Powder Shape Research Articles

Innovative dilute magnetic compositions for spin-electronics field: Room temperature ferromagnetism of Sr0.98Gd0.02Ti0.98X0.02O (X = Ru, Mn, Fe)

An interesting new dilute magnetic compositions have been synthesized by solid-state reaction from (Gd, Ru), (Gd, Mn) and (Gd, Fe) codoped SrTiO3 semiconductors. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of pure, (Gd, Ru), (Gd, Mn) and (Gd, Fe) codoped SrTiO3 samples verified the formation of cubic SrTiO3 structure. The morphological analysis using scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the addition of (Gd, Ru), (Gd, Mn) and (Gd, Fe) ions obviously effect on the grains size and shape of SrTiO3 powder. The band gap energy of SrTiO3 powder was found to be 3.22 eV, and when (Gd, Ru), (Gd, Mn) and (Gd, Fe) ions incorporated into its lattice a blue shift to 3.28, 3.29 and 3.295 eV were detected, respectively. The X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of (Gd, Mn) codoped SrTiO3 composition (best ferromagnetic sample) ruled out the presence of Gd and Mn metals and confirmed the existence of Gd3+ and Mn2+ oxidation states. The measured magnetic results indicated that (Gd, Ru), (Gd, Mn) and (Gd, Fe) dopants strongly advance the ferromagnetic nature of SrTiO3 structure. The H-M loop of (Gd, Mn) codoped SrTiO3 composition gives the best ferromagnetic order with detected saturation magnetization (MS), coercivity (HC) and retentivity (Mr) of 0.52 emu/g, 177 Oe and 0.054 emu/g, respectively. These outcomes established the promising room temperature ferromagnetic order of the fabricated compositions, especially Sr0.98Gd0.02Ti0.98Ru0.02O3 semiconductor for spin-electronics applications.

Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber Ferronickel Slag Powder Concrete

The use of ferronickel slag powder (FNSP) as a cementitious additional material has been supported by numerous reports. FNSP concrete has the same shortcomings as ordinary concrete, including low hardness. In this study, in order to make FNSP concrete more durable, end-hooked type steel fibers were incorporated. To understand how various elements affect the mechanical properties of steel fibers, an experiment was carried out on the mechanical properties of steel FNSP concrete (SFNSPC). FNSP’s principal ingredients, with a particle size distribution ranging from 0.5 to 100 μm and a sheet-like powder shape, are CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, and others, according to tests conducted on the material’s microstructure and composition. Then, eighteen mix proportions were developed, comprising six distinct FNSP replacement rate types and three distinct steel fiber content types. Crucial metrics were evaluated and analyzed, including the relationship among the toughness, tensile strength, and compressive strength as well as slump, splitting tensile strength, compressive strength, and uniaxial compressive stress–strain curve of SFNSPC. The results showed that the slump of SFNSPC under different FNSP replacement rates decreased with increasing steel fiber volume. Steel fibers have a small but positive effect on SFNSPC’s compressive strength; nonetheless, as FNSP replacement rates increased, SFNSPC’s slump gradually decreased, though not by much. These results show that FNSP is a viable alternative cementitious material in terms of strength. Specifically, the splitting tensile strength of SFNSPC improves with an increase in steel fiber content, and the pace at which SFNSPC strength drops with an increase in the FNSP replacement rate. With varying mix proportions, the stress–strain curve trend of SFNSPC remains mostly constant, and steel fibers improve the compressive toughness of SFNSPC. After adding 0.5% and 1.0% steel fibers, the toughness index of concrete with different FNSP replacement rates increased by 8–30% and 12–43%, respectively.

Sunflower-like eutectic solidification in gas atomized Al0.3CrFeNiTi0.3 medium-entropy alloy powders: A comprehensive microstructural study

The addition of larger atomic size elements, such as Al and Ti, to CrFeNi medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) offers a strategic approach to overcome the strength-ductility trade-off. This study focuses on examining the morphological, solidification, phase, and elemental characteristics of Al0.3CrFeNiTi0.3 feedstock powders produced through gas atomization (GA). The rapid cooling rate inherent in GA results in sunflower-like eutectic solidification. This structure exhibits firstly solidified Cr-rich BCC phases filled with cuboidal-shaped L21-type precipitates, each measuring up to ∼20 nm. Their peripheral regions display outward and radial growth of L21 and Fe-rich BCC eutectic phases, while FCC phase develops at the remaining sites. Intermediate B2 layers between BCC and L21 phases are considered as kinetic buffers, which enhance the interfacial stability. The size and shapes of powders determine their cooling rates, leading to a transition from comparably large sunflower-like eutectic structures to finer equiaxed grains alongside reduced elemental segregation with decreasing powder size. Nano-hardness measurements demonstrate superior mechanical strength in the peripheral regions due to the higher volume fraction of the L21 phase and its optimal interfacial coherency with the Fe-rich BCC phase. Furthermore, the slightly higher concentrations of Al and Ti in Fe-rich BCC phase (compared to the Cr-rich BCC phase) induce a better lattice distortion effect.

Investigation of Metal Powder Blending for PBF-LB/M Using Particle Tracing with Ti-6Al-4V

Laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) is the most used additive manufacturing (AM) technology for metal parts. Nevertheless, challenges persist in effectively managing metal powder, particularly in blending methodologies in the choice of blenders as well as in the verification of blend results. In this study, a bespoke laboratory-scale AM blender is developed, tailored to address these challenges, prioritizing low-impact blending to mitigate powder degradation. As a blending type, a V-shape tumbling geometry meeting the requirements for laboratory AM usage is chosen based on a literature assessment. The implementation of thermal oxidation as a powder marking technique enables particle tracing. Blending validation is achieved using light microscopy for area measurement based on binary image processing. The powder size and shape remain unaffected after marking and blending. Only a small narrowing of the particle size distribution is detected after 180 min of blending. The V-shape tumbling blender efficiently yields a completely random state in under 10 min for rotational speeds of 20, 40, and 60 rounds per minute. In conclusion, this research underscores the critical role of blender selection in AM and advocates for continued exploration to refine powder blending practices, with the aim of advancing the capabilities and competitiveness of AM technologies.

Anisotropic creep property related to non-spherical shape of mechanically alloyed powder of oxide dispersion strengthened F82H

Nanometric oxide particles dispersed within the matrix play an important role in improving the creep property of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steels. Conventional studies have primarily focused on investigating the distribution of the particles to control the creep property of ODS steels. However, achieving complete control over the creep property still poses challenges, as there are potentially other microstructural features like different matrices, micrometric precipitates, and inclusions derived from powder metallurgical processes that can influence it.In our previous research, we examined one such microstructural feature known as prior particle boundary (PPB). PPB refers to the surface of mechanically alloyed (MA) powder before consolidation. We revealed that the ODS steel with fine PPBs produced from smaller MA powder, exhibited shorter creep rupture times, compared to that with coarse PPBs produced from larger MA powder. This result was attributed to the increased formation of creep cavities on the PPBs in the ODS steel produced from smaller MA powder. Therefore, the size of MA powder affected the formation of creep cavity and had an impact on the creep property.In this study, we shifted our focus to the shape of MA powder with non-spherical shapes containing flake-like shape. Such shapes have the potential to induce anisotropy in the formation of creep cavities and/or the creep crack initiation and growth along anisotropic prior particle boundaries (PPBs), ultimately leading to anisotropic creep behavior.We conducted small punch creep tests on specimens with two different orientations to study the possible anisotropy. The results revealed that the creep rupture times varied depending on the orientation of specimen, thus indicating anisotropic creep property. This anisotropic creep property was related to the non-spherical shape of MA powder. This research highlighted the significance of managing the shape of MA powder in controlling the creep property of ODS steels.

Modeling of nanofluid thermophysical treatment through a permeable container under the impact of MHD

In this innovative study, a unique approach was engaged to simulate the flow characteristics of nanofluid inside a tank featuring a surface subjected to uniform flux. The testing fluid for this investigation was fabricated by incorporating alumina powders with varying shapes into water. The derivation of the final equations involved the application of Darcy’s law and the formulation of the stream function. The container experienced the combined efficacy of both the Lorentz force and gravity forces. The incorporation of additives resulted in a significant enhancement of the Nusselt number (Nu), demonstrating an increase of 19.8% and 40.28%, contingent on the magnitude of the Hartmann number (Ha). Moreover, an elevation in the shape factor led to a notable rise in Nu by 14%. Remarkably, as the Ha increased, there was a substantial reduction in the cooling rate by 51.33%. Furthermore, in the absence of the Ha, an escalation in the Rayleigh number (Ra) caused Nu to surge by 65.8%. This study holds paramount importance as it introduces a novel technique for simulating nanofluid flow with a sinusoidal surface, providing valuable insights into the complex interplay of forces within the container. The utilization of varying shapes of alumina powders adds a layer of sophistication to the experimentation, making this investigation a noteworthy contribution to the existing body of knowledge. The findings not only enhance our understanding of heat transfer dynamics but also offer practical implications for applications involving nanofluids in containers with nonuniform surfaces subjected to heat flux.

Numerical study of dense powder flow in a rotating drum: Comparison of CFD to experimental measurements

Designing chemical reactor equipment requires a thorough understanding of powder flow. Solid rheology modelling offers various models for this purpose. A comparative study of two different CFD models, the Kinetic Theory of Granular Flow (KTGF) and the dense granular flow (μI law), is proposed. Both models were confronted with experimental results obtained on a rotating drum for different rotation speeds and powder flowabilities. Image processing was used to compare the experimental gas/solid interfaces with those obtained from CFD. The KTGF model did not represent the powder rheology at low rotation speeds, regardless of the powder, whereas it was closer to experiments at higher speeds. The dense granular flow model was more appropriate for this system as it described the powder shape inside a rotating drum relatively well for each experiment. The latter model is recommended for modelling dense granular flows, while the KTGF is better suited to gas-solid flows.

Magnetic polyamide 11 powder for the powder bed fusion process by liquid-liquid phase separation and crystallization

Herein, we demonstrate the preparation of magnetic polyamide 11 feedstock powders for powder bed fusion (PBF) using liquid-liquid phase separation and crystallization. By adding magnetic nanomaterials during the precipitation process, the particulate additive is incorporated into the polymer matrix. This enables the production of filled systems at single particle level, which is advantageous in terms of the adjustable magnetic strength and homogeneity of the powder. Thermogravimetric analysis is used to determine the additive content and onset temperature of decomposition of composite powders, where additive-enhancement of PA11 powders with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles showed a positive influence on the thermal stability of the feedstock. Successive analysis of particle size distribution, shape, colour, crystal structure, magnetic properties and thermal properties of the composite powders are carried out and their properties are discussed with respect to the PBF process. A decrease in particle size, width of the thermal process window and isothermal crystallization time can be attributed to the nucleating effect of the magnetic additive. The PBF processability of the composite feedstock is demonstrated by the production of magnetic tensile bar specimens from additive-enhanced PA11 powders with 1 wt.-% magnetic iron oxide.

Powder BED Additive Manufacturing using Machine Learning Algorithms for Multidisciplinary Applications: A Review and Outlook

Abstract: Additive manufacturing overcomes the limitations associated with conventional processes, such as fabricating complex parts, material wastage, and a number of sequential operations. Powder-bed additives fall under the category of additive manufacturing process, which, in recent years, has captured the attention of researchers and scientists working in various fields of science and engineering. Production of powder bed additive manufacturing (PBAM) parts with consistent and predictable properties of powders used during the manufacturing process plays an important role in deciding printed parts' reliability in aeronautical, automobile, biomedical, and healthcare applications. In the PBAM process, the most commonly used powders are polymer, metal, and ceramic, which cannot be effectively used without understanding powder particles' physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. Several metallic powders like titanium, steel, copper, aluminum, and nickel, several polymer polyamides (nylon), polylactide, polycarbonate, glass-filled nylon, epoxy resins, etc., and the most commonly used ceramic powders like aluminum oxide (Al2O) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) can be utilized depending upon the method being adopted during PBAM process. Adoption of some post-processing techniques for powder, such as grain refinement can also be employed to improve the physical or mechanical properties of powders used for the PBAM process. In this paper, the effect of powder parameters, such as particle size, shape, density, and reusing of powder, etc., on printed parts have been reviewed in detail using characterization techniques such as X-ray computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This helps to understand the effect of particle size, shape, density, virgin and reused powders, etc., used during the PBAM process. This article has reviewed the selection of appropriate process parameters like laser power, scanning speed, hatch spacing, and layer thickness and their effects on various mechanical or physical properties, such as tensile strength, hardness, and the effect of porosity, along with the microstructure evolution. One of the drawbacks of additive manufacturing is the variability in the quality of printed parts, which can be eliminated by monitoring the process using machine learning techniques. Also, the prediction of the best combination of process parameters using some advanced machine learning algorithms (MLA), like random forest, k nearest neighbors, and support vector machine, can be effectively utilized to quantify the performance parameters in the PBAM process. Thus, implementing machine learning in the additive manufacturing process not only helps to learn the fundamentals but helps to identify, predict and help to make actionable recommendations that help optimize printed parts quality. The performance of various MLAs has been evaluated and compared for projecting future research directions and suggestions. In the last part of this article, multidisciplinary applications of the PBAM process have been reviewed in detail. Additive manufacturing processes carried out by using conventional machines, called hybrid additive manufacturing, have also been reviewed by discussing their methods and arrangements in detail.

Quantification of shape parameters of Co-Cr-Mo-Si multiphase compounds and their role in the processing of metal injection molding feedstocks

Particle shape is one of the most important powder attributes affecting the properties of multiphase compounds intended for metal injection molding. This work reports the processability of gas (GA) and water (WA) atomized Co-Cr-Mo-Si alloy related to quantitative analyses of particle shape using a newly developed algorithm based on the Euclidean distance mapping, which results are compared with those of commercially available dynamic image analysis. Both methods reveal similar values for the parameters that quantify the shape of the powders, such as circularity, aspect ratio, and symmetry. The alloys were mixed with wax/high-density polyethylene (50/50 wt%) binder using a double sigma mixer to produce homogeneous feedstocks. The critical solid loading and flow performance corresponding to the differences in powder shapes were derived from the torque and capillary rheometers, respectively, to obtain the optimum molding parameters. A stable and repeatable viscosity was observed for the GA feedstock, whereas the compound containing WA was prone to phase separation during flow. The defect-free sintered specimens were examined by metallographic analysis; the GA powder compound could be sintered to a maximum of 99.2 % of the theoretical density, whereas the irregular WA powder reached a maximum of 98.8 % of the theoretical density, and the carbon residue was found to be higher for the GA feedstock. The GA samples had a significantly higher ultimate tensile strength owing to their larger symmetry, which resulted in a lower porosity and stress concentration.

Efficient decontamination of tetracycline via fenton-like process mediated by chitosan-based Fe-MOFs under wide pH range

Fe-MOF is one of the highly-promising Fenton-like catalysts. However, the shape of powder and low Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycle efficiencies restrict its applications. In this research, MIL-101(Fe) was incorporated into a chitosan (CS) matrix to obtain easy-recyclable MIL-101(Fe)@CS beads as Fenton-like catalysts for tetracycline (TC) degradation. The CS partially wrapped the octahedral MIL-101(Fe) particles for protection and dispersion. The MIL-101(Fe)@CS/H2O2 system demonstrated better TC removal efficiency (∼90.00 % within 140 min), with a pseudo-first-order kinetic constant 3.5 times higher than that of the MIL-101(Fe)/H2O2 system. In addition, the reaction system exhibited a wider pH application range (5.12 – 12.96), higher H2O2 utilization rate (70 %), better interference resistance of the common anions in water, excellent reusability (94.10 % degradation efficiency retained over five cycles), and lower risk of secondary pollution with Fe ions (1.47 mg/L). Furthermore, theoretical evaluations and antibacterial tests revealed that the MIL-101(Fe)@CS/H2O2 system effectively reduced the potential risk of TC in the ecosystem. A mechanistic study showed that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were the main reactive species involved in the reaction and that the presence of CS accelerated the Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycle. This study offers an immobilization strategy to optimize the catalytic performance of Fe-MOFs and improve their practical application, providing theoretical and technical support for refractory organic degradation in wastewater by Fenton-like processes.

RECEIVING METALS FROM SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS. POWDER OF SILVER

Purpose of research. Powder of silver is one of the most widely used materials in industry. In the free or sintered (compressed) state, it is widely used in medicine as an element of antiseptics, in electronics as the basis of conductive pastes, conductive adhesives and contacts intended for closing and opening electrical circuits, in the production of multilayer ceramic capacitors, etc. Due to its high electrical conductivity, powder of silver is also used as a cathode material in solar cells. In today's conditions, the development of materials for alternative energy sources is quite relevant. Powder of silver can be used as a component of the active mass in chemical current sources. It is known that the characteristics of the active mass are influenced by the properties of the powder, namely, the size and shape of the particles. Materials and methodology. In this work, it was proposed to use boards of radio-electronic equipment as raw materials for the production of powders of silver. The reductant, recovery rate and modes of obtaining finely dispersed powders of silver after processing of secondary raw materials were identified. Results. The influence of the parameters of the reduction of powders of silver, namely, the type of reducing agent and the rate of reduction, was studied. It was established that in the process of forming powders of silver, a developed morphology and space between particles are formed, which increases the surface area, due to which the performance characteristics of various devices, in which powder of silver can be used as a component, will improve. Scientific novelty. Factors that affect the size and shape of powder of silver particles, namely, the type of reducing agent and the rate of reduction, have been established. Conclusions. It was established that the size of particles of silver depends on the speed of recovery. The stronger the reducing agent, the higher the rate of metal reduction, and the larger the particle size. Changing the speed of recovery (slowing down or speeding up) allows you to get particles of silver with the desired size. The indisputable advantage of the method of obtaining powder of silver by reduction is the formation of high-purity metal, which positively affects the properties.

Influence of Ni Content on Microstructure and Hardness of Nickel-Graphite Abradable Seal Coatings Produced by Plasma Spraying

The influence of the initial shape of graphite powder and Ni content on the structure and properties of the nickel-graphite powders and plasma-sprayed coatings is investigated. The irregularly and spherically shaped graphite powders were produced by mechanical crushing and mechanical crushing with rolling, respectively. It is shown, that spherically shaped graphite powder has advantages in flowability and better deposition of Ni layer. The nickel-graphite core-shell powders with 50 and 75 wt.% Ni content were used to deposit coatings by plasma spraying. The composition, structure, and hardness of the nickel-graphite coatings were studied.

The effect of powder shape on the magnetic anisotropy in NdFeB bonded magnets

The advent of NdFeB bonded magnets with freedom of shape design is effective in achieving motor size and weight reductions. In this paper, the NdFeB bonded magnets were produced through calendaring molding, and the effect of powder shape on degree of alignment (DOA) of NdFeB bonded magnets was investigated. The magnetic measurement results demonstrate that platelet-shaped anisotropic Master Quality Authenticated (MQA) powders exhibit a significantly higher DOA compared to sphere-shaped anisotropic HDDR powders. Microstructural analysis reveals the presence of an oriented structure induced by mechanical stress in MQA bonded magnets, resulting in magnetic anisotropy. This observation is consistent with the difference in X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns between the cross-section and surface of MQA bonded magnets. Conversely, spherical HDDR particles display minimal orientation and maintain a random distribution, resulting in magnetic isotropy. The XRD pattern of the cross-section of HDDR bonded magnets closely resembles that of its surface. In summary, our findings highlight the superior potential of platelet-shaped anisotropic MQA powders for achieving enhancing magnetic properties during the calendaring molding process, in contrast to sphere-shaped anisotropic HDDR powders. This study provides valuable insights into the determinants of mechanical particle orientation during the fabrication of anisotropic NdFeB bonded magnets, with implications for the development of high-performance bonded magnets.

Solid-state production of uniform metal powders for additive manufacturing by ultrasonic vibration machining

This work presents a new technique to generate uniform and micron-sized metal powders for additive manufacturing. By collecting discrete chips resulting from ultrasonic vibration machining, we demonstrate the feasibility of all solid-state production consistent powders with tight dimensional tolerance, the ability to control powder geometry, and good efficiency. The technique offers a new route for sustainable and low-cost manufacturing of high-quality metal powders. The powder generation mechanism is analyzed with a special tool path design to ensure consistent dimensions over multiple cuts. An analytical model to predict the dimensions of produced powders under different cutting parameters is introduced. Aluminum and brass powders of different dimensions are produced, and the overall shear ratio that governs the deformation during the machining process is calibrated with the experimental results. The morphology consistency of produced powders is investigated over multiple hours of production, illuminating the role of tool wear on final powder shape. A high-efficiency powder collection system and a scalable solution for parallel production are proposed for the introduced technique. Additive manufacturing experiments (laser powder bed fusion) are conducted using produced A356 aluminum powders, demonstrating the printability of produced powders in additive manufacturing. The microhardness of the printed parts for five different process parameters is measured to be 45% higher than the raw material on average.

Effect of Silver Powder Microstructure on the Performance of Silver Powder and Front-Side Solar Silver Paste.

Silver powder, as the primary component of solar silver paste, significantly influences various aspects of the paste's performance, including printing, sintering, and conductivity. This study reveals that, beyond the shape and size of the silver powders, their microstructure is a critical factor influencing the performance of both silver powders and silver pastes in solar cell applications. The growth process leads to the formation of either polycrystalline aggregated silver powder or crystal growth silver powder. Analyzing the performance characteristics of these different microstructures provides guidance for selecting silver powders for silver pastes at different sintering temperatures. Polycrystalline aggregated silver powder exhibits higher sintering activity, with a sintering initiation temperature around 450 °C. The resulting silver paste, sintered at 750 °C, demonstrates a low sheet resistance of 2.92 mΩ/sq and high adhesion of 2.13 N. This silver powder is suitable for formulating silver pastes with lower sintering temperatures. The solar cell electrode grid lines have a high aspect ratio of 0.37, showing poor uniformity. However, due to the high sintering activity of the silver powder, the glass layer dissolves and deposits more silver, resulting in excellent conductivity, a low contact resistance of the silver electrode, a low series resistance of the solar cell of 1.23 mΩ, and a high photoelectric conversion efficiency of 23.16%. Crystal growth silver powder exhibits the highest tap density of 5.52 g/cm3. The corresponding silver paste shows improved densification upon sintering, especially at 840 °C, yielding a sheet resistance of 2.56 mΩ/sq and adhesion of 3.05 N. This silver powder is suitable for formulating silver pastes with higher sintering temperatures. The solar cell electrode grid lines are uniform with the highest aspect ratio of 0.40, resulting in a smaller shading area, a high fill factor of 81.59%, and a slightly higher photoelectric conversion efficiency of 23.17% compared to the polycrystalline aggregated silver powder.

Nutritional Profiling and Characterization of Developed Cake Premix Using Finger Millets (Eleusine coracana) and Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas L.)

Research in the areas of nutrition and health care, as well as the growing public knowledge of these subjects, support the potential of phytochemicals like dietary fibre on their health-beneficial properties. Finger millet (FM) rates higher in terms of nutritional composition than other cereal grains. When absorbed by the body, FM's nutritional composition lowers the chance of developing type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and gastrointestinal tract disorders. Due to the high levels of calcium (0.38%), dietary fibre (18%), and phenolic compounds (0.3–3%) in it, its usefulness in terms of nutrition is well understood. Additionally, they have been found to have anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, anti-atherosclerotic, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. The study focused on the development, Physiochemical Analysis, Nutritional Profiling and Microbial analysis of Cake Premix using Finger Millet and Sweet Potato in Different Ratio. A porous shape of the premix powder was shown by Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. The structure of the Premix was mainly pore-free, uniform, and compact. showed that the Premix's surface was also smooth. Presumption powder's Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra were essentially identical within the wave-number range of 4000–400 cm−1. the six-month period's microbiological proliferation (count of mould and yeast). The findings showed that during the storage period, there was no discernible variation in the microbiological load (yeast and mould count) in the created goods, suggesting that they were safe for ingestion for up to six months. The objective of the present research was intended to develop Cake premix by using Finger Millet and Sweet Potato in different Ratio which could be utilized as nutritional supplement and also helps in lowering the risks of lifestyle disorders.

Effect of heat treatment on the particle size, shape and morphology of uranium deuteride powder

The influence of heat treatment on the geometric properties of UD3 powder (particles shape, size distribution and morphology) during hydriding-dehydriding were investigated. >95% of the UD3 particles synthesized by once hydriding of uranium were composed of primary particles not exceeding 38 μm. About 63% of primary particles had aspect ratios between 1.4–2.2. Particles prepared under heating conditions exhibited smooth surfaces and columnar structures on their sides. As the starting temperature of hydriding reaction decreased, the proportion of fine particles (<10 μm) in the powder increased. During the deuterium absorption-desorption, primary particles gradually broke down into small particles, which further adhered and aggregated into agglomerates by heat treatment. Agglomerates were consisted of cauliflower-like clusters, and their growth were random and non-oriented. The primary particles and/or agglomerates with aspect ratios between 1.4–2.2 always accounted for about 63%. Agglomerates exceeding 38 μm in multiple thermal cycles were very rare.

RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR AND 3D PRINTING OF HIGHLY FILLED ALUMINA-POLYAMIDE FILAMENTS DURING FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING

The present work provides evidence for the feasibility of green body printing by FDM technology using highly developed (65 wt.&amp;#37;) filled alumina (Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) - polyamide filaments. The irregular (anisometric) particle shape of the as-received ceramic powder was changed to spherical (granulated) using the spray drying method. This shape of particles improves the flowability of the composition and are more uniformly distributed in the polymer binder. To evaluate the behavior of the created ceramic-polymer mixtures with ceramic particles of both irregular and spherical shapes during extrusion, their rheological properties were studied. The granular particles appeared to be more densely packed and homogeneously distributed in the extruded sample. Anisometric particles are worse oriented in the flow, which affects the rheological properties of the samples. For spherical particles, the effect of decreasing hydrodynamic resistance during deformation is observed. Increasing the Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; phase content (irrespective of the particle shape) up to 75 wt.&amp;#37; and decreasing the binder content leads to a significant increase in the elasticity of the samples and a change in the flow character up to its loss. The variation of diameter and surface roughness measurements of extruded filaments with irregularly shaped ceramic particles was higher than that of filament samples with spherical particles. The developed feedstock is supposed to be used for 3D printing with subsequent post-processing methods to produce ceramic samples.

Particle morphology control for spherical powder fabrication using the ball milling process with DEM simulation

Characteristics of spherical particles on copper powder and changing sizes were studied in a ball mill under various experimental conditions, such as different ball diameters, high rotation speeds, and milling times, using a discrete element method (DEM) simulation. This experiment has investigated the characteristics of spherical particle morphology evolution involved in the mechanical alloying of copper powder. The morphological evolution of the copper particle was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A spherical copper particle was shown with a roundness value using imageJ software. The DEM was used to simulate the ball motion in a planetary ball mill, and the impact energy and shear energy generated during the collision were analyzed to estimate the contact number between the ball and the ball wall. Therefore, as the size of the ball decreased, the number of ball-to-ball and ball-to-wall contacts increased accordingly, and the spherical shape of the copper powder changed.