Share Of Adult Population Research Articles

Проявления эпидемического процесса внебольничных пневмоний в период эпидемии COVID-19 на территории Российской Федерации

COVID-19 belongs to the group of acute respiratory infections and it is often complicated with pneumonia. This study aimed to investigate manifestations of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) epidemic process during the COVID-19 epidemic in the Russian Federation. We analyzed the official statistical data reporting the incidence of CAP in the Russian Federation in 2013–2020 and incidence of COVID-19 as registered in March–July 2020. The mean average annual CAP incidence rate that we calculated and the 2020 CAP incidence prediction allowed assessing the relationship between CAP and COVID-19. It is shown that the long-term dynamics of the incidence of CAP in the Russian Federation is characterized by a pronounced upward trend with an average annual growth rate of 6.4%. The share of adult population among the CAP cases is the largest; on average, it is 64.7% (95% CI [63.1; 66.3]). In 2020, against the background of SARS-CoV-2 circulation, the discrepancy between the actual incidence of CAP and the predicted figures reached and exceeded 558% (in July 2020). As the COVID-19 epidemic developed, the incidence of CAP was registered to increase. There was established a direct and significant correlation between the incidence of CAP and COVID-19 (rxy = 0.932; p <0.01).

Deprivation Index: A State-Wise Analysis

Poverty is a social phenomenon in which a part of the society is unable to fulfill its basic necessities of life. If a substantial part of a society, as in many Third World countries, is forced to live at subsistence level, then the society is said to suffer from mass poverty. Vulnerability to death at a relatively early age, measured by the share of people expected to die before attaining the age of 40 years; poor standard of living, measured by share of people without access to (a) health services (b) to safe water, and (c) the percentage of malnourished children under five; and lack of access to knowledge, measured by the share of adult population that is illiterate, are the three major kinds of deprivations. As every human being has equal rights to access food, health, education, finance and technology, any index showing extent of deprivation should include all these aspects to make it relevant to policy-making. The present study is an attempt to compare Indian states’ performance using a composite deprivation index. We conduct three different assessments. In the most comprehensive assessment, we show that Bihar has the highest level of overall deprivation followed by Uttar Pradesh and Assam. Madhya Pradesh is the most deprived state from the point of view of long and healthy life. Kerala, Karnataka and Maharashtra record the lowest level of deprivation.

R&D, higher education and regional growth: Uneven linkages among European regions

This paper examines the relationship between the economic growth of European regions and their knowledge and human capital endowments. The share of adult population with tertiary education and the intensity of R&D expenditures in value-added emerge as the most effective factors enhancing the growth of GDP per capita recorded, during 1995–2002, by the regions belonging to twelve countries of the former EU15. However, while the educational variable is effective for the whole regional set, the impact of R&D is significant only for the regions that are above a given threshold of per capita GDP. Moreover, remarkable disparities arise among the regions of different countries. In particular, only within North European countries there is a significant relationship between regional growth and the intensity of R&D and higher education. The policy implications of both findings are discussed.