Shannon-Wiener Index Research Articles

Spatiotemporal diversity of bacterial endophyte microbiome of mandarin (Citrus reticulata) in the northern Persian Gulf and its HCN production and N2 fixation.

Endophytes are symbionts that live in healthy plants and potentially improve the health of plant holobionts. Here, we investigated the bacterial endophyte community of Citrus reticulata grown in the northern Persian Gulf. Bacteria were isolated seasonally from healthy trees (root, stem, bark, trunk, leaf, and crown tissues) in four regions of Hormozgan province (i.e., Ahmadi, Siyahoo, Sikhoran, Roudan), a subtropical hot region in Iran. A total of 742 strains from 17 taxa, 3 phyla, and 5 orders were found, most of which belonged to Actinobacteria (Actinobacteriales) as the dominant group, followed by Firmicutes (Bacillales), Proteobacteria (Sphingomonadales, Rhizobiales), and Cyanobacteria (Synechoccales). The genera included Altererythrobacter, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Cellulosimicrobium, Curtobacterium, Kocuria, Kytococcus, Methylopila, Mycobacterium, Nocardioides, Okiabacterium, Paracraurococcus, and Psychrobacillus. The most frequently occurring species included Psychrobacillus psychrodurans, Kytococcus schroetri, and Bacillus cereus. In addition, the overall colonization frequency and variability of endophytes were higher on the trunks. The leaves showed the lowest species variability in all sampling periods. The frequency of endophyte colonization was also higher in summer. The Shannon-Wiener (H') and Simpson indices varied with all factors, i.e., region, season, and tissue type, with the maximum in Roudan. Furthermore, 52.9% of the strains were capable of nitrogen fixation, and 70% produced antagonistic hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Thus, C. reticulata harbors a variety of bioactive bacterial endophytes that could be beneficial for host fitness in such harsh environments.

Keanekaragaman Jenis Anggang-anggang (Gerris marginatus) di Aliran Sungai Taman Wisata Alam Kerandangan Kabupaten Lombok Barat

Flywheels are a type of insect belonging to the Family Gerridae. Flywheels are insects that are usually found in calm waters such as ponds, rivers and lakes. The aim of this research was to determine the index of diversity of flywheels species in the river flow of Kerandangan Nature Tourism Park, West Lombok Regency. The type of research used is exploratory descriptive research. The data analysis technique in this research uses the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The results of the research show that the species diversity index value of flywheels (Gerris marginatus) in the Kerandangan Nature Tourism Park is in the low category, with a total of 0.0693 in post 1, post 2 totaling 0.3518, and post 3 totaling 0.3463.

Canting Expedition: Herpetofauna Diversity in the Mendolo Village, Lebakbarang, Pekalongan

Central Java is an area that has natural forests with quite high biodiversity potential, one of which is Mendolo Village, Lebakbarang, Pekalongan. The diversity of herpetofauna species is one of its potential biodiversity. Data collection on herpetofauna in Mendolo Village has not yet been carried out, even though this village is in direct contact with natural forests with great potential. The aim of this research is to reveal the diversity of herpetofauna types at this location. The method used is VES (Visual Encounter Survey). The data obtained was then analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index. There were 23 species of reptiles and 16 species of amphibians, with a Diversity Index value of 2.942 for reptile types and 2.28 for amphibians. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the diversity of herpetofauna species in Mendolo Village is in the quite high category.

Macrophyte Diversity and Ecosystem Services in Wetlands of Eastern Ranchi: A Multi-site Analysis of Abundance, Frequency, and Importance Value Index Patterns

Macrophytes, visible aquatic and semi-aquatic plants, are integral components of wetland ecosystems, playing crucial roles in maintaining biodiversity, providing ecosystem services, and ensuring ecological stability. This research examines the distribution, abundance, frequency, diversity, and ecosystem services of macrophytes in several wetlands (W1-W7) located in the eastern part of Ranchi district, Jharkhand, India. The study sites include Bundu Lake, Hindalco Pond, Choga Bada Talab, Raja Bandh, Kita Uparbandh, Tamar Bada Talab, and Rukka Dam. A quantitative assessment using quadrat sampling and phytosociological methods was conducted from September 2022 to March 2023 to ensure accurate data collection and analysis. The study documented 78 macrophyte species belonging to 33 families and 58 genera. Emergent macrophytes were found to be the dominant life form, constituting 69% of the recorded species. Several species demonstrated high frequency and abundance across multiple study sites, including Pontederia crassipes Mart., Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart) Griseb., Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, Ipomoea aquaticaForssk., and Nymphoides hydrophyllum (Lour.) kuntze. To assess the diversity and ecological characteristics of the macrophyte communities, various diversity indices were calculated. These included the Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson's index, Margalef index, and Pielou's Evenness index. The results of these analyses revealed high levels of macrophyte diversity and evenness within the studied wetlands. Twenty-one macrophytes were identified as key species and nine species as rare species based on their IVI (Importance Value Index) scores. The key species were found to provide essential ecosystem services, including erosion control, water quality improvement, nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and habitat provision for other organisms. This research contributes significantly to our understanding of macrophyte diversity patterns and traits-based ecosystem services in wetland ecosystems. The findings of this study have important implications for the development and implementation of effective conservation strategies for these vital wetland ecosystems in the eastern Ranchi (W1- W7).

Relationship between water quality and phytoplankton distribution of aquaculture areas in a tropical lagoon.

Aquaculture activities can affect water quality and phytoplankton composition. Our study estimated phytoplankton density and composition relating to aquaculture-impacted environmental factors. We analyzed water quality and phytoplankton at 35 sites in a tropical brackish lagoon, including inside aquaculture ponds (integrated farming of fish, shrimp, and crab), at wastewater discharge points, within 300m of these points, and farther out in the lagoon. Measurements were taken after aquaculture activities started in March and again in July. In both periods, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and turbidity decreased from the aquaculture ponds to the farther lagoon areas. Principal component analysis showed that nutrients, turbidity, and Chl-a were critical factors in aquaculture ponds, while salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and water depth influenced water quality outside the ponds. Phytoplankton density was higher in July than in March due to aquaculture characteristics. Redundancy analysis indicated that phytoplankton, typical of inorganic, turbid, shallow lakes, was present throughout, whereas marine phytoplankton characterized the open water area (OWA). Marine phytoplankton caused a higher Shannon-Wiener index in July compared to March for OWA. Phytoplankton in aquaculture ponds was dominated by Oscillatoria spp., while Thalassiosira spp. dominated outside the ponds. We also identified indicator genera for two connected lagoons. Although constant water exchange prevented identifying specific indicator phytoplankton groups for aquaculture, this revealed the impact of wastewater from aquaculture ponds on the natural environment in the lagoons. Research on phytoplankton communities is necessary for the sustainable development of aquaculture and environmental management in coastal lagoons.

Recombinant Lactiplantibacilllus plantarum modulate gut microbial diversity and function

BackgroundGut microbes are important regulators of host health and can also function as disease indicators. Lactiplantibacilllus plantarum(L. plantarum)used as express and delivery vaccines for mucosal immunity have been shown to activate specific immune responses in numerous studies.ResultsThe interaction between recombinant L. plantarum and the gut microbiota was investigated in this study. The results indicated a change in the amount of gut OTU by recombinant L. plantarum. Recombinant L. plantarum dramatically boosted the species diversity of gut bacteria based on the Shannon-Wiener index. Beta diversity analysis showed that microbial structure was changed by recombinant L. plantarum. Furthermore, recombinant NC8 L. plantarum expressing a fusion between the P14.5 protein of the African swine fever virus and IL-33 enhanced the functions of gut bacteria in metabolism and immune regulation. Increased levels of IgG and IgG1 in serum and sIgA in feces, as well as enrichment of CD4+ T cells and IgA+ B cells, indicated that the gut microbiota exerted an immunomodulatory role when mediated by recombinant L. plantarum.ConclusionsThese results revealed that recombinant L. plantarum exerted its potential role in the gut microbiota and gut immunity.These fndings contribute to a broader understanding and utilization of L. plantarum bacteria in various therapeutic applications.

An Ecological Survey of Chiggers (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) Associated with Small Mammals in an Epidemic Focus of Scrub Typhus on the China-Myanmar Border in Southwest China.

Chiggers (chigger mites) are a group of tiny arthropods, and they are the exclusive vector of Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot), the causative agent of scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease). Dehong Prefecture in Yunnan Province of southwest China is located on the China-Myanmar border and is an important focus of scrub typhus. Based on the field surveys in Dehong between 2008 and 2022, the present paper reports the infestation and ecological distribution of chiggers on the body surface of rodents and other sympatric small mammals (shrews, tree shrews, etc.) in the region for the first time. The constituent ratio (Cr), prevalence (PM), mean abundance (MA), and mean intensity (MI) were routinely calculated to reflect the infestation of small-mammal hosts with chiggers. Additionally, the species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H), Simpson dominance index (D), and Pielou's evenness index (E) were calculated to illustrate the chigger community structure. Preston's log-normal model was used to fit the theoretical curve of species abundance distribution, and the Chao 1 formula was used to roughly estimate the expected total species. The "corrplot" package in R software (Version 4.3.1) was used to analyze interspecific relationships, and the online drawing software was used to create a chord diagram to visualize the host-chigger associations. From 1760 small-mammal hosts, a total of 9309 chiggers were identified as belonging to 1 family, 16 genera, and 117 species, with high species diversity. The dominant chigger species were Leptotrombidium deliense, Walchia ewingi, and Gahrliepia longipedalis, with a total Cr = 47.65% (4436/9309), among which L. deliense is the most important vector of Ot in China. The overall infestation indexes (PM, MA, and MI) and community parameters (S, H, and E) of chiggers in the mountainous areas and outdoors were higher than those in the flatland areas and indoors, with an obvious environmental heterogeneity. Leptotrombidium deliense was the dominant species in the flatland and indoors, while G. longipedalis was the prevalent species in the mountainous and outdoor areas. The species abundance distribution of the chigger community conformed to log-normal distribution with the theoretical curve equation: S(R)'=28e-[0.23(R-0)]2, indicating the existence of many rare species and only a few dominant species in the community. The expected total number of chigger species was roughly estimated to be 147 species, 30 more than the 117 species actually collected, suggesting that some uncommon species may have been missed in the sampling survey. The host-parasite association analysis revealed that one host species can harbor different chigger species, and one chigger species can parasitize different host species with low host specificity. A positive or negative correlation existed among different chigger species, indicating a cooperative or competitive interspecific relationship. The species diversity of chiggers is high in Dehong on the China-Myanmar border, and a large host sample is recommended to find more uncommon species. There is an obvious environmental heterogeneity of the chigger community, with different species diversity and dominant species in different environments. The low host specificity of chiggers and the occurrence of a large number of L. deliense in Dehong, especially in flatland areas and indoors, would increase the risk of persistent transmission of scrub typhus in the region.

Effect of Caragana microphylla Lam. on Desertified Grassland Restoration

Background: The restoration of the degraded sandy grasslands in Hulun Buir is crucial for maintaining the local ecological balance and sustainable development. Caragana microphylla Lam., a shrub species widely employed in the restoration of sandy vegetation. It is essential to understand its impact on the understory vegetation and soil properties during this process. Methods: This study employed ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and redundancy analysis to systematically analyze the impact of C. microphylla on the three critical stages of desertified grassland vegetation recovery: semi-fixed dunes, fixed dunes, and sandy grasslands. It provided strategies for the restoration of desertified grassland vegetation and offered additional theoretical evidence for the role of vegetation in promoting the recovery of sandy lands. Results: (1) As the degree of vegetation recovery in desertified grasslands increases, the species richness of understory vegetation, Shannon–Wiener index, community height, and biomass also increase. Both the community height and biomass within shrublands are higher than outside, with species richness within the shrublands being higher than outside during the semi-fixed and fixed-sand land stages. (2) In both the 0~10 cm and 10~20 cm soil layers, soil water content showed an increasing trend, peaking in the sandy grassland stage (1.2%), and was higher within the shrublands than outside. The soil water content at 10~20 cm was higher than in the 0~10 cm layer. In both layers, clay and silt content gradually increased with the degree of vegetation recovery in the sandy land, and higher within the shrublands than outside, while the opposite was true for sand content. (3) In both soil layers, soil organic carbon gradually increased with the degree of vegetation recovery, peaking in the sandy grassland stage (4.12 g·kg−1), and was higher within the shrublands than outside. Total nitrogen increased from the semi-fixed-sand land stage to the fixed-sand land stage, with higher levels within the shrublands than outside at all stages. Soil pH within the shrublands decreased as the degree of vegetation recovery increased. There was no significant change in the total phosphorus content. (4) In both soil layers, soil physicochemical characteristics accounted for 59.6% and 46.9% of the vegetation changes within and outside the shrublands, respectively, with the main influencing factors being the soil particle size, total nitrogen, soil water content, and soil organic carbon. Conclusions: In the process of sandy grassland restoration, C. microphylla facilitates the growth and development of vegetation by enhancing the underlying soil physicochemical properties, specifically regarding the soil particle size distribution, soil water content, soil organic carbon, and total nitrogen.

Structural Characteristics of Phytoplankton Communities and Its Relationship with Environmental Factors in Different Habitats of Hedi Reservoir

To explore the characteristics of phytoplankton communities and their relationship with environmental factors in different habitats of Hedi Reservoir, the inflow rivers, estuaries, and reservoir area of Hedi Reservoir were investigated in February （recession period）, April （flood period）, July （flood period）, and December （recession period） of 2022. During the investigation, 231 species of phytoplankton that belong to seven phyla were identified, and the cell density of phytoplankton ranged from 2.94 × 106 - 8.04 × 108 cells·L-1. Phytoplankton cell density in flood periods were higher than that in recession periods, and that was higher in estuaries and the reservoir area than that in inflow rivers. Meanwhile, the cell density of phytoplankton in the estuarine and reservoir area was dominated by Cyanobacteria throughout the year, especially Raphidiopsis raciborskii, whereas the cell density of phytoplankton in inflow rivers was dominated by Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, and Bacillariophyta. In the inflow river area, the dominant species of cyanobacteria were Microcystis aeruginosa, Limnothrix redekei, Pseudanabaena circinalis, and Merismopedia punctata； the dominant species of Chlorophyta were Chlorella vulgaris and Crucigenia tetrapedia； and the dominant species of Bacillariophyta were Chlorella vulgaris and Melosira granulate. The highest biodiversity （Shannon-Wiener Index, Pielou index, and Margalef index） were observed in the inflow river area of Hedi Reservoir. The correlation analysis （Pearson） indicated that the environmental factors that were significantly correlated to phytoplankton communities included water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentration. The RDA analysis indicated that phytoplankton communities in the inflow river area were mainly affected by pH and total nitrogen concentration, which were majorly affected by water temperature and pH in the estuarine area and chiefly affected by turbidity and pH in the reservoir. The pH affected the changes in phytoplankton communities in all three different habitats, whereas the inflow river area was significantly affected by total nitrogen concentration, and the estuarine and reservoir were significantly affected by water temperature and turbidity, respectively.

Comprehensive Evaluation and Selection of Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) Germplasm Using Morphological Traits.

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) plays a crucial role in Guatemala's agriculture, supporting local families and covering 169,429.29 ha (making it the world's leading producer). Since its introduction to Guatemala in 1910, limited research has focused on unraveling the diversity and defining morphological traits critical for selecting excellent accessions. In this study, we examined 17 morphological traits across 288 accessions to identify key features associated with the germplasm. The comprehensive analysis employed principal component analysis, a morphological composite value (F-value), linear regression, and hierarchical clustering. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index ranged from 0.10 to 2.02, indicating the variation in diversity among traits. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering revealed six distinct germplasm groups. The comprehensive analysis facilitated the selection of 14 excellent accessions, and the regression equation incorporating criteria such as plant height, capsule color, panicle number per plant, panicle length, rhizome color, cluster number per panicle, cluster node length, and capsule number per cluster to identify cardamom germplasm. To develop a conservation strategy for the two putative foreign varieties ('Malabar' and 'Mysore'/'Vazhukka') introduced in Guatemala based on plant height, another 12 accessions were selected with a second comprehensive evaluation. This information offers insights into cardamom diversity for informed selection enhancing national utilization, productivity, and conservation.

The Spatiotemporal Variation and Ecological Evaluation of Macroinvertebrate Functional Feeding Groups in the Upper Yellow River.

Against the backdrop of hydropower development in the upper Yellow River, comprehending the spatiotemporal variation and ecological evaluation of macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups (FFGs) is paramount for the conservation and restoration of aquatic biological resources in watersheds. Detailed surveys of macroinvertebrates were conducted in the gorge and plain areas of the upper Yellow River in July 2022 and March, May, and October 2023, culminating in the identification of 65 taxonomic units (genus or species) spanning 4 phyla, 14 orders, and 35 families. Of these, 41 taxonomic units were discovered in the gorge areas and 57 in the plain areas. Among the FFGs of macroinvertebrates in the upper Yellow River, collector-gatherers were overwhelmingly dominant, followed by scrapers, collector-filterers, predators, and shredders. Concerning river section types, dominant species in the gorge areas included Gammarus sp., Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, and Polypedilum sp. among collector-gatherers, while in the plain areas, dominant species included Ecdyonurus sp. among scrapers, Hydropsyche sp. among collector-filterers, and Gammarus sp., Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, and Chironomus sp. among collector-gatherers. A Mantel test revealed that dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and orthophosphate were the primary environmental factors affecting the FFGs of macroinvertebrates in the upper Yellow River, with variations observed in their effects across different months. The evaluation results of the Hilsenhoff Biological Index and Shannon-Wiener Index indicate that the water quality of the upper Yellow River is at a moderate level. An assessment of the upper Yellow River ecosystem using FFG parameters demonstrated that macroinvertebrate biomass progressively increased from upstream (gorge areas) to downstream (plain areas) spatially, accompanied by increasing habitat stability, with cascade hydropower development identified as a key factor impacting habitat stability. These findings provide pertinent data and a theoretical foundation for the protection of aquatic biological resources and watershed management in the upper Yellow River.

Mapping forest tree species and its biodiversity using EnMAP hyperspectral data along with Sentinel-2 temporal data: An approach of tree species classification and diversity indices

Forests play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity, making the accurate mapping of tree species and assessment of biodiversity indices essential for informed management decisions. This study introduces an innovative methodology that integrates EnMAP (Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program) hyperspectral data with Sentinel-2 multitemporal data to classify tree species in the biodiverse landscapes of Kampinos National Park and its surrounding regions in Poland.We extract essential vegetation indices such as NDVI, NDMI, SAVI, and EVI from Sentinel-2 data to assess forest health and dynamics. The Sentinel-2 data is upscaled from 10 m to 30 m to align with EnMAP’s spatial resolution, followed by precise co-registration of the images using QGIS. Utilizing a rich dataset from the National Forest Inventory, we extract spectral signatures of nine distinct tree species from both data sources. We employ five machine learning algorithms—Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), CatBoost (CAT), Gradient Boosting Classifier (GBC), and XGBoost (XGB)—to enhance classification accuracy.Through iterative experimentation with data reduction techniques and algorithm tuning, we achieve optimal performance across needle-leaved and broad-leaved species. The resulting tree species maps are validated through quantitative accuracy assessments against mixed-species polygons from the National Forest Inventory and ground truthing in the Kampinos National Park. Achieving an overall accuracy of 85% to 93%, our study demonstrates the efficacy of this integrated approach in tree species mapping. Furthermore, the tree species maps serve as a foundation for deriving key biodiversity indices—species richness, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, Simpson’s Diversity Index, and a composite Biodiversity Index—providing insights into spatial biodiversity patterns and informing targeted conservation strategies. This study exemplifies the potential of combining advanced remote sensing techniques with field validation to enhance our understanding of forest ecosystems and guide sustainable management practices.

Diversity of Orchid in Abies nephrolepis Nature Reserve in Shanxi, China.

Abies nephrolepis Nature Reserve has complex habitats and rich species diversity but lacks systematic ecological surveys. We focused on Orchid in Abies nephrolepis Nature Reserve, investigated and analyzed Orchid diversity and changes in community structure according to the characteristics of the alpine valleys in the study area, in terms of altitude gradient and habitat type, using the sample line method and the quadrat method. The results showed that 11 genera and 13 species of Orchidaceae were found in the survey, among which the species richness of Malaxis monophyllos was the highest, Neottia puberula was the second highest, and the species richness of Tulotis ussuriensis was the lowest, and the species with relative plurality ≥ 10% were Malaxis monophyllos (51.69%), Neottia puberula (14.77%), and Cypripedium guttatum (11.15%). The results of diversity analysis showed that Orchidaceae species were rich and the diversity index were the highest in the middle altitude area of 1950-2250 m; the distribution of Orchidaceae in the low altitude area was obviously clustered, and the similarity with the high altitude area was low. With the increase in altitude, the number of species showed an increase and then a decrease, showing a single-peak state, which was in line with the theory of "Intermediate altitude expansion hypothesis". The species and number of Orchidaceae in different habitats of Abies nephrolepis Nature Reserve also varied considerably, with Shannon-Wiener diversity index being the highest in EV4 (Abies nephrolepis + Picea meyeri + Picea wilsonii + Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii-Lonicera hispida-Carex lanceolata community) and EV5, and the smallest in EV1 habitats, Pielow evenness index being the highest in EV5 habitats and the lowest in EV1 habitats, and Simpson's index being the highest in EV5 habitats and the lowest in EV1 habitats. This study provides a scientific basis for strengthening regional monitoring of species diversity and protecting biodiversity.

Impact of invasive alien plants on the resident floral diversity in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal.

Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) pose a serious threat to overall plant biodiversity across the globe. Nepal's national parks and protected areas are not devoid of the impact of IAPS. Unfortunately, there is a substantial gap in knowledge regarding the extent and impact of invasion in protected areas of Nepal. This study assessed the impact of invasive alien plant species on the resident plant species of the Koshi Tapu wildlife reserve. After a preliminary field observation, we selected five major IAPS in the area, Mesosphaerum suaveolens, Chromolaena odorata, Ipomoea carnea, Lantana camara, and Mikania micrantha for this study. Ten pairs of adjacent plots sized 4 m × 4 m were surveyed for each invasive species, comprising diverse vegetation types. Each pair consisted of one "invaded plot" where the invasive species was dominant with cover greater than 50%, and another "uninvaded plot" laid out in an adjacent area with similar site conditions but without the invasive species. We calculated the Sørensen Index of Similarity for each paired plot. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was employed to compare ecological parameters between invaded and uninvaded plots for various plant species. Similarly, the difference in impact between each of the five invasive species was assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Species richness varied significantly between invaded and uninvaded plots for C. odorata and I. carnea. The most significant impact on species composition of invaded communities (39.6%) was observed for C. odorata. The cover of the other dominant species varied significantly between invaded and uninvaded plots for all five species studied. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference in the impact caused by the five studied invasive species on Species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, species evenness, and height of dominant species. However, a significant difference was observed between the impacts of five studied invasive species and the cover of other dominant species. The crown cover of dominant species decreased much more in the invaded plots of L. camara and M. micrantha than in other species. Specialized management efforts are required to control highly invasive species, such as C. odorata and I. carnea, alongside proactive measures to prevent further spread in ecologically sensitive areas.

Plant Species Classification and Biodiversity Estimation from UAV Images with Deep Learning

Biodiversity is a characteristic of ecosystems that plays a crucial role in the study of their evolution, and to estimate it, the species of all plants need to be determined. In this study, we used Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to gather RGB images of mid-to-high-altitude ecosystems in the Zao mountains (Japan). All the data-collection missions took place in autumn so the plants present distinctive seasonal coloration. Patches from single trees and bushes were manually extracted from the collected orthomosaics. Subsequently, Deep Learning image-classification networks were used to automatically determine the species of each tree or bush and estimate biodiversity. Both Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Transformer-based models were considered (ResNet, RegNet, ConvNeXt, and SwinTransformer). To measure and estimate biodiversity, we relied on the Gini–Simpson Index, the Shannon–Wiener Index, and Species Richness. We present two separate scenarios for evaluating the readiness of the technology for practical use: the first scenario uses a subset of the data with five species and a testing set that has a very similar percentage of each species to those present in the training set. The models studied reach very high performances with over 99 Accuracy and 98 F1 Score (the harmonic mean of Precision and Recall) for image classification and biodiversity estimates under 1% error. The second scenario uses the full dataset with nine species and large variations in class balance between the training and testing datasets, which is often the case in practical use situations. The results in this case remained fairly high for Accuracy at 90.64% but dropped to 51.77% for F1 Score. The relatively low F1 Score value is partly due to a small number of misclassifications having a disproportionate impact in the final measure, but still, the large difference between the Accuracy and F1 Score highlights the complexity of finely evaluating the classification results of Deep Learning Networks. Even in this very challenging scenario, the biodiversity estimation remained with relatively small (6–14%) errors for the most detailed indices, showcasing the readiness of the technology for practical use.

Seasonal study on the Aquatic and Terrestrial Habitat of Edayar region, Ernakulam, Kerala, India

This study examines the plant diversity and physicochemical characteristics of both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in the industrialized region of Edayar, Kadungalloor, Ernakulam, Kerala, India. The research is conducted seasonally, encompassing the four seasons of Kerala: southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon, winter season and summer season. Edayar is home to approximately 400 industries. The main objective of this study is to assess the plant diversity with a specific focus on herb and macrophyte diversity, in the Edayar region, along with analyzing the physicochemical properties of soil and water. Random sampling using quadrat techniques is employed to collect data on species diversity. Diversity indices, such as the Simpson Index and Shannon-Wiener index are utilized to analyze the recorded species diversity. Scoparia dulcis L. among herb species and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms among macrophytes were found dominating in all the seasons. The results for the physico-chemical analysis of water and soil were found approaching the threshold of standard limits.The findings provide valuable insights into plant diversity and ecological dynamics of the Edayar region, which have been significantly impacted by industrial activities. The outcomes serve as a basis for the development and implementation of effective conservation and management strategies to mitigate potential ecological risks associated with industrial activities in the region.

Ecological health assessment using zooplankton index of biotic integrity (Z-IBI) in urban rivers in Hainan Island, China.

The Changwang, Meishe, and Wuyuan are urban rivers in Haikou City, Hainan Island. They are vital water sources, serving various purposes, from farmland irrigation to domestic and industrial use. Unfortunately, anthropogenic activities have influenced these "rivers," negatively impacting water quality and ecological functions; however, there is limited research on their ecological status. Thus, this study assessed the zooplankton community structure and developed the zooplankton index of biotic integrity (Z-IBI) to evaluate the ecological status. Samples were collected and analyzed seasonally in 2019. Generally, 159 zooplankton species belonging to 85 genera, 55 families, and 3 phyla were identified, dominated by Rotifer and Protozoa, followed by Arthropoda (groups of Copepod and Cladocera). The zooplankton density varied from 0.00 to 126.04 ind L-1, with averages of 19.49 ind L-1, 31.40 ind L-1, and 20.38 ind L-1 in Changwang, Meishe, and Wuyuan, respectively. The zooplankton density varied seasonally as summer > spring > winter > autumn. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) indicated a significant seasonal difference (R = 0.070, p < 0.001) in zooplankton community but not spatially (R = 0.004, p = 0.413). Thus, SIMPER revealed that Brachionus forficula, Didinium nasutum, Keratella valga, Nauplius, and Polyarthra vulgaris contributed to the seasonal differences. The redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed environmental factors, including total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, pH, Chl-a, and electrical conductivity (EC) influenced zooplankton species. The Z-IBI was established using Zooplankton abundance, Protozoa abundance, Copepod abundance, Cladoceran biomass %, and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. Based on Z-IBI evaluation, ecological status was "moderate" in Changwang and Wuyuan, while it was "low" in Meishe. Seasonally, the ecological status in autumn was better than in summer and spring. The Z-IBI showed that parameters, including pH, EC, CODMn, TN, TP, and Chl-a, decreased with improving water quality, while water transparency increased with improved water quality. Thus, the "rivers" ecological status could be adequately assessed using the Z-IBI to guide their water quality monitoring and management.

Fish community structure in relation to habitat variables in a seasonally open floodplain wetland of the Yamuna River basin of India

The study was carried out in Alwara wetland, a seasonally open floodplain wetland connected to the Yamuna River in the Kaushambi District of Uttar Pradesh, - to estimate the fish community structure in relation to habitat variables across three seasons. Altogether, 62 fish species comprising 9 orders, 23 families and 50 genera were recorded, including 5 exotic species. As per IUCN categorisation, 5 species viz., Wallago attu, Ompok bimaculatus, O. pabda, Chitala chitala and Ailia coila are near threatened and Clarias magur is endangered. Cypriniformes (40.32%) were the most dominant order, followed by Siluriformes (22.58%), Perciformes (19.35%), Synbranchiformes (4.84%), Clupeiformes and Mugiliformes (3.23%), Tetraodontiformes and Beloniformes (1.61%). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) ranged from 3.421 (post-monsoon) to 3.877 (monsoon) with an uneven abundance of fishes as indicated by the evenness index (post-monsoon = 0.6951 to monsoon = 0.8186). Water quality parameters were significantly (p&lt;0.05) different across the seasons except specific conductivity, silicate-Si, phosphate-P, and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Certain sediment quality parameters differed significantly (p&lt;0.05) across the seasons. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to study the association of 27 commercially important fish species with 6 important water quality parameters and provided the baseline information on fish community structure. We observed growth and recruitment overfishing, which may affect fish diversity and its sustainable utilisation to support fishers’ livelihoods. Keywords: Alwara wetland, Diversity indices, Fish community, Endangered, Overfishing

Rodents of Bahir Dar Blue Nile River Millennium Park, Ethiopia.

Rodents are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are found in all continents except Antarctica. They are the most diverse groups of mammals representing 41% of all mammals and they are known with 33 families, 481 genera, and about 2277 species. The present study was conducted from December 2018 to August 2019 both during the dry and wet seasons using Sherman traps and live traps. Four trap sites namely forest, bushland, grassland, and sugarcane plantation were selected for data collection. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') was used to compute rodent species diversity, Simpson's index (D) to assess the number and abundance of rodents in the different habitats, and one-way ANOVA and independent samples t-test were used for data analysis. A total of 163 individual rodents were captured in 1776 trap nights of which 125 individuals were captured using live traps in 1176 trap nights and 38 individuals using snap traps in 600 trap nights. Among the total individual rodents captured in the Bahir Dar Blue Nile River Millennium Park, 63.8% (n = 104) were males and 36.2% (n = 59) were females. Males outnumbered females in all the grids and the difference was significant (t = 31.5, df = 10, p < 0.05). The relative abundance of rodent species indicated that 42.4% (n = 53) were Arvicanthis niloticus, 26.4% (n = 33) Rattus rattus, 17.6% (n = 22) Mus musculus, 8% (n = 10) Mastomys natalensis, and 5.6% (n = 7) Arvicanthis abyssinicus. There are more individual specimens of A. niloticus than other species identified in the area (F = 698.22, df = 4, p < 0.05). Distribution of rodents varied among the different habitats. As a result, the bushland habitat showed more diversity of rodents (H = 0.98) and comprised relatively the highest (51.2%, n = 64) number of individuals captured, while the forest habitat supported the lowest number of rodents (4%, n = 5), and the difference showed a significant difference (F = 873.37, df = 3, p < 0.05). Population density with 95% confident interval estimated as 166 individuals/ha (95% CI:164.43-167.57). The present study provides basic information about population dynamics of rodents and contributes to design conservation strategies for rodents in particular and other biota of the area in general.

Diversity and community distribution of soil bacterial in the Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia, China.

The bacterial community performs an essential ecological role in maintaining agriculture systems. The roles of bacteria in the forest, marine, and agricultural systems have been studied extensively and intensively. However, similar studies in the areas irrigated by the Yellow River remain limited. In this study, we used Illumina sequencing analysis with the 16S rRNA method to analyze the bacterial diversity, community structure, and influencing factors in soil samples from eight regions of the Yellow River irrigation area in northwestern China. The bacterial community structure and diversity varied among samples from the eight regions. The samples differed significantly in terms of the bacterial community composition. Proteobacteria (approximately 12.4%-55.7%) accounted for the largest proportion and was the dominant bacteria, followed by Actinobacteria (approximately 9.2%-39.7%), Bacteroidetes (approximately 1.8%-21.5%), and Chloroflexi (approximately 2.7%-12.6%). Among the physicochemical variables, the soil pH in the eight regions was mildly alkaline, and the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium contents in the soils differed significantly. However, the trend in the variations of the above variables was essentially similar. Soil bacteria in Yongning county had greater Chao1, Shannon-Wiener, and Simpson indices than those in the other regions. Notably, soil moisture, organic matter, and total nitrogen were recognized as the primary factors influencing the bacterial community in the Yellow River irrigation area. Our results revealed the laws of variation in soil bacterial diversity and community composition in the Yellow River irrigation area. Our findings could be beneficial for maintaining sustainable ecological practices in the Yellow River irrigation area.