Share Of Royalties Research Articles

Transparency in the planning for the use of mining royalties in Brazilian municipalities

This article aims to contribute to the debate on public governance and planning for the use of mining royalties revenue in Brazil. A classification methodology according to levels of transparency was proposed to evaluate the transparency of mining royalties used in Brazilian municipalities' budget planning. Four levels of transparency were defined and built in alignment with the legal framework regulations on the information that should be available in the municipal budget projections. This methodology was applied by case studies with the thirty leading Brazilian mining municipalities that received the highest transfer of mining royalties in the last five years. The analysis of this sample consisted of evaluating the Annual Budget Laws from 2019 to 2022. It was found that in most of these municipalities, the share of royalties in total revenue was greater than 30%, reaching as much as 75% in the annual budget forecast. Regarding transparency, the results show that in sixteen of the thirty municipalities, it was not possible to assess which expenses and areas of public administration the revenues from mining royalties were allocated, worth US$ 5.6 billion between 2019 and 2021. The results point out that only 38% of the municipalities in the sample meet the most basic criteria of public budget transparency, such as periodic publication of data and clarity in the presentation of information. In general, there is no tendency of compliance with the transparency criteria in the 4-year analysis, while some municipalities kept or improved their standard, others reduced their levels of transparency in budget planning, revealing a gap to be overcome for mining municipalities to comply with legal regulations.

Good news for the mdx mouse community: Improved dystrophin restoration after skipping mouse dystrophin exon 23

Good news for the mdx mouse community: Improved dystrophin restoration after skipping mouse dystrophin exon 23

Effects of Augmented Feedback on Intrinsic Motivation and Walking Speed After Stroke

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To demonstrate the additive effects of augmented feedback, virtual reality (VR), and exergaming on motivation and walking speed performance. <h3>Design</h3> Within-subjects, repeated measures design. <h3>Setting</h3> Spain Rehabilitation Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham. <h3>Participants</h3> Individuals with hemiparesis who are in the chronic phase of recovery from stroke (>6 months) whom are able to follow instructions, and walk independently without needing physical assistance for at least three minutes. <h3>Interventions</h3> Participants will be asked to walk as fast and safely as they can while on a robotic in three conditions: (1) with simple visual augmented feedback without a VR interface, (2) with a basic VR interface and (3) with a VR exergame. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> 30-seconds fast walking speed was measured on a robotic treadmill (KineAssist-MX®). Intrinsic motivation was measured after each walking condition using the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). <h3>Results</h3> In this preliminary analysis (n=4 participants; age range: 35-70 years;) participants had baseline fast walking speeds between 0.50-1.48 m/s. The change in walking speeds, with and without performance feedback, were as follows: 0.19-0.49 m/s for augmented feedback, 0.22-0.45 m/s for basic VR, and 0.16-0.42 m/s for VR exergame. IMI-Interest and Enjoyment Subscale scores ranged from: 5.9-6.9 after augmented feedback, 5.4-6.9 after basic VR, and 6.4-6.7 after VR exergame. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This preliminary report suggests that individuals' post-stroke can walk faster when they are provided with performance feedback compared to their fast walking speed without receiving any performance feedback. In terms of intrinsic motivation, no trend was observed across participants nor conditions indicating that intrinsic motivation is about the same level when walking with different types of augmented feedback. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> David Brown declares the following financial interests and personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: He is a named inventor on the intellectual property associated with the KineAssist and does receive a share of royalties for any sales of this robotic treadmill. Saleh Alhirsan and Carmen Capo-Lugo do not have any conflicts of interests to declare.

An authoritative guide to the DSM Directive

As Eleonora Rosati points out in the Preface to her new book, 2021 is a momentous year for European Union copyright law for three reasons. Firstly, it is the 30th anniversary of the first harmonizing Directive in the field of copyright and related rights, the Computer Programs Directive.1 Secondly, it is the 20th anniversary of the most significant of the 19 Directives and Regulations (if you include the E-Commerce Directive2 and the IP Enforcement Directive3) passed so far, the Information Society Directive,4 the interpretation of which continues to keep the Court of Justice of the European Union busy.5 Thirdly, it is the year in which implementation was due of the most ambitious and complex Directive since the Information Society Directive, namely, the Digital Single Market Directive.6 It is the Digital Single Market Directive that forms the subject of this book. For those who are not yet familiar with it, the Directive is divided into five Titles, supplemented by no less than 86 recitals. Title I, ‘General Provisions’, consists of Articles 1 and 2, which set out the subject-matter and scope of the Directive and various definitions. Title II, ‘Measures to Adapt Exceptions and Limitations to the Digital and Cross-Border Environment’, consists of Articles 5–7, which introduce new mandatory exceptions for text and data mining (Articles 3 and 4), digital and cross-border teaching (Article 5) and preservation of cultural heritage (Article 6). Title III, ‘Measures to Improve Licensing Practices and Ensure Wider Access to Content’, is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 (Articles 8–11) consists of provisions concerned with the use of out-of-commerce works by cultural heritage organizations, in particular through licencing by collective management organizations. Chapter 2 (Article 12) is intended to facilitate extended collective licencing. Chapter 3 (Article 13) is intended to facilitate access to audiovisual works on video-on-demand platforms and Chapter 4 (Article 14) prevents Member States from conferring related rights (as opposed to copyright where the originality criterion of author’s own intellectual creation is satisfied) upon photographs of works of visual art that are in the public domain. Title IV, ‘Measures to Achieve a Well-Functioning Marketplace for Copyright’, is divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 provides a new related right for press publishers (conceptually similar to, but differing in many details from, the UK typographical arrangement right) (Article 15) and for publishers to be able to receive a share of royalties received by authors (Article 16). Chapter 2 (Article 17) contains a complex set of provisions regulating the use of protected content by ‘online content-sharing service providers’. Chapter 3 contains a series of provisions intended to ensure that authors and performers receive fair remuneration from contracts for the exploitation of their works and performances: a requirement that authors and performers receive appropriate and proportionate remuneration (Article 18); an obligation for licencees and transferees to provide authors and performers with information concerning the exploitation of their works and performances (Article 19); a requirement that authors and performers be able to claim additional remuneration where the remuneration originally agreed turns out to be too low (Article 20); a requirement for ADR to be made available (Article 21): and a requirement that authors and performers be able to revoke licences and transfers where there is a lack of exploitation (Article 22). Title V, ‘Final Provisions’, amends some of the earlier Directives and contains some technical provisions dealing with things like application in time and transposition (Articles 24–32).

How do patent incentives affect university researchers?

Universities and other beneficiaries of public funding for scientific research are encouraged to patent resulting inventions under the Bayh–Dole Act. This controversial framework gives academic grant recipients a direct financial stake in the success of their inventions by requiring universities to share the resulting patent royalties with inventors. This incentive for grant recipients might help justify Bayh–Dole patents when the conventional justification for exclusivity—that it is necessary for commercialization—fails to hold. But there is little evidence as to whether it works.This article examines how one aspect of the patent incentive—the prospect of royalties—affects the behavior of university researchers. Fortuitously, different schools offer inventors different shares of patent revenue. We have created a dataset of royalty-sharing policies from 152 universities, which shows substantial variation across universities and time. (For example, Caltech switched from sharing 15 %–25 % of net income in 1994, the University of Washington switched from sharing 100 % of initial revenues to a flat rate of 33 % in 2004, and the University of Iowa switched from 25 % to 100 % of initial patent revenues in 2005.) Although prior work has reported that higher inventor royalties lead to more university licensing income, we show that this result was driven by coding errors. We also extend prior work by examining more years, doing a more convincing panel data analysis, using additional outcome variables, and looking at lateral moves by the most active patenters. In all of these analyses we find no compelling empirical evidence that increasing university inventors’ royalty share has a significant effect on any of the outcomes one would expect to be most affected.These results do not imply that patents provide no incentives to university researchers. They may provide reputational benefits or encourage faculty-run spin-offs, or even provide financial incentives that are not captured by our statistics. But the lack of a measurable impact of higher royalty shares on patenting activity suggests that, from a social welfare perspective, it may be preferable for a larger share of royalties to be retained by universities, which are then required by Bayh–Dole to reinvest this money in science research and education. In any event, our analysis raises promising questions for future research and calls into question the existing view that increasing the inventor’s share in university patent policies encourages researchers to develop and commercialize more remunerative patents.

Trends and Issues of ‘Other Income’ Tax Administration in Ethiopia: A Case for ERCA West Addis Ababa Branch

The main objective of this study was to examine schedule ‘D’ income known as ‘other income’ tax administration trends and issues in Ethiopia at ERCA West Addis Ababa Medium Taxpayers Branch. To achieve this objective both primary and secondary data were employed and descriptive research design was used. The major findings of the study indicated that the branch office plans and collections of taxes levied on other income was limited to income from dividends, winnings of game, capital gain on share of stock, royalties, and interest on deposit among others. Besides most of these taxes collection by the branch office went down and declining throughout the recent three years. Less efforts made by the branch office in providing information technology, law enforcement, imposing penalties, developing organized data handling system, and awareness creation accompanied with non-compliance and tax evasion of the taxpayers were the main causes for other income tax administration inefficiency. The study also revealed that low compliance level of other income taxpayers couldn’t arises from the taxpayers’ knowledge gap rather it could be raised from the low tax moral and attitude of taxpayers towards paying tax. Keywords: Ethiopia, other/schedule ‘D’ income, tax administration DOI : 10.7176/DCS/9-7-02 Publication date :July 31 st 2019

Stakeholder Participation and Advocacy Coalitions for Making Sustainable Fiji Mineral Royalty Policy

The Fiji government perceived mining as a means to accelerate economic growth because of its potential to generate great wealth for the Fijian economy. However, the environmental and social impacts associated with mining is of great concern. Mining activities have caused immense environmental degradations that affect livelihoods. One way to recompense these mining impacts is to provide a source of income to the landowners that can substitute the providence of natural resources that were damaged or completely taken away by mining activities. From the current revenue earned from mining, only land leases have been paid out to landowners and no royalty payments as yet, because there are no specific guidelines to determine the distributions. These have brought about the great need to determine the fair share of mineral royalties between the Fiji Government and the landowners in Fiji. This paper will therefore explicate the formation of coalitions based on similarities in policy beliefs, the various strategies undertaken to interact and network with each coalition in efforts to advocate core policy beliefs to obtain government’s attention for the formulation of Fiji’s Mineral Royalty Policy, based on the analytical lenses of Advocacy Coalition Framework and Issue Network Theory, at both the problem definition and agenda setting stages. Moreover, this paper also investigates the impacts of political instability in formulating Fiji’s first ever Mineral Royalty Policy.

Study of AUTO3, the First Bicistronic Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Targeting CD19 and CD22, Followed By Anti-PD1 Consolidation in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory (r/r) Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL): Alexander Study

Introduction CAR T-cell therapies directed against CD19 have shown significant activity in patients with r/r DLBCL; however, a significant number of patients relapse due to target antigen loss or upregulation of PDL1. In this study, we evaluate the safety and efficacy of AUTO3, a CAR T-cell therapy designed to target CD19 and CD22 simultaneously in order to reduce the likelihood of relapse due to antigen loss, followed by 3 doses of anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody pembrolizumab (pembro) consolidation treatment. Methods & Patients We constructed a novel bicistronic retroviral vector encoding both an anti-CD19 CAR and an anti-CD22 CAR. Antigen binding domains were humanized and both CARs are in "2nd generation" format (incorporating an OX40 co-stimulatory domain for the CD19 CAR and a 41BB for the CD22 CAR). The performance of the CD22 CAR was optimized by incorporating a novel pentameric spacer. The cell product was manufactured on a semi-automated and closed process using CliniMACS® Prodigy (Miltenyi Biotec). Patients (≥18 years) with r/r DLBCL not otherwise specified (NOS) or transformed from indolent histology; have chemorefractory disease or relapse after at least 2 prior therapies or autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT); Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status All patients receive lymphodepletion with 30 mg/m 2 /day fludarabine and 300 mg/m 2 /day cyclophosphamide for 3 days prior to AUTO3 infusion. Three dose levels are being explored (50 x 10e6; 150 x 10e6, and 300 x 10e6 transduced CAR T cells). The first 3 patients in lowest dose cohort receive AUTO3 alone; subsequently, all patients receive AUTO3 followed by 3 doses of pembro 200 mg given every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint of Phase I is frequency of dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and grade (Gr) 3‒5 toxicity; key efficacy endpoints include overall response rate (ORR) based on Lugano classification, duration of response, and overall survival, as well as biomarker endpoints such as the level of AUTO3 cells in blood and duration of B-cell aplasia. Results As of the data cut-off date (July 20, 2018), 6 patients have been enrolled and dosed on study: 3 with AUTO3 alone and 2 with AUTO3 followed by pembro (1 patient is awaiting pembro dosing). All patients had product successfully manufactured and received 50 x 10e6 cells. The transduction efficiency was 17% (range 16‒29%). Median age was 35 years (range 28‒60), median prior lines of treatment was 3 (range 2‒4), 1 patient (17%) had prior ASCT, 4 patients (67%) had chemorefractory disease. Four patients had DLBCL NOS at initial diagnosis; 2 patients had transformed DLBCL from marginal zone and follicular lymphoma, respectively. Five patients had a minimum of 4 weeks9 follow up and were evaluable for safety and efficacy analysis. No AUTO3-related deaths and no DLTs were observed. The most common Gr ≥3 adverse events were neutropenia in 5 patients (100%), platelet count decreased in 2 patients (40%), and hypophosphatemia in 2 patients (40%). One patient (20%) experienced Gr 1 cytokine release syndrome (CRS); no Gr 2 or higher CRS was observed. One patient (20%) who received AUTO3 alone had Gr 3 neurotoxicity that fully recovered. No immune adverse events related to pembro were observed and no patients required ICU admission. Four of the 5 patients had a response with ORR of 80% (95% CI 28.4‒99.5%). Two patients had a CR (40%; 95% CI 5.3‒85.3%) and continue to be in CR at the time of data cut off, with longest follow up of 3 months. CAR T-cell expansion was seen consistently in all patients. Conclusions This first study of simultaneously targeting CD19 and CD22 with a novel bicistronic CAR, AUTO3, demonstrates a manageable safety profile in combination with pembro. Early efficacy, even at the lowest dose of 50 x 10e6 cells, is promising with an ORR of 80% and 2 patients attaining a CR. The ALEXANDER study continues to enroll patients with AUTO3 followed by pembro. Updated follow up and additional patient data at higher dose levels, as well as cellular kinetics, relevant product characteristics, and biomarkers, will be presented. Disclosures Ardeshna: Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria. Osborne: Novartis: Other: Travel to conference; Pfizer: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; MSD: Consultancy; Servier: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy. Al-Hajj: Autolus Ltd: Equity Ownership; Autolus Ltd: Employment. Thomas: Autolus Ltd: Employment, Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. Faulkner: Autolus Ltd: Employment, Equity Ownership; GlaxoSmithKline: Equity Ownership. Pule: Autolus Ltd: Employment, Equity Ownership, Other: Salary contribution paid for by Autolus, Research Funding; University College London: Patents & Royalties: Patent with rights to Royalty share through UCL. Peddareddigari: Autolus Therapeutics plc: Employment; Autolus Therapeutics plc: Patents & Royalties; Autolus Therapeutics plc: Equity Ownership. Khokhar: Autolus Ltd: Employment; Autolus Ltd: Equity Ownership.

Simultaneous Targeting of CD19 and CD22: Phase I Study of AUTO3, a Bicistronic Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy, in Pediatric Patients with Relapsed/Refractory B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (r/r B-ALL): Amelia Study

Simultaneous Targeting of CD19 and CD22: Phase I Study of AUTO3, a Bicistronic Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy, in Pediatric Patients with Relapsed/Refractory B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (r/r B-ALL): Amelia Study

Structure Guided Engineering of Highly Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptors for the Treatment of T Cell Lymphomas

IntroductionMature T cell lymphomas are aggressive, treatment resistant cancers that are associated with poor prognosis. Clinical application of immunotherapeutic approaches has been limited by a lack of target antigens that discriminate malignant from healthy T cells. Unlike B cell depletion, pan-T cell aplasia is prohibitively toxic. Previously we reported a targeting strategy based on the mutually exclusive expression of T cell receptor beta-chain constant domains 1 and 2 (TRBC1 and TRBC2). We identified an antibody with unique TRBC1 specificity and demonstrated that anti TRBC1 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells can ablate cells expressing TRBC1 TCRs while sparing those expressing TRBC2 TCRs. A phase I clinical study investigating the efficacy of our TRBC1 CAR is ongoing.T cell malignancies are clonal, and the ratio of TRBC2 to TRBC1 expressing lymphoma cases is predicted to be approximately 2:1. To treat all cases of T cell lymphoma, a CAR that targets TRBC2 is needed. TRBC1 and 2 are highly homologous. Structural studies suggest that amino acid inversions at positions 4 and 5 of the constant beta chain provide an accessible discriminating portion between the two proteins.Given the structural similarities between TRBC1 and TRBC2 and our characterized binder against TRBC1, we explored generating antibodies with specificity towards TRBC2 via a structure guided computational biology approach; engineering the previously identified TRBC1 antibody and reversing its specificity such that it recognised TRBC2.ResultsThe crystal structure of the TRBC1 specific monoclonal antibody was solved in complex with a TRBC1-TCR to 2.4Å, Figure 1. Through computational biology and protein engineering we rationally designed a mutant version of TRBC1 binder that was specific for TRBC2 and had a 1000 fold decreased affinity towards TRBC1. Flow cytometry analysis of the TRBC2 specific antibody demonstrated the ability to bind to T-cells expressing TRBC2 TCRs. We further showed that the engineered antibody retained favourable biophysical characteristics with high stability (Fab Tm > 65oC) and low aggregation propensity (>99% monomer).We used the engineered monoclonal antibody to generate a 2nd generation anti-TRBC2 CAR. We demonstrated that our anti-TRBC2 CAR showed specificity, cytokine release and cytotoxicity in 72hr co-cultures against TRBC2+ cell lines but not TRBC1+ cell lines or cell lines that did not express TCR on the surface. Anti-TRBC2 CAR T-cells also demonstrated proliferative capacity in long-term co-culture assays.ConclusionsWe have utilised structural biology and rational protein design to generate CAR-T cells capable of specifically targeting TRBC2. The combination of TRBC1 and 2 targeting CAR-T cell products with a patient stratification companion diagnostic assay offers a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of a wide range of, otherwise untreatable, T-cell lymphomas.Figure 1. A. Structural interface between TCR Beta and Fab fragment of TRBC1 specific antibody. B and C. CDR fold of TRBC1 binder and 90o rotation. [Display omitted] DisclosuresOnuoha:Autolus Ltd: Employment, Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. Ferrari:Autolus Ltd: Employment, Equity Ownership. Bulek:Autolus Ltd: Employment, Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. Bughda:Autolus Ltd: Employment, Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. Manzoor:Autolus Ltd: Employment, Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. Srivastava:Autolus Ltd: Employment, Equity Ownership. Ma:Autolus Ltd: Employment. Karattil:Autolus Ltd: Employment, Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. Kinna:Autolus Ltd: Employment, Equity Ownership. Thomas:Autolus Ltd: Employment, Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. Cordoba:Autolus Ltd: Employment; Autolus Ltd: Patents & Royalties; Autolus Ltd: Equity Ownership. Maciocia:Autolus: Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties: UCLB. Pule:Autolus Ltd: Employment, Equity Ownership, Other: Salary contribution paid for by Autolus, Research Funding; University College London: Patents & Royalties: Patent with rights to Royalty share through UCL.

1177P - Undiscovered immune heterogeneity in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC)

Background: Our group previously identified three subtypes of human PDAC based on gene expression (PDAassigner, classical, quasi-mesenchymal (QM) and exocrine-like subtypes). Recently Bailey et al. published four subtypes that were concordant with our three subtypes except that their immunogenic subtype (enriched for immune genes) is a sub-subtype of the classical subtype. Here we applied our published prognostic/predictive colorectal cancer gene expression subtype classifier (CRCassigner) to PDAC patient samples to establish if these subtypes existed in PDAC and if they could be used to further refine our original PDAC subtypes. Methods: CRCassigner signatures were used to classify 123 PDAC patient samples. Comparisons between different subtype classifications were performed using hypergeometric test. Patient survival analysis were performed using Kaplan-Meier plots and log-rank test. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) on RNAseq expression profiles. Results: We confirmed the existence of the five CRCassigner subtypes – enterocyte, goblet-like, inflammatory, stem-like and transit-amplifying (TA) - in PDAC. These subtypes were found to be sub-groups of original three PDAssigner subtypes. By combining our subtype classification with Bailey et al.’s we classified PDAC into six sub-subgroups of three published subtypes – classical (pancreatic progenitors and immunogenic); QM/squamous (stem-like and inflammatory) and exocrine-like/ADEX (TA and enterocyte). Interestingly, we observed differences in the distribution of immune cells between Bailey’s immunogenic and our inflammatory subtypes. We noted a significant increase in the expression of most of the immune regulatory genes in the inflammatory (n = 7) subtype compared to the immunogenic subtype (n = 13). Conclusions: This study further refines our published PDAC subtypes. The data reveals a new subgroups with a different immune and stromal profiles associated with different overall survival in this small data set. Further validation of these results is warranted to determine if subtype classifier can stratify patient samples for treatment with immunotherapy or immunotherapy combinations in PDAC. Legal entity responsible for the study: The Institute of Cancer Research Funding: National institute for health research Disclosure: A. Scarpa: Associazione Italiana Ricerca Cancro (grant. 12182) Fondazione Italiana Malattie Pancreas – Ministero Salute (CUP_J33G13000210001) European Community Grant FP7 Cam-Pac Cam-Pac, Grant agreement no: 602783 A. Sadanandam: Entitled to a share of royalties received by the licensor for a patent patent number PCT/IB2013/060416. Received research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb for pancreatic cancer. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Robert Le Rossignol, 1884–1976: Engineer of the ‘Haber’ process

In March 1908, the BASF at Ludwigshafen provided financial support to Fritz Haber in his attempt to synthesize ammonia from the elements. The process that now famously bears his name was demonstrated to BASF in July 1909. However, its engineer was Haber's private assistant, Robert Le Rossignol, a young British chemist from the Channel Islands with whom Haber made a generous financial arrangement regarding subsequent royalties. Le Rossignol left Haber in August 1909 as BASF began the industrialization of their process, taking a consultancy at the Osram works in Berlin. He was interned briefly during World War I before being released to resume his occupation. His position eventually led to His Majesty's Government formulating a national policy regarding released British internees in Germany. After the war Le Rossignol spent his professional life at the GEC laboratories in the UK, first making fundamental contributions to the development of high-power radio transmitting valves, then later developing smaller valves used as mobile power sources in the airborne radars of World War II. Through his share of Haber's royalties, Le Rossignol became wealthy. In retirement, he and his wife gave their money away to charitable causes.

Book review of "The Fountain of Knowledge: The Role of Universities in Economic Development"

Breznitz, Shiri M. (2014). The Fountain of Knowledge: The Role of Universities in Economic Development. Stanford: Stanford Press. Pages: 197. Price: $60.00 USD (cloth).The fountains of as a phrase was first used by John Locke in Essay Concerning Human Understanding, published in 1690, to describe how knowledge is founded, i.e., that all the ideas we have spring from either our observations about sensible objects or our internal reflections. Professor Breznitz's book examines the more restricted topic of the commercialization of biotechnology research at Yale and Cambridge Universities. An accurate title would be University technology transfer: Two case studies in the USA and the The primary audience for this book is that of technology transfer officers and university administrators in the biosciences. Breznitz, an economic geographer, collected data from interviews, documents and reports, on the regional economy, the and companies, with a total of 69 in depth interviews in Cambridgeshire and 46 in New Haven, Connecticut, between 2003 and 2008 with updates in 2013.The book begins with an examination of the traditional roles of universities as research and teaching with an acknowledged pressure on modern universities to pay back the as a third role. The higher education literature [see Donald (1997), Improving the environment for learning] cites a continuum of five roles of the university in interaction with the community, from universal to local: as an intellectual or nerve center of a learning society, as a center for research and technological advance, as a critic of society, as a guide to society for the betterment of human kind, and in the education of students to meet the job requirements of society. In her Tale of two renowned universities, Cambridge ranking third and Yale ranking tenth in the Times Higher Education World rankings for 2013, Breznitz notes the mission of Cambridge to contribute to society at the highest international levels of excellence. She also notes its noncontrolling policy toward commercial exploitation of academic know-how and links with industry generally. Yale is introduced as having a historical culture of non-involvement with the community in general and with industry in particular in the early 1990s.The research literature on technology transfer in Chapter 2 is divided into external and internal factors. Most notable among the external factors is government legislation that ranges from the intended missions and funding of universities to intellectual property policies and tax incentives provided by governments. Environmental factors describe relationships between institutions on national and regional levels. Internal factors include culture, policy and organization. Within the university culture, Clark's (1998) concept of instrumental interactivism, the interaction of all elements and policies in the university, is introduced as key to the transformation of a university. A significant policy issue is the share of royalties allocated to inventors. A higher percentage of royalties to faculty members tends to increase the number of inventions licensed to existing companies, but to decrease the number of university spin-outs. The higher the inventor's royalty share, the lower the incentive to spin out a company. In the two case studies, Cambridge provides a higher share to inventors, while Yale provides a lower share, which promotes the creation of spin-out companies. The third set of internal factors are concerned with the organization of technology transfer offices: personnel, business experience and past success. Breznitz states that the technology transfer office is the university resource with the strongest impact on the creation of spin-out companies.Most salient in the historical and national frameworks of the two countries described in Chapter 3 is the early emphasis on conducting applied research in the land grant universities as stipulated in the US federal government's Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890, and the contrasting late entry of government funding for research after the second world war in the UK. …

Developing a new treatment device: How to get an idea to the marketplace

A good idea does not inevitably lead to successful innovation; it needs additional "drivers" and coherent activity of a specialized team. The initial idea needs proof-of-concept and prototype testing. Alongside, market review must anticipate future need and competitors, and ensure that no current patents are infringed. The likelihood that reimbursement will be secured and that health systems will "adopt" the device has to be considered. Intellectual property (IP) protection is needed to maintain sole rights to exploit the core concept. Non-disclosure agreements (NDA) should be put in place, and commercial considerations should be remembered before any disclosure in the public domain, including publications. Prospective business partners will review the concept from many perspectives, including stage of device development, effective IP protection, any clinical trial evidence, and whether the device aligns with their business strategy. Royalties arising from sales of a marketed device are distributed to all parties contributing to its development; the party bearing the greater financial burden of developing the final product will gain the greater share of royalties. The innovator's employer will have a call on proceeds if the idea arose in the course of employment. All stages of development require fastidious documentation to meet requirements of the regulatory authorities responsible for permitting use in patients. Specific regulatory requirements depend on which region(s) of the world the device will be marketed in. This review explains all stages of the innovation pathway from concept to adoption, giving practical advice and signposting expertise relevant to each stage.

The Impact of Technology Transfer Office Characteristics on University Invention Disclosure

The authors examine faculty disclosure of inventions, which is an important precursor of university licensing. The authors hypothesize that invention disclosure (ID) is an increasing function of R&D expenditures, faculty size, faculty quality, royalty share, and technology transfer office (TTO) independence from university funding. The authors also argue that, because TTO size is a measure of TTO agent research expertise, large TTOs should be able to build stronger relationships with a broader range of faculty, which should attract more faculties to disclose inventions. In addition, the creation of such strong TTO-faculty relationships requires tacit knowledge of faculty skills, interests, and motivations, and the acquisition of this knowledge takes time. Thus, TTO age should also positively influence ID. Analysis of data from 123 TTOs indicates that the number of IDs is positively related with federal R&D expenditures and TTO size, and negatively related with TTO funding independence. In contrast, faculty size, royalty share to inventors, and TTO age are positively and significantly correlated with the number of IDs only among universities with small TTOs, while faculty quality is positively and significantly correlated with the number of IDs only among universities with large TTOs.

&lt;i&gt;The Opera Singer and the Silent Film&lt;/i&gt;, and: &lt;i&gt;Carmen on Film: A Cultural History&lt;/i&gt; (review)

Reviewed by: The Opera Singer and the Silent Film, and: Carmen on Film: A Cultural History Richard Fawkes (bio) Paul Fryer, The Opera Singer and the Silent Film (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. Inc., 2005), 312pp. Phil Powrie, Bruce Babington, Ann Davies and Chris Perriam, Carmen on Film: A Cultural History (Indiana University Press, 2007), 320pp. In 1915 the young film producer Jesse Lasky went to see Geraldine Farrar backstage at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, after a performance of Madame Butterfly, to try and sign her up for a film version of Carmen. Farrar was intrigued by the thought that her performance (for which she would not have to sing as films were at that time silent) would be immortalised on film and be seen by thousands more than would ever be able to see her in an opera house. The money Lasky was offering – $2 a day whether shooting or not, plus a share of royalties and profits (she actually settled for a flat fee of $20,000) – was further temptation, and Farrar duly signed a three-picture deal, all three to be directed by Lasky’s young house director, Cecil B. DeMille. A silent operatic film? It sounds strange, but Lasky and his partner Sam Goldfish (who later changed his name to Goldwyn) had an ulterior motive. The fledgling film industry was still looking to Broadway, the stage and vaudeville for its actors, but the star names were having nothing to do with an art form that was considered, at best, vulgar. To keep ahead of their rivals, Lasky and Goldfish needed someone of stature to demonstrate that the ‘flickers’, as they were known, were respectable: they needed a star like Geraldine Farrar. Lasky’s hunch paid off. Farrar became a huge box-office draw and went on to appear in a further thirteen movies, none of them remotely operatic. She had become one of the first great stars of the silent screen. Farrar’s appearance in Carmen was neither the first nor the only connection between the world of grand opera and the movies. Italian soprano Lina Cavalieri, for example, publicised as the most beautiful woman in the world, had appeared the previous year in Manon Lescaut opposite her husband, the French tenor Lucien Muratore. It is this relationship between opera singers and the silent screen that Paul Fryer charts in his extremely thorough and readable book. ‘The simple fact,’ he writes, ‘that more than seventy operas appeared in silent [End Page 261] film versions by 1915 is one of those curious truths that have passed most of us by’. He is right about people being in ignorance, but has, I believe, underestimated the number of silent operatic films made at this time – not of complete performances of opera but of arias or scenes lasting no more than fifteen minutes, the length of a reel. There were well over a hundred even by 1909. So what was this strange attraction, this desire to marry two totally different and apparently incompatible art forms? There can be no doubt that Lasky was correct: opera singers appearing in films did add a certain class. Equally, and this lies at the heart of Fryer’s exposition: opera singers played a significant, and to date unsung, role in the development of the cinema. Inventors from Edison onwards had been striving to put sound to pictures, and if they wanted a test piece, what better to choose than an aria of which there was already a recording available? It made economic sense. Fryer is not content just to chronicle the story of those singers who swapped the stage for the studio. Rather, he spends four chapters dealing with the background, first concerning the way the media deals with opera stars from Caruso to Domingo, then looking at the effect caused generally by the arrival of cinema, and at the way the film camera changes stage performance. It is central to his hypothesis, and a very important point, that whatever the problems of synchronising lip movement with sound, the appearance of opera stars in films often gives us our only record of their acting skills. The expression ‘silent films’, as Fryer reminds us...

Elevated O‐GlcNAc Cycling on FOXO1A Mediates Inappropriate Hepatic Gluconeogenesis

Hepatic gluconeogenesis, which is normally suppressed by insulin, is abnormally activated in diabetes. The transcription factor FOXO1A controls expression of the gluconeogenic enzymes, PEPCK and Glucose-6-Phosphatase. Insulin signaling results in the nuclear exclusion of FOXO1A but post-translational regulation of transactivation within the nucleus also occurs. Dynamic Modification of proteins by O-GlcNAc serves as a nutrient and stress sensor and is often competitive with phosphorylation. Anti-O-GlcNAc antibodies and lectin studies have shown that FOXO1A is O-GlcNAcylated. Increased flux into the UDP-GlcNAc (donor for O-GlcNAcylation) synthesis pathway increases FOXO1A transcriptional activity in an O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) dependent manner. Hyperglycemia increases O-GlcNAcylation of FOXO1A in heptaoma cells and this increase is reversed by insulin. We conclude that hyperglycemia increases the O-GlcNAc modification of FOXO1A resulting in paradoxically elevated hepatic gluconeogenesis, further exacerbating glucose toxicity in diabetes. Supported by NIH DK61671 and HD13563. GWH receives a share of royalties on univ. sales of CTD110.6 antibody. Arrangement managed by JHU conflict of interest policies.

Risk Shifting Performance of Royalty Contracts; Airbus' Launch Aid is Better Still than Equity

The simple cash flow definition of profit, i.e. the pass-through dividend payout policy, is a standard workhorse of economic analysis. Nevertheless it is well established that firms smooth their dividend payouts and generally resort to dividend cuts only as a last resort. Thus far these empirically observed Lintner-style smoothed dividend equity shares have been omitted from analyses of risk shifting performance. This paper augments Sebenius and Stan's (1982) analysis of risk shifting performance with the empirically relevant category of smoothed dividend equity shares. Compared to the royalty vs. pass-through profit contrast, the revenue-cost covariance threshold at which it becomes risk-efficient to pay a royalty share (rather than a smoothed dividend) occurs at a lower, not necessarily positive level. This result provides further grounds for understanding the effect of royalty-based contracts throughout the economy, including European 'Launch Aid' for Airbus.

The Tax Burden on Cross-Border Investment: Company Strategies and Country Responses

We look at the tax burden on direct investment from three perspectives. The first section illustrates how the recognition of company tax planning and of the importance of intellectual property affects measures of effective tax rates. It also discusses the methodological issues that arise, such as to which subsidiary the benefits of a multicountry strategy should be attributed. The simulations emphasize the importance of the share of royalties in crossborder income, and of tax planning strategies such as the shifting of debt to high-tax locations. At the same time, evidence on actual company behavior is necessary to limit the range of possible tax avoidance strategies. Otherwise, the effective tax burden on cross-border investment would virtually disappear. Even then, the range of possible estimates is large. The simulations also show how home governments can respond to some types of tax planning by, for example, requiring that parent interest expense be allocated to foreign income. The second section supplements the hypothetical calculations by evaluating the determinants of the actual effective tax rate on overall U.S. manufacturing investment abroad. Among the various components are the location of assets, the location of debt, other forms of income shifting, the share of royalties, and home government repatriation taxes. The results are generally consistent with the simulations in the first section. Somewhat surprisingly, real assets seem more mobile than tax bases, confirming the constraints on tax avoidance. The first two sections demonstrate that it is not the more obvious features of a tax system, such as whether foreign dividends are taxed or exempt, that are important, but provisions that govern the taxation of royalties, the use of tax haven finance subsidiaries, and the allocation of parent interest expenses to foreign income. The third section introduces host government behavior to see how they tax different types of companies. As expected, they seem to favor more mobile companies and those that offer benefits to local factors such as labor. Companies that sell a large share of their output offshore receive concessions while those that import a great deal of their components are penalized, presumably because of the positive and negative impacts on country terms of trade. Subsidiaries of R&D intensive companies pay higher effective tax rates, suggesting rent extraction by the host government.

Crisis on the Periphery: The Rift Between Kuala Lumpur and Sabah

S INCE the Malaysian federal elections of October 20-21, 1990, there has been near open warfare between Malaysia's prime minister, Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, and the state government of Sabah, headed by DatukJoseph Pairin Kitingin and his Sabah Unity Party (PBS Parti Bersatu Sabah). The present exacerbation of tensions was precipitated by PBS's decision only five days before those elections to switch from being a member of the governing Barisan Nasional or National Front, and join instead the opposition coalition (Gagasan Rakyat) forged by Tengku Razaleigh and his Semangat '46 party. Even before PBS mounted this challenge to Mahathir's rule, its relations with him had been strained. Only three months earlier in the Sabah state elections of July 1990, the PBS, with its predominantly Christian Kadazan and Chinese constituency, was returned to office by a 36-12 seat margin, on a platform promising to re-negotiate federal-state relations, with the aim of restoring attributes of self-government lost to Kuala Lumpur and gaining greater administrative and economic autonomy for the state. In early October 1990, Mahathir rebuffed Sabah's Chief Minister Pairin's requests for an increased share of royalties from Sabah's oil and for establishment of a state television station and a university. ' And further, the Malaysian prime minister tried to pressure PBS not to campaign against its rival party and fellow Front member, the Malay and Muslim-based USNO (United Sabah National Organization) headed by veteran politician and former chief minister of Sabah, Datuk Tun Mustapha Harun. Mahathir urged PBS leaders instead to cooperate with the USNO in the broader interests of the National Front.2 These actions led PBS to make the fateful decision to abandon the Front in the hope that the opposition coalition would emerge