Panel Shape Research Articles

The Effect of the Geometric Shape of Composite Panels on Their Stability and Load-Bearing Capacity

The Effect of the Geometric Shape of Composite Panels on Their Stability and Load-Bearing Capacity

Aerodynamic force and moment computations for very low Earth orbit satellites using a TPMC model

The recent upswing in satellite operations of very low Earth orbit has triggered the necessity to evaluate aerodynamic forces and moments, which can significantly affect satellite orbit. The present paper evaluates the aerodynamic forces and pitching moment on a satellite design using the test particle Monte Carlo method, accounting for the contribution of solar panel shape and placement relative to the position of the center-of-gravity of the satellite. Simulation results show that solar panel placement has significant effects on the moments caused by the solar panel aerodynamic forces. From the computations, an optimal satellite configuration that has both reduced drag and enhanced longitudinal static stability can be identified for a given volume and solar panel area. A sensitivity study was performed to understand the contribution of varying thermospheric conditions and satellite pitch on computed drag forces. This analysis highlights the importance of including a variable drag model in an orbit propagator to account for changes of operation altitude, attitude, and solar activity.

Transforming Traditional Photovoltaic Panels into Thermal/ Photovoltaic Panels Incorporating Composite-Phase Change Materials

Solar panels are constantly evolving, with changes occurring in the materials used, panel shapes, and the method used to attach solar cells to the panels. Solar radiation consists of two components: photovoltaic energy, which is used to generate electricity via photovoltaic panels, and thermal energy, which, on the other hand, can reduce the efficiency of photovoltaic panels. Thermal photovoltaic panels are a recent breakthrough in the industry as they use light to generate energy and heat to reheat cryogenic liquid for a variety of purposes. One subtype that is gaining popularity is hybrid photovoltaic thermal panels, which are designed to enhance heat use by adding a heat storage medium, with phase change materials being a noteworthy example. ​ Despite their numerous benefits, these materials have limited heat conductivity, necessitating substantial research efforts to improve this attribute. However, most research focus solely on enhancing conductivity without applying the findings to PV panels in a comprehensive manner. This study fills this gap by reviewing the phase change materials accessible locally, picking Iraqi wax, researching additions, selecting micro- particles of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), investigating the mixing procedure, and calculating the ideal mixing ratio (6% additive to wax). The combination is then placed to a normal solar panel, resulting in a hybrid photovoltaic panel with a complicated phase transition material reinforced with aluminum oxide.

A comprehensive review on architectural design and development of flexible photovoltaic solar panel

This review article aims to investigate the potential of flexible solar panels to revolutionize building and vehicle roofing design. The study explores the technology, its advantages over conventional panels, and architectural design considerations for seamless integration into curved surfaces. Flexible solar panels represent an emerging technology with the potential to transform the aesthetics and functionality of buildings and vehicles. Unlike rigid panels, flexible solar cells can conform to curved surfaces, offering new possibilities for architectural design and energy generation. This review comprehensively explores the technology behind flexible solar panels, comparing their characteristics to conventional flat panels. It delves into architectural design considerations, examining various methods and tools employed for optimizing panel shape, arrangement, and integration within the built environment. The findings of this review highlight the significant advantages of flexible solar panels in terms of aesthetic appeal and design flexibility. The ability to seamlessly integrate these panels into curved surfaces opens up new possibilities for architectural innovation. Flexible solar panels have the potential to become an integral component of future building and vehicle design. By overcoming the limitations of traditional solar technology, these panels can contribute to sustainable energy generation while enhancing the visual appeal of structures. Further research and development are necessary to optimize the efficiency and durability of flexible solar panels for extensive adoption.

Fluid–Structure Interactions between Oblique Shock Trains and Thin-Walled Structures in Isolators

Understanding aeroelastic issues related to isolators is pivotal for the structural design and flow control of scramjets. However, research on fluid–structure interactions (FSIs) between thin-walled structures and the isolator flow remains limited. This study delves into the FSIs between thin-walled panels and the isolator flow, as characterized by an oblique shock train, by quantitatively analyzing 11 flow parameters assessing the structural response, separation zones, shock structures, flow symmetry, and performance. The results reveal that an FSI triggers panel flutter under oblique shock train conditions, with the panel shapes exhibiting a combination of first- and second-mode responses, peaking at 0.75 of the panel length. Compared to rigid wall conditions, isolators with a flexible panel at the bottom wall experience downstream movement of the separation zones and shock structures, reduced flow symmetry, and minor changes in performance. Transient fluctuations occur due to the panel flutter. Two flexible panels at the top and bottom walls have a comparatively lesser influence on the averaged parameters but exhibit more violent transient fluctuations. Furthermore, the FSI effects under oblique shock train conditions are contrasted with those under normal shock train conditions. The flutter response under normal shock train conditions is more pronounced, with a larger amplitude and higher frequency, driven by the heightened participation of the first-mode response. The effects of FSIs under normal shock train conditions on the averaged parameters are the opposite (with a larger influence) to those under oblique shock train conditions, with significantly more drastic transient fluctuations. Overall, this study sheds light on the complex and substantial influence of FSIs on the isolator flow, emphasizing the necessity of considering FSIs in future isolator design and development endeavors.

Convolutional neural networks and Internet of Things for fault detection by aerial monitoring of photovoltaic solar plants

Aerial thermographic inspection is performed with thermal cameras embedded in unmanned aerial vehicles, being one of the most relevant monitoring techniques for photovoltaic panels. This technique allows the detection of thermal patterns associated with faults in the photovoltaic panels, although image analysis and fault detection require novel processing methodologies. The volume and variety of aerial thermal data together with the need for faster and more efficient analysis for early maintenance operations require efficient Internet of Things architectures to provide fast and effective diagnostics with easy access.This paper presents a new approach based on image analysis with two consecutive convolutional neural networks to detect hot spots in an Internet of Things platform and reduce the number of false positives. The architecture of the platform is designed to automatically process the received data through the implementation of different Convolutional Neural Networks. A real case study is proposed with thermograms from three photovoltaic solar plants with different sizes, shapes of panels and a wide temperature range. The results show an accuracy of 99 % for panel detection and 96 % for hot spot detection with a reduction of false positives compared to other studies, such as Support Vector Machine or different Artificial Neural Networks, demonstrating the robustness of the method.

The design of a novel two-dimensional deployable mechanism for large-aperture planar antennas

Large-aperture planar antennas are essential in applications like satellite communication and Earth observation. In order to accommodate them within the constrained storage space of rockets during launch, the development of high-folding-ratio mechanisms becomes imperative. However, most of the existing planar antennas rely on one-dimensional deployable mechanisms, limiting their width and impeding the development of planar antennas with larger apertures. The lack of two-dimensional deployable planar antennas is primarily due to their stringent requirements, including the need for flat reflecting surfaces, regular panel shapes to accommodate electronic devices on the panels’ rear sides and minimal inter-panel gaps. In this paper, we introduce a novel two-dimensional deployable mechanism for the development of large-aperture planar antennas, capable of simultaneously meeting these requirements. Firstly, the architecture of the proposed mechanism and its two-step deployment procedure are described; next, the kinematics on the displacement level are conducted; moreover, a case study is presented to demonstrate its folding performance and frequency response. These studies indicate that the antenna thus obtained can achieve efficient two-dimensional folding while offering a reasonable frequency response, which can be a practical solution for the development of large-aperture planar antennas.

Controllable baffle-type exhaust-hood in home kitchen

In order to reduce the pressure of the central smoke shaft in high-rise apartments, a controllable baffle-hood was proposed to improve the smoke removal efficiency without increase the exhaust airflow rate in the kitchen. A series of baffle-type hoods with various locations and shape of panel were explored to evaluate the pollutant removal efficiency. The results showed that the baffle design reduces pollutant concentration by 8%–71% and lowers temperature by 0.8 °C–2.0 °C compared to conventional range hoods. A power function relationship was found between pollutant concentration and air velocity at cross-sectional of inlet. The panel is still a simple and useful technology in the home kitchen, if it can solve the convenience of cooking operations.

Analysis of dynamic process of thick-panel origami structures based on finite particle method

Origami structures are widely used in engineering fields, but the thickness of origami structures cannot be ignored in practical engineering. The folding and unfolding motions of thick-panel origami structures involve the coupling of structural deformation and rigid-body motion, and the contact constraints between thick panels are complex. In this study, a novel method for the dynamic process of thick-panel origami structures is proposed based on the finite particle method (FPM). Firstly, the fine modeling and simplified modeling of thick-panel origami structures are presented. Specifically, the fine modeling adopts a particle-solid model while the simplified modeling uses a particle-bar-spring model. Subsequently, hexahedral element and bar element adopted to model thick panels are briefly introduced. Bar-to-bar spring element is developed to maintain the shapes of thick panels in the particle-bar-spring model. Surface-to-surface spring element is improved to provide the driving forces at creases. Surface-to-surface contact element is also derived to consider the contact constraints between thick panels. Validations including two quantitative validations with experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The dynamic processes of two typical thick-panel origami structures, i.e., the symmetric four-crease circular thick-panel origami structure and the compact-folding thick-panel origami structure, are modeled and analyzed, and the influence of panel stiffness on the dynamic process of the latter thick-panel origami structure is discussed in depth. The corresponding physical prototypes are also manufactured to provide qualitative validations of the proposed numerical framework.

Enhancing PV panel segmentation in remote sensing images with constraint refinement modules

Incorrect predictions or underestimation of a city's solar potential can result from neglecting common features of photovoltaic (PV) panels from remote sensing images. This paper proposes an improved approach to address the challenge of accurately segmenting PV panels from remote sensing images using deep learning methods. The proposed method incorporates common features of PV panels and a constraint refinement module (CRM) to perform the localization of PV panel regions and shape regularization more accurately. Specifically, the method uses a color loss function based on prior knowledge of color to refine the predicted region with correct color information among confusing objectives, and a shape loss function based on multi-layer shape targets calculation to refine the initial segments and constrain the edge information of predicted regions. Different CRMs are embedded into the four refined initial segment modules, respectively, to improve the detection IoU of PV panels by up to 7.44%. The best CRM-integrated model performs the best IoU of 74.66% when segmenting PV panels. The proposed method has important implications for urban PV panel segmentation at the city level and provides a promising solution for remote sensing image-based PV plate segmentation tasks in challenging scenarios.

VISproPT: A high-precision instrument for 3D shape analysis of parabolic trough panels.

In Concentrating Solar Power plants, reflective panels are used to redirect solar radiation towards a receiver. Because the panel shape drives the radiation distribution around the focus where the receiver is placed, the 3D measurement is fundamental to assess the panel shape quality. The VISproPT instrument is the advanced version of the prototype VISprofile; these instruments are designed for indoor measuring of the 3D shape of parabolic-trough reflective panels. The VISproPT hardware has been manufactured by MARPOSS Italia Spa and funded by EU project 'Solar Facilities for the European Research Area - Third Phase' (SFERA-III), while the image processing software as well as the calibration procedure, based on the measurement of a perfectly flat surface like that of a calm body of water, have been developed by the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA). The instrument precision is better than 0.1 mrad and 0.3 mm (root mean square value over an area 1.2×0.8 m 2) for slope and height of the surface, respectively. Technical details of experimental set up and calibration-procedure are here reported. The instrument effectiveness is shown by reporting the results obtained on a set of 10 parabolic-trough specimens (5 inner + 5 outer) adopted to run the SFERA-III WP10 Task3 round-robin on 3D shape measurements among the different instruments used by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE (F-ISE), Deutsches Zentrum Fuer Luft - und Raumfahrt EV (DLR), the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Sandia National Laboratories (SANDIA).

Determinan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Kabupaten/Kota Di Provinsi Bali

The motive of this look at is to research the have an effect on of district minimal wages, funding, and family intake, each concurrently and in part, at the welfare of district/metropolis groups withinside the Province of Bali. The studies places have been performed in regencies/towns in Bali Province the use of secondary records that have been posted via way of means of the Bali Province Central Statistics Agency (BPS), and the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance (DJPK). The range of observations on this look at have been seventy two observations with eight years of time collection records from 2015-2022 and go segment records of nine regencies/towns in Bali Province. The records series technique on this look at changed into thru non-player remark techniques. The records used is a aggregate of time collection records and go segment records withinside the shape of panel records. The evaluation method used is descriptive evaluation and panel records regression.The panel records regression check consequences display that the maximum suitable version selected is the constant impact version (FEM). The consequences of the look at observed that district minimal wages, funding, and family intake concurrently have a great impact on people's welfare. District minimal wages have a fantastic and great impact, even as funding and family intake have a fantastic however in part insignificant impact at the welfare of district/metropolis groups withinside the Province of Bali.
 keyword: community welfare, district minimum wage, investment, household consumption.

Measurement of Skid Line Formation and Formation Mechanism of Automotive Outer Panel

Appearance of an automobile is one of the appealing points to customers. Character ridgelines in outer panels such as hood and door panels play an important role to make automobiles attractive, and a sharp character ridgeline which has a ridge of a small curvature radius is much more preferred to a blunt character ridgeline. However, a skid line, a kind of appearance defect, is apt to generate along the character ridgeline in press forming of a sharp character ridgeline. Although it is well-known that skid lines are caused by inhomogeneous tension, the mechanism of skid line generation was not yet fully understood. In this study, the skid line defect is quantitatively evaluated by draw forming experiment using a newly devised die which can measure a panel shape at any time during press forming. The mechanism of skid line formation was clarified by experimental results. The results of the shape measurement suggest that the ridge shape in a panel formed on the punch ridge should move to a flat area of the punch. A wavy shape should be generated there immediately before the ridge shape is flattened at the bottom dead center of the die. Then the wavy shape should grow to a skid line through springback.

Influence of Rigid Carrier Substrate and its Release Layer on Warpage of Fan-out chip last WLPs & PLPs

In recent years, the need for ultra-high density chip packaging devices and heterogenous integration devices require strategic placement of various components for high-performance computing (HPC), artificial intelligence (AI), etc. The fan-out chip last process with redistribution layer (RDL) first is expected as a solution to assemble these modules in advanced packages, which is essential for avoiding the risk of known good die (KGD) loss. During the assembly of the fan-out chip last WLP, elimination or minimizing warpage is an inherent challenge. It is caused by a thermal mismatch between various organic-inorganic – metallic – non-metallic – composite materials used in different layers of the package. If not controlled, then warpage from stresses induces alignment mismatch impacting package yield loss and reliability related issues. Warpage is minimized by using a rigid carrier substrate to build the RDL layers. The selection of this rigid carrier and its release layer influence the package warpage during the fan-out chip last WLP fabrication process. This paper focuses on the influence of rigid carrier substrate and its release layer on the warpage of fan-out chip last WLPs. Further, a solution towards controlling warpage has been provided using a novel material set referred to as HRDP® (High Resolution Debondable Panel). This is a drop-in approach compatible with the existing assembly flow. One of the important features of the HRDP® carrier is that it is offered in various dimensions and thicknesses. The HRDP® carrier is available for round wafers as well as for square/rectangular panel shapes in glass or silicon substrates to match the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the metal RDL, dielectric material, and Epoxy molding compound (EMC). This contributes to optimizing CTE related interfacial stresses and minimizes assembly warpage. Another key attribute of the HRDP® is its ease of debonding. Contrary to conventional debonding/release polymer layers, the HRDP® structure is composed of 100% inorganic material. It improves processing capability during RDL manufacturing, showing better chemical resistance and heat resistance than alternate technologies such as laser lift-off (LLO) type carrier

Collaborative force and shape control for large composite fuselage panels assembly

This study proposed a force and shape collaborative control method that combined method of influence coefficients (MIC) and the elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) to reduce the shape deviation caused by manufacturing errors, gravity deformation, and fixturing errors and improve the shape accuracy of the assembled large composite fuselage panel. This study used a multi-point flexible assembly system driven by hexapod parallel robots. The proposed method simultaneously considers the shape deviation and assembly load of the panel. First, a multi-point flexible assembly system driven by hexapod parallel robots was introduced, with the relevant variables defined in the control process. In addition, the corresponding mathematical model was constructed. Subsequently, MIC was used to establish the prediction models between the displacements of actuators and displacements of panel shape control points, deformation loads applied by the actuators. Following the modeling, the shape deviation of the panel and the assembly load were used as the optimization objectives, and the displacements of actuators were optimized using NSGA-II. Finally, a typical composite fuselage panel case study was considered to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Development of Side Silicone Mold for Reducing Shape Error of Free-Form Concrete Panel

Errors that occur on the side shape of Free-form Concrete Panels (FCP) can cause errors in the FCP construction stage. Therefore, the error generated in FCPs must be reduced. Accordingly, side mold development and research are being carried out. However, in the case of studies using side silicone molds, there was no detailed information about the specifications and application methods of molds, and there was no support between molds. When producing FCPs with the method stated above, there is a high possibility for the mold to be pushed due to the side pressure of concrete, which can cause errors on the side shape of FCPs. Therefore, two new types of side silicone molds were developed in this study. In order to verify the performance difference between the newly developed mold and existing molds, FCP production tests and error analysis were performed. In result, the developed mold decreased the average error difference of the FCP side by 3–5 times compared to the existing mold. In addition, the significance of the average error difference with the produced FCP was verified, and results showed that the difference of the average error was significant at a 95% confidence level.

金型内における自動車外板パネルの線ずれ形成過程の測定

The appearance of an automobile is one of the appealing points to customers. Character lines in outer panels such as hood and door panels play an important role in making automobiles attractive, and a sharp character line with a ridge of small curvature radius is much more preferred to a blunt character line. However, a skid line, a type of cosmetic defect, is apt to be generated along the character line during the press forming of a sharp character line. The authors revealed the mechanism of skid line generation by finite element analysis, and reported the results in a previous paper. In this study, a method is developed to continuously measure the panel shape during press forming. The results of the shape measurement suggest that a convex shape formed on the die ridge should move to a flat area of the die that a wavy shape should generate there immediately before the convex shape is flattened at the bottom dead center and that the wavy shape should grow to a skid line through springback.

Metavivorship and Narrative Repair in Teva Harrison’s <i>In-Between Days</i> (2016)

Teva Harrison’s autobiographical graphic memoir In-Between Days (2016), which chronicles her experiences living with a metastatic breast cancer diagnosis, is a hallmark text of graphic medicine that must be approached from a framework that combines knowledge of disease process and comics art. As she reflects on her rounds of treatment, her symptoms, her anxieties, and her everyday experiences since diagnosis, Harrison combines text and image in innovative page layouts that exploit the artistic possibilities of the medium. Attention is paid to paratextual elements of comics, panel shape and sequence, and word-image interactions, with reference to comics theory and previous work on cancer in graphic novels. Giving voice to her individualized patient experience, Harrison also crafts a memoir with pedagogical value for comics scholars and healthcare providers alike. By applying the concepts of “metavivorship” (Tometich et al., 2020) and “narrative repair” (Nielsen, 2019) to In-Between Days, analysis highlights the creator’s efforts to reconcile body and mind as she lives with metastatic disease.

Graphic Deconstruction of Spatially Marked Race in Miné Okubo's Citizen 13660

Miné Okubo's Citizen 13660 is an autobiographical graphic novel about the Japanese concentration camp during the Second World War. From the perspective of an evacuee and Japanese American, Citizen 13660 rewrites Japanese American identity, which confronts the rhetoric of “enemy race” and the frontier myth that normalized the camp. The graphic novel reveals how deeply the War Relocation Authority (WRA) engaged in the spatial and social exclusion of the minority groups and, by doing so, negatively affected their racial identities. Shedding light on Lefebvre’s theory of the spatiality of power, which emphasizes that spatial order reflects the society’s hegemonic power and shapes the dwellers’ identity, this paper will analyze how the state power deindividualized and criminalized people of Japanese ancestry as a homogenous crowd of “enemy race” through spatial control. This paper will also investigate how Citizen 13660 creatively visualizes, reenacts and re-examine the WRA’s spatial politics with its spatial elements (the shape of panels or the arrangements of gutters, panels, lines, and objects), borrowing McCloud’s analysis of the spatiality of the graphic novel. With unique arrangements of spatial elements in Citizen 13660, Okubo asserts the necessity to dismantle the biologically essentialist concept of race, re-individualize people of Japanese ancestry, and challenge the legitimacy of the camp.

Multiscale Finite Element Method for Ventilation Panels

In the context of electromagnetic compatibility ventilation panels with small quasi-periodic openings exist. The standard finite element (FE) method leads to a large number of unknowns for ventilation panels. An efficient multiscale FE approach is introduced to cope with the multiple scale problem. To this end, special functions are computed by solving cell problems for a single aperture with FEs of higher order to enhance the FE space. The proposed technique is able to cope with varying thickness es of the metallic sheet of the ventilation panel and arbitrary shapes of apertures, as well as lossy materials and frequencies in a wide range. The introduced method improves essentially the accuracy of coarse FE simulations for ventilation panels in 3-D.