Shared Arrangements Research Articles

Enlisting the work of boundaries and boundary objects in shaping apartment waste

Recycling in apartments has been problematised around the world, as this housing typology is associated with relatively low resource recovery rates. Rather that assuming that occupant behaviours are the key concern, this paper starts with the observation that apartments are sites of unevenly distributed spatialities and responsibilities. They co-shape material and infrastructural affordances and call upon diverse knowledge of waste management in collective and shared arrangements. This paper analyses data from an in-depth qualitative study involving apartment waste and apartment households in Melbourne, Australia. It shows that boundaries and boundary objects help define waste and its relationships, mutually shaping and being shaped by material flows and reconfiguring responsibilities. The co-production of these boundaries and boundary objects is correlated to mechanisms of governance, regulations, assumptions associated with verticality/shared living, and seasonality. In the context of post-consumer waste recovery policy ambitions, the paper illustrates how a) shifting boundaries to redistribute responsibility b) engaging with somatic work to bridge boundaries that challenge material flows, and c) harnessing boundaries that nurture and normalize sustainable waste practices, can be potential sites of intervention. As a theoretical contribution, it draws upon boundary work and social practices as a novel way to inform interventions to promote sustainability.

Global drivers of mangrove loss in protected areas.

Despite increasing efforts and investment in mangrove conservation, mangrove cover continues to decline globally. The extent to which protected area (PA) management effectively prevents mangrove loss globally across differing management objectives and governance types is not well understood. We combined remote sensing data with PA information to identify the extent and the drivers of mangrove loss across PAs with distinct governance types and protection levels based on categories developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Mangrove loss due to storms and erosion was prevalent across all governance types and most IUCN categories. However, the extent of human-driven loss differed across governance types and IUCN categories. Loss was highest in national government PAs. Private, local, shared arrangement, and subnational government agencies had low human-driven mangrove loss. Human-driven loss was highest in PAs with the highest level of restrictions on human activities (IUCN category I) due to mangrove conversion to areas for commodity production (e.g., aquaculture), whereas PAs that allowed sustainable resource use (e.g., category VI) experienced low levels of human-driven mangrove loss. Because category I PAs with high human-driven loss were primarily governed by national government agencies, conservation outcomes in highly PAs might depend not only on the level of restrictions, but also on the governance type. Mangrove loss across different governance types and IUCN categories varied regionally. Specific governance types and IUCN categories thus seemed more effective in preventing mangrove loss in certain regions. Overall, we found that natural drivers contributed to global mangrove loss across all PAs, whereas human-driven mangrove loss was lowest in PAs with subnational- to local-level governance and PAs with few restrictions on human activities.

Metode Nominee Agreement Saham Pada Bidang Usaha Bersyarat di Indonesia

Legally, the concept of the nominee is recorded in the articles of association of a company as the actual owner before the law while the principal investor is the controller of the nominee so it is difficult to deny that this method is one way for principal investors to circumvent the provisions and restrictions given by the government for them to control a number of shares. So that in its existence this type of agreement still exists and develops in the legal ecosystem in Indonesia. This article aims to analyze the practice of investment using nominee agreement shares, especially in the field of conditional open business in Indonesia. Data is collected from literature sources and legal documentation. This research uses normative legal research methods to find the truth based on the logic of legal science from the normative side. The results of this study indicate that the restrictions imposed by the Indonesian government on investment by foreign parties are one of the backgrounds for the emergence of the Nominee concept in share ownership, which is widely known as nominee shareholders. This can be done and differentiated into two, namely nominee share arrangement and nominee agreement, but in Indonesia more use the practice of nominee share arrangement where the proof of this action can be said to be difficult.

Exploring the role of data enclosure in the digital political economy

This exploratory research analyzes the impact of data enclosure initiatives on market competition. Data enclosure is the process by which the information about user activity generated by digital operations are withdrawn from an open or shared arrangement with other operators and made more exclusive to the service providers whose operations generate the data. We make the case that data enclosure is emerging as a significant feature of the multi-sided markets of digital platform providers, by looking empirically at, 1) the encryption of DNS query data using the DNS over HTTPS (DoH) protocol, and 2) the enclosure of Apple and Google's mobile identifiers used in digital advertising and cross-app user tracking. These efforts are not only privacy-enhancing moves, but also a means by which service providers compete with each other over the value and security of data. We assess the degree to which exclusivity of data fosters or forecloses competition in the relevant markets, and find mixed results. DoH, apparently a more disruptive form of data enclosure, has had little impact on industry shares so far, primarily because it was embraced by a small-share, declining actor, but the growing use of DoH and other encrypted DNS protocols does indicate a market-driven response to privacy-enhancement. In mobile identifiers in adtech, the shift in the default from opt-out permission to opt-in permission had both strong privacy effects and major effects on the distribution of revenues in the industry. But the changes are recent and the situation remains unsettled.

Cooperation between First Nations and Municipalities: Do Water-Sharing Arrangements Improve Drinking Water Quality?

<h3>Abstract</h3> Many communities engage in Water Sharing Arrangements (WSAs) with nearby communities. Using data characterizing drinking water systems in the Canadian province of Ontario, we assess the following question: Do WSAs influence drinking water quality outcomes for recipient water systems? We find that WSAs are associated with improved drinking water quality outcomes for First Nation recipient systems. We do not associate WSAs with improved outcomes for municipal recipient systems. These differing effects may be due to provincial state capacity which is available to all municipalities, irrespective of WSA status, and the subset of First Nation systems in a WSA.

Maternal satisfaction with joint and sole child physical placement arrangements following separation in Wisconsin and Finland.

Families (and sometimes courts) make important decisions regarding child physical custody arrangements post-separation, and shared parenting arrangements are increasingly common in most developed countries. Shared arrangements may be differentially associated with parental satisfaction, and these associations may vary across countries. Using data from surveys of separated mothers in Wisconsin and Finland, the present study explores this possibility and is guided by three aims: (a) to identify child and family characteristics associated with sole and shared child placements 6 or more years after separation; (b) to estimate associations of children's post-separation placements with maternal satisfaction with placements and expense sharing; (c) to examine whether the relationship between post-separation placement and maternal satisfaction varies by mothers' earnings and the quality of parents' relationships. We find that Finnish mothers with shared placement are more satisfied with their placement than are their counterparts with sole placement, while we find the inverse is true for Wisconsin mothers. Moreover, parental satisfaction with shared placement, overall and relative to sole placement, varies greatly depending on the quality of a mother's relationship with the other parent; and differences in relationship quality in Wisconsin and Finland may help explain the difference in satisfaction with shared placement in the two locations. In both Finland and Wisconsin, we find mothers with shared placement are more satisfied with the way expenses are shared between parents than are mothers with sole placement. Associations between placement and satisfaction are robust to extensive controls for child and maternal characteristics.

The Role of International Resource Sharing Arrangements in Managing Fire in the Face of Climate Change

Changing global fire regimes including extended fire seasons due to climate change may increase the co-occurrence of high-impact fires that overwhelm national fire suppression capacities. These shifts increase the demand for international resource sharing to supplement national fire suppression efforts. In this paper, we explore the development and evaluate the effectiveness of international resource sharing arrangements of three regions: (1) The United States, Canada, and Australia (“Big Three”); (2) Europe; and (3) Southeast Asia by conducting a literature review of gray and peer- reviewed literature in combination with key informant interviews. For the “Big Three” and Europe, international resource sharing is perceived as necessary, effective, and continuously improving. Converging fire management processes and training and developing more effective administrative procedures facilitate these relationships. In Southeast Asia, political tensions and limited firefighting capacities have hampered effective cooperation. Formalized agreements of country-to-country support for fire management are nascent and evolving, and there is evidence that demand for expanding and improving these partnerships is increasing.

Design and implementation of flexible advanced training in rheumatology: report of a pilot programme.

Training in medicine is highly demanding and coincides with critical life tasks including relationship development, childbearing and rearing. The rigid requirements of training programmes risk precluding successful achievement of these extracurricular roles, forcing choices between work and other life commitments. Flexible employment structures that facilitate the development of high-quality physicians are needed. To assess the outcomes of 2 novel flexible training positions in Rheumatology. The clinical department, trainees and senior administration designed flexible, part-time advanced training positions in rheumatology. We sought to deliver excellent training, supervision and support while ensuring safe, efficient clinical service delivery within existing systems and cultures. Barriers to implementation were actively identified. We rejected job share arrangements in favour of independent part-time positions anchored to departmental education, clinical and trainee needs. The outcomes of these positions have been determined through regular trainee meetings, clinic activity and costs. Trainees achieved all training requirements, reported high levels of job satisfaction, strong professional development, improved work-life balance and reduction of stress. Outpatient events increased and waiting times have decreased. We estimate that increased rebatable outpatient services have rendered the positions cost neutral. Flexible training positions can enhance clinical departments while enabling high-quality training for junior doctors. Further work should consider longer term outcomes and application to different clinical and training settings.

Risk Management at a Time of Systemic Uncertainty: Transfer Pricing Implications of Intra-Group Reinsurance Quota Share Arrangements

This study addresses an underexplored and highly topical area regarding the international tax implications of risk management, examining some core methodological questions surrounding the transfer pricing aspects of intra-group reinsurance in depth. The study first provides an overview of traditional property and casualty reinsurance risk transfer structures. It then focuses, in particular, on proportional quota share reinsurance arrangements in both external and intra-group settings. Additionally, it highlights the key entrepreneurial risk-taking functions in the insurance sector and examines potential transfer pricing remuneration methods for quota share reinsurance arrangements in intra-group transactions. The latter points are illustrated through case studies.

The Complexity of Contextuality: A Case Study on Vertical Housing Facilities in Surabaya, Indonesia

Vertical housing has been considered an effective way to provide low-income housing in many megacities. As part of an effort to implement contextual architectural design, vertical housing projects in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, incorporated shared kitchens and bathrooms as observed in Indonesian kampong (slum) settlements. However, the residents eventually converted their shared kitchen spaces to other uses and constructed kitchens in their individual units. This research study investigated the nature of and reasons for such transformations through quantitative and qualitative data collection among residents of three vertical housing projects in Surabaya. We found that disputes over upkeep and rules of use, along with perceived invasions of privacy, precipitated the abandonment of shared kitchens. Residents could not retrofit their shared bathrooms for structural reasons, but they renegotiated a payment system (based on flat fees rather than actual usage) that they considered unfair. Interviews revealed significant differences in implementation between the shared facilities in vertical housing and the voluntary shared arrangements in the kampongs. The facility and management modifications that occurred in vertical housing, which applied bottom-up contextual design by considering users’ needs and sensitivities, indicate the complexity of applying a contextual design process into practice.

NATO’s Nuclear Sharing Arrangements Revisited in Light of the NPT and the TPNW

Abstract The nuclear sharing arrangements of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) are arrangements that pre-date the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). This article revisits the nuclear sharing arrangements in light of the NPT, then examines the issues in light of a new treaty, the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW). The question of the compatibility between these arrangements and the NPT was initially solved by an understanding that the stationing of the US nuclear weapons in host States did not involve transfer of ownership or transfer of control of these weapons to host States. Compared to the initial acceptance of this interpretation, the contemporary acceptance is less solid. The nuclear sharing arrangements are questioned or criticised in the NPT Review process, both by non-nuclear-weapon States and nuclear-weapon States. In contrast, with regard to the TPNW, there seems to be no controversy; the TPNW explicitly provides that the States Parties must not allow stationing of nuclear weapons. The nuclear sharing arrangements would be incompatible with this prohibition. The article also briefly deals with a separate question, whether a client State of extended nuclear deterrence that does not allow stationing of nuclear weapons in its territory would also contravene the prohibitions in the TPNW. Given the scope and the nature of provisions of the TPNW, the article concludes that it would, if such a client State joins the treaty without a change in its policy regarding extended deterrence.

Contracting out Rules for Family Income Sharing Arrangements: Providing Certainty and Protecting the Vulnerable

Despite equal division of assets at the end of a relationship, residual economic disparity often remains. This is especially common when one partner has left the workforce to care for children. Addressing such divergent economic prospects at the end of long-term relationships has been a perennial policy challenge. In 2019, the Law Commission completed its review of the Property (Relationships) Act 1976 (PRA). The Commission recommended replacing the current economic disparity compensation and maintenance regimes with an income pooling mechanism: Family Income Sharing Arrangements (FISAs). It also recommended that couples be able to contract out of FISAs. This article explores the rationale for changing the current regime and the conceptual underpinnings of the proposed FISA regime, using human capital as a framework. The article proposes a detailed policy regime for FISA contracting out. The proposed rules consider the needs of couples with children, where a partner has left the labour force, or where lived reality has not met the couple's ex ante expectations. The resulting rules meet the policy goal of allowing couples to contract out of FISAs, but only where their contract causes no hardship. Additional disclosure is also recommended for contracting out of the other provisions of the PRA, with greater deference recommended for such private arrangements as a result.

Maternal Decision-Making and Family-to-Work Spillover: Does Gender Ideology Matter?

ABSTRACT Making parenting decisions is inherent in the responsibility of raising children. Past research suggests that employed mothers may designate themselves “in charge” of these decisions in order to reconcile employment obligations with cultural gender ideologies around mothering. Despite substantial literature suggesting that the more family responsibilities one has, the more likely that family matters are to “spill over” into one’s work, little is known about how employed mothers’ “maternal decision-making” is related to spillover or how mothers’ own personal gender ideologies may influence this link. Based on a sample of employed mothers (N = 316) derived from waves 2002 and 2012 of the General Social Survey, this paper examines how maternal decision-making (i.e., mothers acting as the primary authorities on childrearing decisions) and shared parental decision-making (i.e., mothers and fathers sharing such decisions equally) are differentially associated with negative spillover and how gender ideology plays a role in these experiences. Regression results suggest that for employed mothers, maternal decision-making is associated with greater spillover but that this link is moderated by gender ideology. Among maternal decision-makers, those holding traditional gender attitudes experience greater spillover, whereas those holding egalitarian attitudes experience less spillover, similar to the spillover rate of mothers in shared parental decision-making arrangements. By shifting empirical attention from routine childcare tasks to less visible parenting responsibilities and from societal gender ideologies to individuals’ own beliefs, this study makes important contributions to research on spillover, mental labor, and gender.

Activin/Nodal signaling mediates dorsal\u2013ventral axis formation before third quartet formation in embryos of the annelid Chaetopterus pergamentaceus

BackgroundThe clade of protostome animals known as the Spiralia (e.g., mollusks, annelids, nemerteans and polyclad flatworms) shares a highly conserved program of early development. This includes shared arrangement of cells in the early-stage embryo and fates of descendant cells into embryonic quadrants. In spiralian embryos, a single cell in the D quadrant functions as an embryonic organizer to pattern the body axes. The precise timing of the organizing signal and its cellular identity varies among spiralians. Previous experiments in the annelid Chaetopterus pergamentaceus Cuvier, 1830 demonstrated that the D quadrant possesses an organizing role in body axes formation; however, the molecular signal and exact cellular identity of the organizer were unknown.ResultsIn this study, the timing of the signal and the specific signaling pathway that mediates organizing activity in C. pergamentaceus was investigated through short exposures to chemical inhibitors during early cleavage stages. Chemical interference of the Activin/Nodal pathway but not the BMP or MAPK pathways results in larvae that lack a detectable dorsal–ventral axis. Furthermore, these data show that the duration of organizing activity encompasses the 16 cell stage and is completed before the 32 cell stage.ConclusionsThe timing and molecular signaling pathway of the C. pergamentaceus organizer is comparable to that of another annelid, Capitella teleta, whose organizing signal is required through the 16 cell stage and localizes to micromere 2d. Since C. pergamentaceus is an early branching annelid, these data in conjunction with functional genomic investigations in C. teleta hint that the ancestral state of annelid dorsal–ventral axis patterning involved an organizing signal that occurs one to two cell divisions earlier than the organizing signal identified in mollusks, and that the signal is mediated by Activin/Nodal signaling. Our findings have significant evolutionary implications within the Spiralia, and furthermore suggest that global body patterning mechanisms may not be as conserved across bilaterians as was previously thought.

Shared arrangements

Current systems for data-parallel, incremental processing and view maintenance over high-rate streams isolate the execution of independent queries. This creates unwanted redundancy and overhead in the presence of concurrent incrementally maintained queries: each query must independently maintain the same indexed state over the same input streams, and new queries must build this state from scratch before they can begin to emit their first results. This paper introduces shared arrangements : indexed views of maintained state that allow concurrent queries to reuse the same in-memory state without compromising data-parallel performance and scaling. We implement shared arrangements in a modern stream processor and show order-of-magnitude improvements in query response time and resource consumption for incremental, interactive queries against high-throughput streams, while also significantly improving performance in other domains including business analytics, graph processing, and program analysis.

PBI31 MANAGED ENTRY AGREEMENTS FOR ATMPS DESPITE ACCESS ALREADY GRANTED? THE CASE OF GERMANY

Managed Entry Agreements (MEA) are defined as arrangements between manufacturer and payer to enable access to a health technology subject to specific conditions. In the recent working paper on MEA, the OECD observed that there are no MEA in Germany legally affecting coverage. However, based on a more comprehensive definition such arrangements do exist in Germany. This study analyses (1) which arrangements exist in Germany, (2) what is the rationale behind them and (3) what are potential implications for the broader understanding of the future role of MEA. This analysis focuses on advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP), approved by EMA. For all ATMPs the official product index is searched for reference to existing agreements. In addition, PubMed, press releases, and arbitration board procedures were checked for information on agreements not officially included in the index. Currently, 9 EMA approved ATMPs are available in Germany. For 5 of these products MEA could be identified: Imlygic®, Kymriah®, Yescarta®, Zynteglo®, Alofisel®. Three ATMPs have risk share arrangements with individual sick funds with either a defined rebate in case patients die within a certain period after treatment or incremental payments. Some arrangements are limited until completing of the AMNOG process, whereas in other cases it is unclear if this agreement extends beyond. According to press releases the rationale in each case was to proactively address concerns regarding value for money. Two other products have performance-based agreements for all payers linked to duration of treatment or need for re-intervention, both negotiated with German reimbursement authorities effective after the AMNOG process. For this sample more than 50% of all ATMPs have MEA in Germany, each linked to product performance. Some of them are intended to support product adoption, others as part of the official pricing. This indicates that MEA more applications beyond the abovementioned definition.

The Effect of Religious Prohibitions on Economic Behavior

We conducted a multi-country experiment on whether a reminder of the Islamic prohibition on interest induces lenders to choose Profit-Loss Sharing arrangements (PLS) as an alternative. We find that 1) Muslims are more likely to choose PLS than non-Muslims; 2) they do so when interest rates are high, and 3) the reminder of the prohibition increases the use of PLS by Muslims (particularly if highly religious and/or female). The evidence also suggests that the subjects' reaction to the reminder is more in the spirit of the law (be charitable to borrowers) than in the letter of the law (choose PLS).

Resource Allocation in Oil-Dependent Communities: Oil Rent and Benefit Sharing Arrangements

This study is dedicated to the interaction between oil and gas companies and local communities that depend deeply on the production of oil. One of the key concerns of all oil-dependent communities is the distribution of oil rent: Who participates in decision making regarding the distribution of oil profits and who can claim the benefits and on what grounds? Benefit sharing arrangements are used to decide such matters in global practice. Using Russian Arctic and subarctic areas as examples, we analyze the main rules and practices of the distribution of benefits from oil production at the local level. This study focuses on the coexistence of oil companies and indigenous people, many of whom practice a traditional way of life. We also pay attention to the institutionalization of the norms and rules of oil-dependent communities at the local level.

Energy storage subsidy estimation for microgrid: A real option game-theoretic approach

Microgrid development is presently limited due to high costs, especially its energy storage system (ESS) component. ESS subsidy policies, as the main response options, seem essential to be explored to promote the diffusion of microgrid. In this study, we propose an evolutionary game model combined with real options to guide ESS subsidy policies for microgrid by applying to a small electricity network served by a regulated utility. As there exists market share arrangements during the game, a multi-objective programming is formulated to determine the optimal investment capacity for each market participant. To evaluate our model, we provide a numerical example to demonstrate how different ESS subsidies affect the fluctuation amplitudes and equilibrium positions in microgrid diffusion process. The results indicate that price subsidy for energy storage has more significant effect than initial cost subsidy for microgrid development. In addition, although the importance of ESS electricity price subsidy is reflected, its combination with initial cost subsidy may both ensure investment value of microgrid and reduce the initial cost of such a capital-intensive component.

Shared governance arrangements and social connectivity: advancing large-scale coastal and marine conservation initiatives in the Dominican Republic

ABSTRACTIncreasingly, large-scale conservation initiatives (e.g. through protected area networks and transboundary connectivity initiatives) are growing in prevalence as their diverse sustainability benefits are further understood. Conventional, centralized approaches to conservation, often featuring unconnected discrete ‘patches’, are no longer sufficient for achieving effective, long-term protection. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of how to achieve effective large-scale conservation initiatives by addressing the following objectives: (1) To assess the degree to which local actors are involved in coastal and marine conservation practices, with a focus on large-scale conservation initiatives (LCIs); and, (2) To identify barriers and opportunities for achieving effective large-scale conservation. This paper presents findings from research in the Dominican Republic where social-ecological components of coastal and marine systems are considered from multiple perspectives to advance management and increase effectiveness of LCIs. Data were acquired through semi-structured interviews with 35 coastal and marine actors (e.g. fishers, ministers, non-governmental organizations, practitioners, academics) working at local to international scales. Interview data were analysed through thematic coding using QSR-Nvivo 12 software. Respondents expressed that non-governmental actors (e.g. private organizations, coastal communities) should have an increased role in developing, implementing and managing coastal and marine LCIs. Additionally, respondents commented on strategies to enhance social connectivity (i.e. sharing experiences, programs and expertise) within coastal and marine practices to enhance effectiveness and facilitate learning. Findings contribute to the understanding of complex coastal and marine social-ecological systems of the Dominican Republic and provide further support for involving multiple actors in governance processes.