2,080 purchasers and to 3,000 randomly selected nonpurchasers; 1,930 (92.8%) purchasers and 2,291 (76.4%) nonpurchasers returned their questionnaire. The key findings can be summarized as follows: The percentage of women is much higher in the group of purchasers (80%) than in the group of nonpurchasers. Most of the purchasers are over fifty years old. Only one quarter of the purchasers are under fifty. One third of the purchasers are retired, and only 29% are working. In the group of nonpurchasers 56% are working and only 17% are retired. A comparison of the distribution of purchasers and nonpurchasers over income classes and education levels shows that higher income and higher education are less prevalent in the group of consumers of venous medications. Varicose veins (58%) and various leg complications (30%) and pain in the legs (30%) play a dominant role for applying venous medications. The analysis shows that pregnancy and chronic diseases are risk factors for venous disease and are more prevalent in the purchasers group. We did not, however, discover a significant difference in the share of smokers, and it is quite low in the group of purchasers (14%). Only 45% of the purchasers feel that their venous disease has a negative influence on their spare-time activities, their family life, or their work. Purchasers consult a physician on the average 3.7 times a year; 40% of the managers, merchants, and self-employed craftsmen have no physician consultation at all. Owing to the pain and trouble of some complications of venous disease, only a relatively low percentage of purchasers would react to a reduction of health insurance coverage of venous medications; 5% would stop buying these drugs and 22% would reduce consumption if they would have to pay the cost out-of-pocket.

Market Analysis of the Per Capita Consumption of Smoke Condensate and Nicotine in the Federal Republic of Germany Between 1961 – 1970/Trendanalysen zum Problem des Verbrauches an Nikotin und Rauchkondensat in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für die Jahre 1961-1970

AbstractOn the basis of numerous research results and data on the development of nicotine and condensate contents of German cigarettes, of their respective shares in the market, the smoked length of cigarettes, and of the pro capita consumption of cigarettes in the Federal Republic of Germany, an estimate has been prepared on the yearly pro capita consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine in the Federal Republic covering the years 1961-1970. The values for 1961 amount to 40.2 g of smoke condensate (crude) and to 2.04 g of nicotine. The values for 1970 are found to be only 29.4 g and 1.63 g respectively. That means that the consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine in the Federal Republic has decreased during the last ten years. The share of smokers having remained almost the same, the consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine per smoker is, as well, found to have decreased by about 27 % and 20 % respectively during the years between 1961 and 1970 despite an increased cigarette consumption.