Shannon's Method Research Articles

Identifying and Prioritizing Factors Influencing Success of a Strategic Planning Process: A Study on National Iranian Copper Industries Company

<p>Nowadays, global economic activities are performed by medium and small-sized enterprises (SMEs). All these organizations seek success, knock the socks off rival companies and satisfy their customers' needs in a turbulent environment and a very competitive market. Strategic planning, in case of proper formulation and implementation, is an effective tool which can identify opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses of the organization so that more realistic goals can be set and implemented. National Iranian Copper Industries Company needs to prioritize its strategies due to structural evolutions in order to determine the budget and formulate short-term planning for them. So the present research examines and ranks these factors. Our research method is descriptive-survey and the sampling process is random. Population size is 180 and the sample size of 120 is calculated according to Cochran formula. This research categorized the factors using factor analysis. The results showed that success factors of Strategic Planning for this company were situated in four groups including administrative process, managerial process, inter-organizational culture and extra-organizational factors. Then the indicators were weighted and prioritized by means of Shannon's method and Topsis technique, respectively. Finally conclusions were provided according to the given priorities.</p>

Recognizing Korean Nursing Themes to Develop Korean Nursing Theories

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand and explore the nature and types of Korean nursing so the theoretical foundation for Korean nursing could be established. Methods: In-depth interviews with semi-structured questionnaire were given to twelve respondents: professors and students of nursing school and nurse practitioners, and the qualitative data were collected from September 15th to November 15th of 2012. The in-depth interviews were conducted with each participant for about 2 hours and 30 minutes, and the places like the participants' labs or quiet cafes. The interviews were recorded upon the participants' agreement. Content analysis of qualitative based on Hsieh & Shannon's method was done. Any meaningful words, sentences and paragraphs were carefully scrutinized repeatedly to find any sub -topics and finally narrowing them down to four distinct themes. And the final data were analyzed and validated by two professors who were experts in qualitative analysis. Results: There were four major themes and eight sub-themes observed form the analysis. The four main themes were nursing with mothers' love, nursing with filial piety and caring, patient-centered nursing, and nursing based on tradition. Conclusions: The four main themes and eight sub themes reflect cultural perspectives and perceptions of Korean people and it provides strong foundation for Korean nursing theory. Therefore, in order to develop Korea's own creative and progressive nursing theories, Korean history, culture and socio-economy need to be considered and reflected while carefully combining the elements of western theories .

Modeling of the informational field of molecules

The possibility of model operation of an informational field of an entity (molecule), which can be represented as a discrete parameter system of elements (atoms), is shown. The idea of the approach is based on the application of the Shannon's method (quantitative estimation of the information) not only to the molecular structure, but also to the surrounding space. The performance of an information field of a molecule can be utilized for the solution of the “structure–property” tasks.

A Shannon entropy analysis of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor

In 1970, before any antigen-bound immunoglobulin structure had been solved, Elvin Kabat proposed that regions of high amino acid diversity would be the antigen binding sites of immunoglobulin (Kabat, 1970). Conversely, sites of low variability were proposed to be structural, framework regions. This variability was defined by Wu and Kabat as the number of different amino acids found at a site divided by the relative frequency of the most common amino acid at that site (Wu and Kabat, 1970). Several groups have subsequently devised improvements of Kabat-Wu variability analysis (Litwin and Jores, 1992). While these methods are somewhat better than Kabat Wu, they still suffer from Kabat-Wu's basic limitation: they account for only the most common one or two amino acids in estimating diversity. This leads to underestimates of low diversities and exaggerations of high diversities. Shannon information analysis eliminates serious bias and is more stable than Kabat-Wu and second generation measures of diversity (Jores et al. 1990; Wu and Kabat 1970). Statistical reliability can be measured using Shannon analysis, and Shannon measurements can be provided with error estimates. Here we use Shannon's method to analyze the amino acid diversity at each site of T cell receptor Vα and Vβ to identify complementarity determining regions and framework sites. Our results reveal that the T cell receptor is significantly more diverse than immunoglobulin-suggesting T cell receptor has more than the previously-discovered four complementarity determining regions. These new complementarity determining regions may represent a larger antigen combining site, additional combining sites, or an evolutionary strategy to avoid inappropriate interaction with other molecules

<i>Shigella sonnei</i>の産生するcolicinに関する研究

The quantitative method described by the authors in their previous report was used to examine the production of colicin from various type strains of Shigella sonnei, and the specificity and susceptibility of the indicator strains.The results obtained are summarized as follows.1. There were quantitative differences in the production of colicin as determined by Abbott and Shannon's method amoung the type strains used. A significant difference in the production of each colicin was observed in case a strain produced two different types of colicin.2. Some indicator strains used by Abbott and Shannon exhibited instability in their susceptibility to the same colicin produced by various strains to be typed, depending on the amount of colicin, or on the degree of the colicin activity.This may be one of the main causes for the occurrence of unstable patterns classified on the basis of Abbott and Shannon's typing. Poor reproducibility observed in certain cases may also be improved, if the bacterial counts of the indicator strains are adequate.

ソンネ菌のコリシン型とR因子型について

The colicine type and drug-resistance pattern of R factor were investigated by using 514 strains of Shigella sonnei originated from 51 dysenteric patients in Gunma Prefecture over a 5-year period of 1958 to 1960, 1962, and 1966. The results obtained by Abbott and Shannon's method are summarized as follows.The strains isolated from 1958 to 1960 and in 1962 were divided into two colicine types, 6 and 12. Then 472 strains were isolated from 31 outbreaks in 1966 and divided into seven types: 6 (41.9%), 14 (32.3%), 12 (9.7%), 9A (6.5%), 4A (3.2%), 13A (3.2%), and 0 (3.2%), the last of which produced no colicine.This survey has disclosed that colicine type 14 has increased in frequency of isolation. It is well known that changes in colicine type are caused by superinfection of the col+ strain with other transmissible col factor. From these facts and from the epidemiological results, the increase in colicine type 14 may be accounted for by superinfection of col I to Shigella sonnei colicine type 6.The drug-resistance patterns of R factors of the Shigella strains isolated in 1966 were TC. CM. SM. SA in 81.8%, CM. SM. SA in 4.6%, and TC in 13.6%.It was found from these surveys that there was a close relationship between colicine type 14 and the quadruple (TC. CM. SM. SA) resistance pattern of R factors.In addition to these surveys, colicine typing was performed on 221 Escherichia coli strains by Abbott and Shannon's method. The results indicated that there were ten colicine types: 1A, 2, 3A, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 13A.

Colicine typing of Shigella sonnei. II. The relation between colicine typing methods of Abbott and Shannon and of the authors.

Colicine typing of Shigella sonnei using the methods of Naito et al. and Abbott and Shannon were performed in parallel on a large number of epidemic strains, the indicator strains used in both methods, and on stock strains used to test the accuracy of the indicators. The following results were obtained after typing 462 epidemic strains: by Naito's method, 18 strains were in A1, 87 in A2, 33 in B1, 253 in B2, 38 in C1, 3 in C2, 2 in D, and 3 in E, and 25 strains were unclassifiable; while by Abbott and Shannon's method, using the present authors' simplified designation, 189 strains were in type 6/11, 124 in type 4/14, 85 in type O, and 41 in type 8, and 23 strains were either in other types or found unclassifiable. Naito's type A was in large part, equivalent to Abbott and Shannon's type O, but included some type 6/11 and type 4/14 strains. Naito's type B consisted of types 6/11, 4/14, 3A and 13, and type E consisted of 1A, IB, 3, 5, 9, and 10. Type C coincided with type 8 and type D with type 12. In addition, there were strains determined to be Abbott and Shannon's types 6/11, 4/14, 2, 7 and 9. The Abbott and Shannon's method revealed the possibilities of these strains to be classified in further detail. This is considered to be attributable not merely to the lack of indicators in the Naito's method corresponding to those of Abbott and Shannon's, but also to insufficient production of certain colicines in the Naito's method. Because of the type distribution found in Japan at present, further investigation should be done so that types 6 and 11, and types 4 and 14 can be separated.

Colicine Typing of Shigella sonnei

ABSTRACTThe colicine typing method of Shigella sonnei is described with experimental evidence supporting it as well as the manner of selection of eight indicator strains. The disparity of principle between this method and that of Abbott and Shannon's method is (1) selection of the indicators only from wild strains existing in this country, (2) employment of heart infusion broth for colicine production, (3) performance of the typing within 48 hours, and (4) determination of types and subtypes of test‐strains by combining their colicinogenic activity against the indicators and their sensitivity to colicines produced by the indicators. A modification of the method is advocated which requires three days to extract colicine by cultivation and one day for sensitivity tests and which uses peptone as the sole nutriment in media. The efficiency of the technique of Abbott and Shannon, McGeachie and McCormick, and the authors' two methods was compared using the selected indicators. Only the technique of McGeachie and McCormick showed some discrepancies.

Statistical calculation of word entropies for four Western languages

Using a modified version of Shannon's method, comparative figures for the word-letter entropies of printed English, French, German, and Spanish are obtained and the method described.