Shaming Practices Research Articles

An Exploration of Parenting Practices Among Chinese Immigrant Families in the United States: Does Perceived Normativeness Matter?

Utilizing theses within IPARTheory, parenting styles framework, and the cultural normativeness hypothesis, this study examined relations between mothers’ and adolescents’ perceptions of guan and shaming practices and grades and psychological distress, and whether the perceived normativeness of these two parenting practices moderated these links among Chinese immigrant families in the United States. Both mothers and adolescents reported elevated levels of guan and low levels of shaming practices. Mothers’ reports of shaming were related to adolescents’ psychological distress but not grades. Adolescents’ reports of guan and shaming were significantly related to their grades but not psychological distress. Adolescents’ perceived normativeness of the use of shaming moderated the association between maternal use of shaming and psychological distress. Implications of the use of guan and shaming for adolescents’ academic performance and psychological well-being are discussed.

Shaming Through Photographic Denunciation in Nazi Germany, 1933–1938

After seizing power in 1933, the Nazis added photographic denunciation to the repertoire of modern European public shaming practices to forge a new consensus about who belonged in German society. Photographic denunciation, in which Nazi functionaries took and displayed pictures of non-Jewish Germans shopping at Jewish-owned businesses advanced the Nazi dispossession of German Jews while coercing non-Jewish Germans into severing ties with Jewish neighbours . Contrary to what most historical scholarship has implied, photographic denunciation lasted well into the 1930s in Germany and even transcended German borders. Ultimately, photographic denunciation was among the Nazis’ most successful tools to turn non-Jewish Germans against Jews, a key precursor to the ability of the Nazi regime to perpetrate the Holocaust.

Linguistic shaming and emotional labour: English medium of instruction (EMI) policy enactments in Kiribati higher education

The government of Kiribati, in navigating the intersection of post-colonialism and decolonization, neoliberal ideology, and climate change, has adopted a policy of English-medium instruction (EMI) in education. This paper explores the emotional labour of two leaders/administrators in higher education attempting to enact the EMI policy. Thematic analysis of interview data found that their policy enactment work is constrained by values, attitudes and practices which attach shame to the use of English. Participants navigate experiences of shame and shaming practices, identity conflicts, frustrations, and lack of control/power due to failures to use EMI in institutions, whilst maintaining respectful relations with staff. It was concluded that EMI policies need to account for situations in which those directly tasked with oversight of policy enactment must deal with rejection of language policy as fracturing community identity and cohesion, and consider strategies that allow judicious negotiation by stakeholders of policy demands in local communities.

Qualification of the international legal regime of the territory of Crimea after its seizing by Russia

Various forms of foreign military presence on the territory of the state have been studied, such as occupation, conquest, deployment of foreign military bases, annexation, etc. The features that characterize the legal regimes of occupation and annexation and their international regulation have been identified. Among the signs of occupation is the effective control of the occupier over the territory of another state with the takeover of all functions of government with or without armed resistance, as well as without obtaining sovereign rights to the occupied territory. The consequences of the invariability of the sovereignty of the territory during its occupation have been determined, in particular, a significant difference between the international legal regime of occupation and annexation; continuity of legislation of the occupied state throughout its territory; and the legal representation of the occupied state in international relations by its government in exile. There is also a difference between the regime of occupation and the presence of foreign military bases or peacekeeping forces on the territory of the state. Characteristic features of annexation, which is currently one of the crimes of aggression, include the unilateral declaration of state sovereignty over a territory not yet included, as well as the legitimacy of annexation through de facto ownership and international recognition of this fact. Under international law, there is no legal mechanism for the transfer of sovereignty over territory to the aggressor through annexation. However, the shameful practice of de facto annexations after the Second World War proves the weakness of institutions and the ineffectiveness of the system of preventive and reactive measures to unconditionally ensure compliance with international law. The main difference between occupation and annexation is the preservation or loss of state sovereignty over the territory, captured by the aggressor. The international legal regime of Crimea at different stages after the invasion of Russian troops on its territory has been determined

A Reflection of Linguistic Ideologies, Inequality, and Class: Language Shaming Practices on Facebook

A Reflection of Linguistic Ideologies, Inequality, and Class: Language Shaming Practices on Facebook

Moving toward stronger advising practices: How Black males’ experiences at HPWIs advance a more caring and wholeness-promoting framework for graduate advising

Background: Graduate education provides students with specialized skills needed to advance science and discovery and prepares future educators and role models for future generations of learners. Given the importance of graduate education, the estimate that more than half of the students who begin it do not complete their degrees is troubling. Existing scholarship suggests that this substantial attrition from graduate school is in part due to inadequate advising. To address this concern, it is important to examine students’ experiences with graduate advising. Purpose: This article presents a new model—the Model of Wholeness in Graduate Advising (MWGA)—that characterizes a range of students’ advising experiences. In so doing, it encourages faculty to move toward a more caring and wholeness-promoting framework in graduate advising. Research Design: To better understand the complexities of graduate advising and the various types of experiences—and relationships—that students have, desire, expect, and need to thrive both professionally and personally, this study included interviews with 42 Black male graduate students attending historically and predominantly White institutions (HPWIs). Thematic analysis revealed that students’ advising experiences included aspects of “ethics of care” (or degrees of care: whole, partial, empty). Iterative analysis of data led to the creation of the practice-informing model: the Model of Wholeness in Graduate Advising (MWGA). Findings: Although some students described experiencing positive interactions and teachable moments with their advisors, others painted pictures of demoralizing encounters and public shaming practices. Still others described advising experiences they did not have but would want. Accounting for this range, the MWGA denotes an upwardly moving relationship between degrees of care (i.e., empty, partial, whole) and students’ perceptions of their advising experiences and relationships (i.e., weak, basic, strong) in part shaped by students’ expectations for their advising experiences and relationships, and their lived experiences. Conclusions and Recommendations: The findings from this study, represented in the MWGA, illustrate theoretical linkages between students’ expectations of advising, the levels of their advising experiences and relationships, and degrees of care demonstrated by their advisors. Most notably, more elements of care tend to result in better lived advising experiences and relationships. For current and future faculty, moving toward a more caring and wholeness-promoting framework might start with recognizing the needs of students as whole people. Creating more caring advising experiences and developing more caring relationships may better assist students in progressing through degree completion, and doing so more fully whole.

Body shaming as a form of emotional abuse in sport

ABSTRACT In this study, we explored the experiences of body shaming as a form of emotional abuse and the effects of these experiences. The reported findings represent a secondary analysis conducted of data gleaned from a study exploring the long-term effects of emotional abuse of 8 female National Team athletes in aesthetic sports. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the athletes and analysed from a constructivist lens. The athletes indicated that they experienced negative verbal comments about their bodies, body monitoring, forced restrictions of food and water, public criticism of the body, and punishment when body-related standards were not met. Athletes discussed the effects of these experiences, which included normalisation, social comparison, extreme weight control methods, negative health outcomes, performance decrements, and decreased enjoyment. These findings are interpreted to suggest that the coaches’ actions to monitor and control the athletes’ weight constitute body shaming practices and that body-related shaming should be considered a form of emotional abuse.

Manual Scavenging in India

Manual scavenging is an occupation which has been in existence since the human society. The inhuman practice of manually take out night soil which comprises removal of human waste from dry toilets with their bare hands, brooms, or metal scrappers; transporting excrements and bags to dumping sites for disposal is not only diabolic but perhaps the top degree of human rights violation. Manual scavenging is a sort of enforced labour in some places. It passes on from generation to generation. Culture of getting prevailing amongst them is also depriving them of their rights. Regardless of several arrangements, laws, and policy, the state has been unsuccessful in its endeavours, but the conditions of the scavenging societies have remained unacceptable; the inhuman and shameful practice of manual scavenging is continuing. Researcher will critically observe the management of the manual scavenging with reference to actions of the state in safeguarding the due rights of the scavenging community in Indian scenario for better condition of manual scavenging occupation.

Perceptions on Abortion and Long-acting Contraceptive Use among Women of Reproductive Age in Selected Nigerian States: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: It is estimated that over 210 million pregnancies occur each year, with almost half of these unplanned. The evidence further shows that about 76 million of these unplanned pregnancies occur in the developing world, with 19% ending in induced abortion and 11% of these abortions being unsafe. In sub-Saharan Africa, 2.2 unplanned pregnancies occur each year, with many of these in Nigeria. Reports show that 760,000 abortions occur each year in Nigeria, resulting in about 20,000 deaths. Abortion is greatly stigmatized in Nigeria, and the lack of a legal framework to support access to abortion services necessitates women to seek abortion services in unsafe places. This study, therefore, examines the perception of women regarding abortion (prevalence and stigma) and long-acting contraceptive (LARC) use in Nigeria. Methods: We performed secondary data analysis of round 5 of performance monitoring and accountability (PMA) in seven states of Nigeria for women in reproductive age (n = 11,284). Responses with regard to abortion incidence, perceptions on stigmatization and LARC use were examined using chi-square (χ2) analysis and binary logistic regression models. Results: Socio-demographic factors examined were found to be significantly associated with the perception that abortion was common; however, women who were educated to any level were twice more likely to report abortion being common in their communities compared to women who agreed that abortion was shameful. Place of residence was a significant factor and women resident in rural areas were more likely to undergo an abortion (OR = 1.34, 95% CI= 1.21 – 1.48). Further, married women (OR = 15.18, 95% CI=7.40 – 31.11) were 15 times more likely to use LARC. Conclusion: Perceptions that abortion is common and that it is a shameful practice were found to be underlying contributors to the use of LARC in Nigeria. However, the most significant influence was found to be exerted by respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics. Therefore, government and implementing agencies must develop an intervention to scale-up the use of LARC in Nigeria, and the framework should consider how to tackle socio-demographic barriers to access of contraceptive uptake as this would not only help increase the contraceptive prevalence rate but also reduce mortality from abortions.

Sport fans’ perspectives of public shaming of professional athletes on social media

ABSTRACT Recent research has illustrated sport fans’ propensity to engage in public shaming practices directed at professional athletes via social media in response to athletes’ perceived norm violations. Public shaming – considered the act of expressing discontent for another’s behaviour – is demonstrated through fans’ expressed withdrawals of support, and detailed depictions of desired psychosocial, physical, and career-related consequences for the athletes. While this research reveals what these practices look like, little is known about what leads fans to engage in them. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the nature of the fan-athlete relationship online and the implications of this relationship for the public shaming of professional athletes on social media. Guided by a social constructivist perspective, we utilised a narrative methodology to conduct semi-structured interviews with five professional sport fans (three male, two female) who engaged regularly with professional athletes and teams on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Findings broadly revealed that fans cultivate a sense of identification and belonging through fandom that is enhanced by perceived relationships with professional athletes developed via social media. When these perceived relationships are challenged by professional athletes’ norm violations, fans’ sense of identification and belonging are threatened, which provokes public shaming on social media. These findings are interpreted through the existing literature related to fan identification, parasocial relationships, and belonging. Directions for future research are proposed.

Online public shaming of professional athletes: Gender matters

Public shaming – a common practice with historical roots – is defined as an individual’s public communication of disapproval or contempt for the behaviour of another individual. Previous research has explored fans’ engagement in public shaming of professional athletes in response to athletes’ transgressions and found fans withdraw support and provide extensive descriptions of their desired psychosocial, physical, and career-related consequences for the athletes. The existing literature also questions the extent to which public shaming of professional athletes online may be influenced by athletes’ social identities. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to explore the ways in which fans’ public shaming practices may be influenced by the gender of professional athletes. A social constructionist perspective guided our qualitative thematic content analysis, which examined 7700 comments by sport fans on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter directed at professional athletes in response to their legal, social, and sport-specific norm transgressions. We implemented methodological pluralism to analyze the dataset through a gendered lens. The findings suggest fans’ public shaming practices illustrate contentious views on gender through explicit objectification of females, promotion of hyper-masculinity, and victim blaming on social media. The findings are interpreted in light of the extant literature related to rape culture in sport and the broader societal implications of fans’ online behaviours are discussed. Ethical issues embedded within research of this nature are also explored and recommendations for future research are proposed.

State Legal Responses to Historical Institutional Abuse: Shame, Sovereignty and Epistemic Injustice.

The history of the Irish State is littered with shamed bodies. For decades the State collaborated with religious orders in incarcerating children and single women, shamed by their poverty, race, disability, or association with sexual transgression (Fischer Gender, Nation; O’Sullivan and O’Donnell; Smith; Buckley). Shaming practices such as head shaving, using numbers to identify children, or flogging were used to punish and control (Arnold; Coleman 121; Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse [CICA] vol. 1, ch. 8). Women and children in industrial or reformatory schools, psychiatric hospitals, County Homes, and Magdalene Laundries were burdened with a stigmatized identity that meant total exclusion from society (O’Donnell and O’Sullivan 257). As they have begun to speak publicly about their experiences, victim-survivors have forced the State and Irish society to acknowledge this history. Their testimony to experiences of neglect, beatings, forced labor, sexual assault, and imprisonment are an indictment of the sovereign State’s claim to protectits most vulnerable and to detect and punish crime within its territory. In response, the State offers an architecture of apology, investigation, and redress. Scholars have traced patterns of violation of domestic and international norms at the core of this framework (Gallen and Gleeson; O’Rourke, “The Justice for Magdalenes Campaign”; Ring, “The Victim of Historical Abuse”). These legal responses can usefully be analyzed in terms of the key objectives of transitional justice (truth telling; accountability; redress and reparations, and guarantees of non-recurrence). However transitional justice and its processes are themselves contingent and capable of oppression. Suppressed and marginalized knowledges may be omitted or excluded in the name of transitional justice (Mamdani; van Marle; Koggel). This article contributes to the literature exploring epistemic injustice in transitional justice processes by scrutinizing the Irish State’s legal responses to historical institutional abuse. In particular, we develop a theory of State shame that describes and explains the ways the Irish State perpetuates epistemic injustices against people who suffered abuse in State institutions. We unpack the relationship between the State’s performance of shame in these legal responses and its need to preserve its sovereignty — its professed singular competence to determine how painful national events are understood and resolved (Dean). We argue that the State uses discourses of its own shame to legitimate legal responses that prioritize its sovereignty over the demands of true shame. We show how this produces significant epistemic injustices in the present against people who suffered institutional abuse as in the past.

Shaming interrogatives: Admonishments, the social psychology of emotion, and discursive practices of behaviour modification in family mealtimes.

This paper contributes to the study of admonishments, the operation of shaming in family interaction, and more broadly presses the virtue of a discursive psychological reconsideration of the social psychology of emotion. It examines the methodological basis of contemporary research on shame in experimental and qualitative social psychology, illustrated through the Test of Self‐Conscious Affect (TOSCA) and qualitative work using shame narratives. Doubts are raised about how these methods can throw light on shaming practices in natural situations. The study uses a collection of video recordings of family mealtimes, focusing on admonishment sequences in which parents address the interrogatives ‘what are you doing’ or ‘what did I say’ to a ‘misbehaving’ child. Despite the interrogative syntax, rather than soliciting information we show that these interrogative forms pursue behaviour change by publicly highlighting both the problem behaviour and the child’s active and intentional production of that behaviour. This is the sense in which the practice can be understood as shaming. Although this practice prosecutes shaming, ways in which the children can ignore, push back, or rework parents’ actions are highlighted. This study contributes to a broader consideration of how enduring behavioural change can be approached as a parents’ project.

Parental attachment and truant rationalizations of antisocial behavior: findings from a randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Theorists propose that young people are likely to offend when they rationalize antisocial behavior and that pro-social attachments to parents might modify this relationship. This research first assesses whether or not a truancy reduction program is able to modify the effects of a young person’s rationalizations on antisocial behavior and then explores if parental attachments impact this relationship. Data are from the Ability School Engagement Program (ASEP), a third-party policing intervention designed to reduce truancy and crime by increasing parental knowledge of education laws in a sample of 102 high truanting youth from Brisbane, Australia. The conferences also incoorporated restorative and reintegrative shaming practices, which have previously been theorized to impact rationalizing behaviors. We find that post-intervention measures of rationalizations are positively related to self-reported antisocial behavior for those in the experimental condition. The impact of rationalizations on antisocial behavior varied at different levels of parental attachment only for the experimental group, as the effect of rationalizations on antisocial behavior became stronger at higher levels of parental attachments. We conclude that those in the experiment with strong parental attachments may have used more rationalizations to engage in antisocial behavior to overcome some of the pro-social effects of the ASEP intervention.

Sport fans’ responses on social media to professional athletes’ norm violations

The growth of social media has provided sports fans with unprecedented access to information about celebrity athletes’ personal and professional lives and the means to communicate to them. To date, fan-athlete interactions on social media have often been viewed as positive, with cited benefits of heightened interpersonal relationships and team support. Potential negative consequences of interactions on social media, especially when professional athletes’ personal and professional norm violations are exposed, are not well-understood. Based upon the notion that public shaming practices are often used for the purposes of ensuring that individuals adhere to expected behavioural norms, this study sought to explore the presence and nature of public shaming of professional athletes through social media in response to athletes’ norm violations. A qualitative content analysis of 7700 fans’ comments on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram directed at eleven male and female professional athletes from six different sports and the organisations that employed them were collected. Findings demonstrated fans engage in public shaming of athletes following norm violations, as illustrated through fans’ offers or withdrawals of support, and descriptions of desired physical, psychosocial and career-related consequences for the athletes. Findings are interpreted in light of Braithwaite’s Theory and the influences within and outside of the professional sport environment contributing to public shaming practices are discussed.

Shaming school children: A violation of fundamental rights?

Children in schools are often shamed, at times intentionally, sometimes inadvertently. The question we pose is whether this practice violates their fundamental human rights, in particular that of freedom. Arguably, because of their limited capacities and dependent status what children require is protection rather than rights. Yet, children are not just a collection of needs requiring care; they are also apprentices to adulthood holding ‘rights-in-trust’. We confront the conflict through the following: (1) clarify the slippery term shame and its corollaries humiliation, embarrassment, and guilt; (2) illustrate school shaming practices with a focus on No Excuses charter management organizations; (3) review empirical and theoretical appraisals of shaming; (4) suggest that the concept of human dignity, upon which human rights rest, creates a moral barrier limiting the permissibility of shaming; (5) it follows schools should foster children’s dual rights, welfare, and freedom/autonomy, with a consciousness of freedom as the eventual and pre-eminent goal; (6) in conclusion, shame – a disparagement of the other by a person in authority that is both intended and received as such – is almost never justified as a disciplinary technique. It shrinks the self and immobilizes action. Discipline through guilt inducement is far preferable because its target is an act, not the person, and it motivates reparation. Schools are therefore obliged to abolish shaming practices, in so far as they can, and search for disciplinary alternatives; we offer an approach.

НАЦІОНАЛЬНЕ ПИТАННЯ В ІДЕОЛОГІЇ ТА ПРАКТИЦІ «БІЛОГО РУХУ» ПІВДНЯ РОСІЇ (1919–1920 рр.)

The article is devoted to the ethnopolitics of the White Movement on the territory of Ukraine in 1919–1920. The White Movement was formed in the South of the former Russian Empire and was forced to take into account the diverse composition of the alien population of the country. The author examines the stages of the birth of the White Movement, its position towards national minorities and national movements that were activated during the revolution and the overthrow of autocracy. The leaders of the White Movement failed to elaborate a single model of relations with “aliens”, except for to return to the shameful practice of tsarist times. Basing on significant sources, it is proved that the “White project” considered national movements as enemies of the “single and indivisible Russia”, as separatist and anti-state. The article presents various documents and facts of the actions of the Denikin regime directed against Ukrainian society. The ideology of the White Guard was filled with Ukrainophobia and anti-Semitism. The publication presents numerous facts of Jewish pogroms and persecution of Ukrainians exclusively on national grounds. The author carries out a content analysis of various publications of Russian, Ukrainian, Jewish authors who addressed this problem. Historical contexts are supported by materials from various sources from archives and memoirs of the direct participants of events. The article convincingly proves the futility of the ethnopolitics of the “Whites” in Ukraine, which was denied by the majority of the Ukrainian society, regardless of their political preferences.From the very beginning and to the inglorious historical finale, the White Guard was based on violence and great-power chauvinism. The policy of “restoration” proposed by the leaders of the White Movement was unrealistic and did not meet the challenges of time and public expectations.

Pudeur et splendeur de la prostitution chez Aimé Césaire et Zadi Zaourou

In the Cahier d’un retour au pays natal, Césaire depicts prostitution in its abject and reprehensible dimension. Many stylistic processes, such as the reference to the biblical account of the fall, thus define a servile and shameful practice. The reason is that the poet subtly encodes the vice of the sex trade that he makes the equivalent of cultural assimilation. In contrast, Zadi Zaourou Bernard, Ivorian poet and disciple of Césaire, generally depicted prostitution under the aegis of admiration. Elegy for those bodies offered to the libidinal satisfaction of whoever is able to pay the price, some poems from his collection titled À Califourchon sur le dos d’un nuage raise and sublimate the prostitute.

Pudeur et splendeur de la prostitution chez Aimé Césaire et Zadi Zaourou Représentations stylistiques du corps-tabou

In the Cahier d’un retour au pays natal, Césaire depicts prostitution in its abject and reprehensible dimension. Many stylistic processes, such as the reference to the biblical account of the fall, thus define a servile and shameful practice. The reason is that the poet subtly encodes the vice of the sex trade that he makes the equivalent of cultural assimilation. In contrast, Zadi Zaourou Bernard, Ivorian poet and disciple of Césaire, generally depicted prostitution under the aegis of admiration. Elegy for those bodies offered to the libidinal satisfaction of whoever is able to pay the price, some poems from his collection titled À Califourchon sur le dos d’un nuage raise and sublimate the prostitute.

Healing the hurt amid the drug war: Narratives of young urban poor Filipinos in recovering families with parental drug use

BackgroundThis qualitative study explores the stories of young urban poor Filipino family members living with recovering parental drug users who turn themselves in to local authorities and completed theKatatagan Kontra Droga sa Komunidad (KKDK). This is a community-based rehabilitation program during the Philippine government’s anti-illegal drugs campaign. MethodsYoung urban poor family members living with parental drug use were interviewed (n = 13) and asked to narrate their experiences of parental drug use, surrender, and recovery. Their stories were analyzed using an integrated approach to narrative analysis guided by Rhodes’ framework (2002) of risk environment. ResultsNarrative work of participants focused on the stories of their parents’ drug use and recovery after surrendering. These stories show contexts which evoke the salience of prevailing discourse (i.e., cultural organization of Filipino family) and shaming practices in the community, and how these are embodied in the lives of our young participants. In re-telling their stories of parental drug use, our young participants (re) positioned themselves in three different ways: “I am used to it”, “I was neglected”, “I am angry and hurt”. After their parents completed the community-based rehabilitation program, they reconstructed their parents’ stories of recovery as a catalyst to improve their situation as a family unit (i.e., “their change is our change”). ConclusionSet against a national anti-illegal drug campaign, our findings contribute to a contextually nuanced perspective on the impact of parental drug use on children and families living in poverty. Policy makers and interventionists (e.g., mental health practitioners, social workers, psychologists) may need to consider young people’s stories as a struggle to exercise their agency when tailoring community-based programs to respond to the needs of younger people. Challenges to advocate for psychological, social, and structural ‘healing are discussed.