Share Of Household Expenditure Research Articles

Dietary patterns in Uganda and their influencing factors: A critical review

Improving the understanding of dietary patterns and underlying factors remains crucial in designing nutritional interventions and policy making. This review sought to provide a holistic picture of the studies covering dietary patterns in Uganda and the associated factors so as to identify gaps in existing literature and provide a basis for nutrition-sensitive interventions. A literature search for publications dating from March 2010 to 2021 was done using the terms dietary diversity, nutrient intake, food consumption and food choices in Uganda. Studies covering populations above 6 months of age, male and female, with exception of diseased populations, were screened. Because of the variability in the methodologies for assessment of dietary intake and dietary diversity, meta-analysis was not conducted. A total of 17,728 articles were found and 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. Nine of the 25 studies reported on dietary diversity indicators and their associated factors. The literature shows that diets in Uganda are mainly composed of starchy staples, especially cereals, roots, tubers and bananas, with legumes constituting the main protein source. The diets are characterized by low consumption of fruits and vegetables as well as animal protein sources. The share of food expenditure allocated to the different food groups corresponded to information on consumption for the different groups. Studies revealed that household food expenditure was higher among urban households, an observation attributable to their high reliance on food purchases to meet food requirements. The share of household expenditure on cereals and staples was reported to decrease with increasing wealth quantile and was lower among urban households. An opposite trend was reported for animal protein sources. Across the different studies, the mean dietary diversity score was above three (3). Nonetheless, intake of micronutrients and the mean dietary energy consumption (DEC) were reported to be lower than the daily recommended values. Given the lack of uniformity in the indicators across the different studies and differences in methodologies especially for dietary diversity scores, the existing research is inadequate for establishing quantitative evidence on the trends in dietary patterns and diversity, gender and age group differences in relation to dietary patterns. There is a need for high-quality, nation-wide research using validated tools and methodologies to measure dietary patterns and trends and explore the relation to gender and age groups. Key words: Food consumption, Food choices, Dietary Patterns, Uganda, Dietary diversity

Ecological situation and changes in food demand in the EU member states and selected OECD countries: Spatio-temporal analysis

The ongoing process of globalization significantly affects the level of socio-economic development of countries and the progressing economic convergence. Along with the economic development of countries, changes in the level and structure of household consumption occur as a result of getting richer. The aim of the study is to analyze the unification of demand for food in households of the EU Member States and selected OECD countries in 1995–2019, with particular emphasis on spatial relationships. The study also addresses the issue of the relationship between changes in the level and structure of consumption of households with their ecological situation. This relationship is very important due to the assumptions about the idea of sustainable consumption. In the study of the equalization of the level of expenditure on food, the approach of β-absolute convergence and β-conditional convergence were applied. In the second approach, spatio-temporal convergence models were also estimated, taking into account the similarity of food expenditure, conditioned by the geographical location of territorial units. Moreover, the similarity of the ecological situation between analyzed countries was determined, which is the basis for the creation of an additional connection matrix, used in the estimation of spatio-temporal convergence models. The spatio-temporal analysis was based on spatial autoregressive model (SAR) and spatial error model (SE). This study confirms that in the analyzed countries in period of 1995–2019, there was an equalization of the level and share of household expenditure on food, related to the unification of consumption possibilities, determined by the convergence of disposable income.

Pricing of livestock products in Indonesian modern food retailers during covid-19 pandemic

The role of modern markets is increasing in the food system in Indonesia, mainly as a result of technological and institutional advances. Indonesian households' food consumption still depends on staple food. The share of household expenditure on meat, eggs, and milk was only 12 percent. The purpose of the study was to analyze the pricing of livestock products in retail level in the modern market. The data used in this study is daily price data for beef, eggs, and chicken at wholesale and retail levels published through the National Strategic Food Price Information Center (PIHPSN) from January 2020 to December 2020. This study employed a quantitative method, through the formulation of an econometric model, and applied the 3SLS method to estimate the model. The results show that traders face an increasing price risk following the Covid-19 pandemic. The retailers enforce price stabilization at the consumer level when prices at the wholesaler level fluctuate. However, the study did not find the practice of price averaging between commodities at the retailers level. The results of this study are useful for policy formulations aimed at stabilizing food prices.

Analysis of trends in services sector development in the economy of Ukraine

The subject of research is the theoretical, methodological, and practical aspects of services sector development in the national economy. The purpose of the article is to identify the features and contradictions of services sector development in the economy of Ukraine. The methodological basis of the study is general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge, conceptual terms of modern economics, and scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on the functioning and development of the services sector. The methods of induction and deduction, unity of historical and logical, comparative analysis are used in the work - at revealing the basic tendencies and contradictions of services sector development, substantiation of the essence of service, its specific signs, and classification characteristics. Results of work. The tendencies of services sector development in the economy of Ukraine are determined. The intensive development of the Ukrainian services sector started only with the beginning of the market relations formation. In the economy of Ukraine, there is a strong tendency to exceed the total contribution of the services sector to national GDP against the contribution of industrial production and agriculture. Besides, the dynamics of the employment structure of Ukraine by economic activity types shows that the share of the economically active population working in the services sector is much higher than in primary and secondary sectors with a steady upward trend. The volume of capital investment in the services sector exceeds these indicators for both spheres of material production. There is a constant growth of intermediate consumption of services as necessary production resources. The main areas for attracting investment resources are capital-intensive industries, at the same time the level of investment activity in the areas of knowledge-intensive services is threateningly low. The expenditures on services consumption in the general structure of household expenditures are insignificant. The Ukrainian economic system is export-oriented in the sphere of services and has a positive foreign trade balance in services. Field of application of results. The conclusions and results obtained in the article should be used in the educational and scientific process of economic faculties of universities, in the activities of service enterprises as well. Conclusions. The industrial specialization of the national service sector, its focus on low- and medium-tech capital-intensive industries, low share of household expenditures in the service sector, the tendency to neglect the intellectual development of the individual, and insufficient attention to innovative economic development make it possible to determine the current state of and trends of services sector development as a quasi-post-industrial, where the absolute numerical indicators have already been achieved, and qualitative indicators of development are remaining at the industrial level.

Economic consequences of the coronavirus pandemic for the cultural organizations in Russia

To assess the economic impact of COVID-19 and to study the specifics of functioning of cultural institutions in the conditions of the pandemic, the authors analyze the 2019—2020 indicators and conduct an expert survey of the heads of cultural institutions of various types located in both capital and small towns, and rural areas in all federal districts. The analysis of the budget financing of cultural sector in 2020 compared to 2019 in Russia as a whole, and in the Russian Federation regions showed a noticeable slowdown of growth rates of expenses for culture and a decrease in the share of these expenses. The analysis of the dynamics of GDP per capita (in constant prices) and the share of household expenditures on recreation and cultural events in total household expenditures made it possible to predict a further reduction of these expenditures and, as a consequence, revenues of cultural organizations and extra-budgetary revenues of state and municipal cultural institutions. The analysis of the dynamics of the number of employees in cultural organizations by forms of part-time employment showed that in the conditions of coronavirus expansion, cultural organizations sought to keep jobs for their employees, but they also used various forms of part-time employment. The expert survey of cultural executives and managers confirms the deterioration of financial support for cultural institutions, including the emergence of difficulties associated with the failure to meet indicators established in the state assignment, and the cultural infrastructure lagging behind modern requirements for online formats. Specific measures are proposed to improve the situation in the cultural sector.

Assesment of Trends in the Share of Expenditure on Services and Food in the Visegrad Group Member States

The subject of the article concerns changes in the structure of consumption in the Visegrad countries in the years 1996-2016. The focused was on expenditure on services and food expenditure of households in the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary. The systematic improvement of the socio-economic situation and institutional changes in the Visegrad Group countries resulted in an increase in expenditure on services and food. This contributed to changes in the structure of household consumption, where the share of expenditure on services in final expenditure increased in the examined period in each of the countries studied, and the share of expenditure on food systematically decreased. The main research objective of the article is to identify trends in the share of household expenditure on selected types of goods in their final expenditure. The different trends in the shaping of expenditure shares for goods considered in the article result from their different nature, where services are a higher order good, while food is a good satisfying basic existential needs of man. The study also attempted to determine the limit values of the share of expenditure on services and the share of expenditure on food in the structure of household consumption in selected countries. The limit values were determined for both types of goods on the basis of estimation of parameters of the Tӧrnquist function of the first type. The limit values established in the study should be treated as the saturation level for the share of goods that the countries are able to achieve with the current trends in their socio-economic development.

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IN THE MODERN MARKET ECONOMY

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IN THE MODERN MARKET ECONOMY

КОГНІТИВНА МОДЕЛЬ САМООРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ДОМОГОСПОДАРСТВ УКРАЇНИ


 
 
 
 The dynamics of the share of household expenditures in GDP has deteriorated over the years, indicating that threatening economic processes occurring in the structure of the Ukrainian economy. To overcome this situation, it is necessary to find mechanisms for overcoming the threats to Ukraine's economic security, which in this case are related to the activities of the main domestic economic investor of the state - the household and its interaction with the branches of production and services. One of the possible and productive approaches to addressing the pressing issues is the cognitive modeling of household development.The cognitive model of self-organization of the activity of households in Ukraine based on the evaluation of the links between the factors characterizing the processes of interaction between households and the branches of the economy provides an opportunity to assess the degree of risk decision-making aimed at efficient management of the costs of final consumption of households.
 
 
 

The importance of assessing out-of-pocket payments when the financing of antiretroviral therapy is transitioned to domestic funding: findings from Vietnam.

To assess out-of-pocket payments and catastrophic health expenditures among antiretroviral therapy (ART) patients in Vietnam, and to model catastrophic payments under different copayment scenarios when the primary financing of ART changes to social health insurance. Cross-sectional facility-based survey of 843 patients at 42 health facilities representative of 87% of ART patients in 2015. Because of donor and government funding, no payments were made for antiretroviral drugs. Other health expenditures were about $66 per person per year (95% CI: $30-$102), of which $15 ($7-$22) were directly for HIV-related health services, largely laboratory tests. These payments resulted in a 4.9% (95% CI: 3.1-6.8%) catastrophic payment rate and 2.5% (95% CI: 0.9-4.1%) catastrophic payment rate for HIV-related health services. About 32% of respondents reported, they were eligible for SHI without copayments. If patients had to pay 20% of costs of ART under social health insurance, the catastrophic payment rate would increase to 8% (95% CI: 5.5-10.0%), and if patients without health insurance had to pay the full costs of ART, the catastrophic payment rate among all patients would be 24% (95% CI: 21.1-27.4%). Health and catastrophic expenditures were substantially lower than in previous studies, although different methods may explain some of the discrepancy. The 20% copayments required by social health insurance would present a financial burden to an additional 0.6% to 5.1% of ART patients. Ensuring access to health insurance for all ART patients will prevent an even higher level of financial hardship.

Trade and resources: Welfare effects of the Lake Victoria fisheries boom

We examine the welfare implications of the Tanzanian fisheries boom resulting from Lake Victoria Nile perch exports during 1993–2008. In the literature, there are two opposing views on the effect of fish trade: some argue that fish trade can act as an engine of growth, while others contend that trade in fish negatively affects food security, local economies and incomes of the poor. We apply a micro level perspective using data from two years, the first from a 1993 World Bank household survey and the second, our own study from 2008, both covering about 520 households in the two regions, Mwanza and Mara, by Lake Victoria. Our results indicate increasing average income and a reduction in the share of household expenditure on food, both of which are positive indicators of welfare. For the poorest part of the population, urban areas had a substantial reduction in the fraction below the basic needs level, while the change in the rural areas was insignificant. However, growth in both areas was modest and inequality seems to have increased during the period. We conclude that there is more support in our data for a positive than a negative effect of the fish boom on the well-being of those residing in Mwanza and Mara.

Age-period-cohort decomposition of social security taxes and benefits in the USA and Japan

Aggregate data of social security taxes and benefits in the USA and Japan, classified by period and by age, are decomposed into age, period, and cohort effects using the Bayesian cohort models which were developed to overcome the identification problem in cohort analysis. Regarding to US results, it is shown that period and cohort effects have negligible impact on US social security taxes and benefits which are measured as the share of household expenditure and income, respectively. Regarding to Japanese results, it is shown that period effects show a moderate trend in social security taxes and that cohort effects indicate small up-and-down movements.