Shame In Children Research Articles

Prevalence of nocturnal enuresis among children and adults in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is defined as any intermittent incontinence while sleeping in a child over the age of 5. This disorder can have emotional and psychological implications. Here, we performed the first meta-analysis to provide an overall assessment of the prevalence of NE and the factors associated with it in Saudi Arabia. We also examined its psychological impact and mothers' behavior in dealing with this disorder. A thorough search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases for studies assessing the prevalence of NE. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3.3 was used to conduct the analysis. We evaluated NE prevalence, NE frequencies, NE by time, social shame and embarrassment in children with NE, and mothers seeking medical advice. A meta-regression analysis was performed to determine the correlation between the frequency of NE and NE in parents, NE in siblings, gender, and age. The quality of the included studies was assessed by Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Sixteen cross-sectional studies, totaling 14 284 participants, were included. NE prevalence was 24.8% (95% CI: 17, 34). The prevalence of NE one to two times per week was 26.8% (95% CI: 15.1, 43.0), three to four times was 31.8% (95% CI: 18.5, 48.9), and five to seven times was 33.8% (95% CI: 18.2, 54.1). NE occurring at night was 24.4% (95% CI: 22.8, 26.2) and at day and night was 16.6% (95% CI: 15.3, 17.9). A significant difference was found between the regions of Saudi Arabia in the prevalence of NE, with the southern and eastern regions having the highest prevalence and the central region having the lowest prevalence. The overall pooled prevalence of embarrassment and social shame in children with NE was 63% (95% CI: 46, 77). The percentage of mothers seeking medical advice was 54.4% (95% CI: 39.7, 68.3). The prevalence of NE is positively correlated with the prevalence of NE in parents and siblings, but no association was found with males or age. A quarter of Saudi Arabian children suffer from NE, and it is associated with feelings of embarrassment and social shame. Half of the mothers seek medical counseling. Having parents or siblings with NE increases the likelihood of NE in the child. Future research is needed to corroborate the findings of other risk factors, such as age and gender. Future research will also be required to identify the precise causes or effects within each region that contribute to the varying prevalence of NE.

Physical Activity Enforces Well-being or Shame in Children and Adolescents With Asthma: A Meta-ethnography.

Asthma symptoms and experiences of dyspnea challenge participation in physical activity (PA). Therefore, in-depth understanding of experiences with PA is essential. In this meta-ethnography, we synthesized published qualitative studies of experiences of children and adolescents with asthma that influenced, or limited, participation in PA. We followed Noblit and Hare's 7 phases of meta-ethnography. We searched relevant databases by December 18, 2023 for published peer-reviewed studies (Medline (OVID), Embase (OVID), PsycINFO (OVID), CINAHL (EBSCHOhost), SPORTDiscus (EBSCHOhost), SocINDEX (EBSCHOhost), and Social Science Citation Index (WoS)) and theses (ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source, ProQuest Healthcare Administration Database, and ProQuest Public Health Database). We conducted study selection and assessment of methodological quality and data extraction using Joanna Briggs Institute's methodology. Sixteen reciprocally related qualitative studies, representing experiences of 238 children and adolescents aged 4 to 18 years were included. We translated primary study concepts and findings into 3 themes covering relationships with others, emotions, and behaviors related to PA participation: (1) feeling related to and connected with friends and family in PA; (2) acquiring and managing new PA and asthma skills; and (3) enjoying PA and experiencing well-being. We also defined 3 themes covering aspects related to PA limitations: (4) feeling misunderstood and penalized in relation to PA; (5) experiencing nervousness, embarrassment, shame, and sadness during PA; and (6) withdrawing from PA due to asthma, environment, and/or socially imposed attitudes. The themes were synthesized into the following lines of argument: children and adolescents with asthma experience that PA enforces empathic/non-empathic relationships, vulnerability, and awareness; PA enhances resilient participation and well-being, or reinforces resignment to isolation and shame. From the outset of either relatedness or being penalized, youngsters with asthma either manage well and experience well-being, or experience shame and withdrawal.Registration: PROSPERO No. 164797.

Impact of domestic violence on children: an integration study

The article discusses the consequences of neglect, physical violence, and sexual abuse on children. Neglect can cause severe disruptions in the normal development of children, to cognitive and emotional defects. Physical violence can have far-reaching negative consequences on children's emotional, psychological, cognitive, and physical development, including PTSD and delinquent behavior. Sexual abuse can cause fear, anger, hostility, depression, guilt, and shame in children. All three types of abuse can result in long-term and short-term major impacts on children's emotional and physical well-being. Future studies should focus on accurate analysis and specific treating methods to numerous kinds of situations faced by children after maltreatments.

Body Shame in 7–12-Year-Old Girls and Boys: The Role of Parental Attention to Children’s Appearance

Guided by the Tripartite Influence Model and Objectification Theory, we examined whether parents’ attention to their children’s appearance was related to higher body shame in girls and boys. In Study 1 (N = 195) and 2 (N = 163), we investigated 7-12-year-old children’s metaperceptions about parents’ attention to their appearance and its association with children’s body shame. In Study 3, we examined the link between parents’ self-reported attention to their children’s appearance and children’s body shame among parent-child triads (N = 70). Results demonstrated that both children’s metaperceptions and fathers’ self-reported attention to children’s appearance were associated with body shame in children. Furthermore, when mothers’ and fathers’ attitudes toward their children were analyzed simultaneously, only fathers’ attention to their children’s appearance was associated with greater body shame in girls and boys. Notably, no gender differences emerged, suggesting that parents’ attention to their children’s appearance was not differentially related to body shame in girls and boys. These results remained significant when controlling for other sources of influence, namely peer and media influence, both of which were found to have a strong association with body shame in children. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed.

Peranan Guru dalam Mengatasi Anak Pemalu di RA Darussalam Pangandaran

Shy children are one of the attitudes that often occur in every school. Shame in children is a negative emotion that can have a negative impact on children's social and emotional development. One of the developments that can be hampered is lack of self-confidence, not wanting to hang out with friends and being a quiet person. In the research that we conducted at RA Darussalam, there were some shy children. The research was conducted at RA Darussalam in August 2022. The method used was the conversational method. This study aims to describe the role of teachers in shy children. The results of the observations show that there are shy children in grades A and B. What we can do as practical teachers in dealing with shy children are; 1) Approach the child to talk to. 2) Look at him when he talks and get the child to look at us. 3) Ask him what he likes 4) Ask him what he wants at the time.

Is shame the missing link between traumatic experiences and post-traumatic stress disorder in Burundian children living on the streets?

Shame is an emotion reflecting an anticipated social devaluation of the self. It is strongly associated with experiences of humiliation and rejection in early life. Individuals suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often struggle with shame. However, little is known about how shame contributes to the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms in children. The present study investigated the ways childhood exposure to human-induced traumatic events promotes a coping mechanism of defeat and withdrawal facilitated by the experience of shame. We tested a dose-response relationship between lifetime experienced traumatic event types and PTSD in children using shame as a mediator. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 33 male children who lived and worked on the streets of Bujumbura, the capital of Burundi at the time of data collection. We assessed self-reported PTSD symptom severity, lifetime traumatic event load, violence experienced on the streets and shame intensity. Mediation analyses revealed a significant indirect effect of lifetime traumatic events on PTSD symptom severity through shame intensity and a significant indirect effect of violence experienced on the streets on PTSD symptom severity through shame intensity. Our study suggests the mediating role of shame between traumatic experiences as well as violent experiences and PTSD symptom severity in children living on the streets. Shame in children suffering from PTSD seems to play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms.

The language of shame: a study of emotion in an early-twentieth century Urdu children’s periodical (Phūl)

ABSTRACT This article explores the vocabulary used for shame in a children’s periodical from Lahore, in colonial North India. Following decades of reconfigurations of norms of behaviour and of akhlaq (moral, ethical) literature, Phūl (‘Flower’) was one of the first periodicals for children, and one with the longest run. Using emotions, it aimed to entertain as much as to educate the young Urdu-reading public. Thanks to a careful examination of every weekly number through the year 1910 – the first full year of publication –, the objective is to highlight the various meanings and uses of shame in early twentieth-century Urdu children’s literature. In Phūl, shame was consistently expressed by the term sharm, with only rare exceptions. This conspicuously contrasts with the resort to diverse terms for contemporary representations of community shame and dishonour in the male public sphere since the late nineteenth century. Through typical animal stories, moral tales and illustrations, this article highlights how contributors used shame to monitor children’s emotions and behaviour. Despite its striking homogeneity of vocabulary, however, sharm involved a full palette of nuances, from the isolating emotion elicited by transgression (the ‘blackness’ of shame) to the very condition of respect, without which social cohesion was impossible. I argue that, crucial for the enculturation of morality, good manners, and gendered expectations, sharm was more semantically capacious than what we label as shame in English, notably by encompassing aspects which some, in Ruth Benedict’s and Eric R. Dodds’ steps, have associated to a different and sometimes opposite concept: guilt.

The Moral Emotions of Guilt and Shame in Children: Relationship with Parenting and Temperament

This study aimed to understand the role of parenting and child temperament in explaining guilt and shame proneness in elementary school children (aged 8–10 years). For that purpose, 69 caregivers completed measures of parental disciplinary strategies and child temperament (SOMA-PC and TMCQ), while 81 children (57% boys) completed measures of shame and guilt-proneness (TOSCA-C) and performed a behavioral task (DNT) to assess effortful control. Results showed that children from parents that use victim-oriented induction practices are more prone to feel guilt, and consequently more prone to adopt reparative behaviors in sociomoral situations. In contrast, love withdrawal techniques predicted negatively guilt-proneness. Furthermore, no relationship between parenting practices and shame-proneness has been found. Regarding the association between temperament and moral emotions, our results indicate that effortful control, either measured by parental report or through the behavioral task performed by children, predicted positively guilt-proneness. This result suggests that effortful control components may facilitate the experience of affective discomfort associated with guilt proneness, as well as the adoption of normative and prosocial behaviors. Results concerning shame-proneness were less consistent: we did not find any associations between shame proneness and the temperament measures used in the present study. Overall, these findings partially support previous studies on parenting and moral emotions, contributing to a new discussion on the relationship between self-regulatory aspects of temperament and morality in childhood.

Upaya Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berbahasa dalam Pengenalan Keaksaraan Menggunakan Media Gambar pada Anak Kelompok B2 TK Negeri Pembina Kecamatan Temanggung

Efforts to Improve Language Skills in Introduction to Literacy Using Image Media in Kindergarten Children Group B2 in State Kindergarten Pembina, Temanggung District, 2017-2018 Academic Year. The basis and background of this research is the number of parents of children who want their children to be able to read and write in kindergarten. While achieving this requires an understanding of literacy as a basis for children's ability to start reading beginning. What happens in B2 class is a lot children have not memorized and understood literacy or the letters of the alphabet although in making various good strokes of ability. And the teacher still uses the old pattern so that the child tends to be passive. To be able to investigate this, the researcher takes class action, can literacy recognition be improved by using media images? students of B2 group TK Negeri Pembina, Temanggung District. This research method uses data collection techniques, interview observation, questionnaires and documentation. Technical analysis of the data used in the study is qualitative analysis. Analysis is carried out on qualitative data obtained from observations made on children and things that appear during the course of research. analysis will be used as a basis for the preparation of action plans at a later stage. The results of this study indicate that learning using picture media can improve children's ability in literacy recognition and even improve children's ability to read a few words. Children's creativity, children's shame, children's attention becomes focused, and the learning atmosphere is more interesting and enjoyable. This can be proven from the initial conditions of the ability to recognize literacy which increased 59% to 85%. Out of 24 children, 18 children were able to succeed according to the assessment criteria, 4 children still needed rocks and 2 children still needed intensive guidance.

Parent Control and Child Shame: Associations with Children’s Task Persistence and Depressive Symptoms in Middle Childhood

SYNOPSIS Objective . Understanding how parents socialize shame may shed light on two related issues: why some children experience intense shame, and whether shame serves as an indirect pathway between parenting behavior and academic and mental health outcomes in middle childhood. Design . This cross-sectional study examined socialization of shame with mothers (N = 98, Mage = 38.73 years) and their school-aged children (53 girls, Mage = 11.55 years). Mothers reported their use of negative conditional regard (NCR) as it pertains to their children’s academic performance, a salient domain of functioning in this developmental stage. Children completed a brief narrative task that was coded to measure their shame-specific emotion regulation; they also participated in an impossible-puzzle stressor to assess task persistence and self-reported their depressive symptoms. Results . Separate models examining the unique effects of NCR in the academic domain and its associations with task persistence during the stressor and with child depressive symptoms showed that children’s more intense shame responses were an indirect pathway between higher NCR and these two distinct child outcomes. Conclusions . Parent use of NCR in the academic domain places school-aged children at higher risk for intense shame and thereby for lower persistence on challenging tasks and more depressive symptoms.

PENGETAHUAN, SIKAP DAN PENGALAMAN CARETAKER TENTANG PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI TUNAGRHITA DI SLB DHARMA WANITA KABUPATEN GRESIK

ABSTRACT Background: Mental Retardation are those who have general intelligence below average, have limitations in terms of taking care of themselves and particularly vulnerable to sexual abuse because lack of reproductive health education. This study wants to describe the knowledge, attitudes and experience of the caretaker about mental retardation reproductive health education at SLB Dharma Wanita Gresik Regency. Method: This is a qualitative research. The data collection method uses Focus Group Discussion. Data were validated by triangulation of informan sources, crosscheck with teachers. Data analysis was performed by content analysis method. Results: Caretaker knowledge about mental retardation reproductive health education is a skill of self-development which includes the topic of toilet training, menstruation, and how to avoid danger. Caretaker agrees to provide mentally retarded reproductive health education from an early age adjusted to the child's ability to be independent. Obstacles experienced by caretakers related to child care, especially self-development, such as bathing, toilet training and difficulty in controlling children's emotions. Caretaker's experience in providing mentally retarded reproductive health education is to apply mentally retarded self-development materials (toilet training), and instilling shame in children by wearing towels from the bathroom. Conclusion: Mental retardation reproductive health education media needed as a guide caretaker. Keywords: Mental retardation , reproductive health education, caretaker

PERILAKU MENCONTEK SEBAGAI INDIKASI GAGALNYA EFIKASI DIRI (SELF EFFICACY) ANAK DALAM PEMBELAJARAN

Cheating seems as an ordinary habit for most of teacher, so they tend to ignore it and rarely to discuss as a central issues in learning evaluation. Cheating is one of manifestations in using illegitimate ways, means to achieve a legitimate end. Cheating problems is become very crucial cases since it will be bring into the job places and daily life. Therefore, self-efficacy is absolutely needed to build up the children’s confidence; it is also very important because selfefficacy have many functions, such as: (1) to develop the strong commitment, (2) to establish children in having their grand plans to achieve the goals, (3) to stimulate children’s braveness in facing the challenges, tasks, and tests, and (4) to avoid children from doing any acts which may appear the failure. In order to discover those problems, we need to use the psychological approach based on Albert Bandura’s theory and to invest the religious characters’ values related to the Al-Qur’an in Ali Imran, verse 139. There are two kinds of cheating done by children, they are; (a) cheating by self-effort, in a small note form, in pencil box, tucked inside of calculator, and putting into HP, (b) cheating together, by creating the codes or signs which make them easy to understand each other. The cheating happened not only because of the supervisor’s irresponsible and careless, but also arises from pressures which force children to gain the good score and pass the exam. This habit is supported by the social media and much of link which provide safely cheating tricks, through Facebook, limakaki.wordpress.com, munsypedia.com, caranyontek.blogspot.com, tololpedia.com, etc. Based on the writer analysis, there are two kinds of learning activities which may threat the children’s selfefficacy, are: (1) teacher often gives punishments that make children shame. In fact, punishment itself would arise the negative legitimating among children. It is better to use the Sinaas Apple punishments are termed by Jan Ligthart, (2) teacher less give the students’ opportunity to be more creative. It’s because the class tends to apply the teacher-center learning, where teacher as a central who won’t to be bothered by the questions or student’s feedback. Consequently, we need to change the teacher’s mindset, parents’ views, and also social environment that proved by the result of this study.

You and me: Investigating the role of self-evaluative emotion in preschool prosociality

Self-evaluative emotions depend on internalized social standards and motivate social action. However, there is a lack of empirical research documenting the impact of self-evaluative emotion on 3- and 4-year-olds’ prosociality. Extant research relates children’s experiences of guilt to empathetic concern and making amends. However, the relationship between guilt and both concern and making amends is potentially reductive. Empathetic concern involves similar bodily expressions to guilt, and amend making is used to distinguish guilt from shame in children. This is the first study to relate the development of both positive and negative self-evaluative emotions to empathetic concern and prosocial choice (making amends and spontaneous help). Results confirm that the broad capacity for self-evaluative emotion is established during the preschool years and relates to empathetic concern. Moreover, these social emotions can be used to predict prosocial choice. Making amends was best predicted by empathetic concern and by children’s responses to achievement (pride following success and lack of shame following failure). Alongside moral pride, pride in response to achievement and resilience to shame was also the best predictor of spontaneous help. The data support the idea that young children’s prosocial choices may be partially driven by the affective drive to maintain an “ideal” self. Psychologists have emphasized that in order to be adaptive, self-evaluative emotion should be guilt oriented rather than shame oriented. However, the adaptive role of pride has been neglected. We call on future research to redress the focus on negative self-evaluation in moral development and further explore the prosocial potential of pride.

Food Insecurity Affects Shame in Children

Shame helps cement social cooperation, in part by triggering facial expressions that provide biological “honest signals” recovering trust. The variability of feelings of shame among children and its relationship with food insecurity and happiness were assessed using questionnaires filled by children. The strongest feeling of shame in children was being seen naked in public (Shame-naked). Severe levels of shamefulness when others noticed the child’s lack of available food (Shame-food) were correlated with higher food insecurity. Children that had an abnormally low Body Mass Index showed reduced shamefulness of Shame-naked. Maximum reported Shame-naked occurred at ages around puberty and girls reported more shamefulness than boys. Happiness was affected by aspects of food security of the child. Results suggest the existence of at least two types of shame that are affected in different ways by environmental conditions: Shame to be seen naked that is negatively correlated with Body Mass Index; and shame related to interactions with peers that correlates positively with Food Insecurity. This suggests that shame is an evolutionary adaptation, malleable by environmental conditions, fomenting fidelity among reproductive couples, stabilizing families in the long term and eventually enhancing trust and social cohesiveness.

Bound to Feel Bad About Oneself: Relations Between Attachment and the Self-conscious Emotions of Guilt and Shame in Children and Adolescents

Two cross-sectional studies were conducted to explore the relationship between attachment and the self-conscious emotions of guilt and shame in childhood. Study 1 was performed in non-clinical children aged 9–13 years (N = 688) who completed a single-item measure of attachment style and a vignette-based instrument for assessing guilt and shame. Results showed that children who classified themselves as insecurely attached displayed higher levels of shame and maladaptive types of guilt as compared to securely attached children. Study 2 was conducted in adolescents aged 12–18 years (N = 135), of whom the majority was referred to a clinical setting because of externalizing problems. Adolescents filled in a dimensional scale for measuring attachment quality to parents and peers and the above mentioned vignette-based instrument of guilt and shame. It was found that the clinical adolescents generally exhibited lower levels of self-conscious emotions as compared to non-clinical adolescents. Within this clinical group, communication to parents and peers was associated with higher levels of self-conscious emotions, and alienation was accompanied by higher levels of maladaptive forms of guilt and shame. Altogether, these results fit with the theory that attachment (in)security is involved in people’s proneness to experience self-conscious emotions.

Zur Erfassung von Schuld und Scham bei Kindern und Jugendlichen

Shame and guilt feelings play a pivotal role in the aetiology and maintenance of a number of psychological disorders as well as in the development and regulation of moral behaviour. Despite intensive theoretical treatments of this topic, there have been few empirical studies to date, chiefly because of the lack of appropriate measuring instruments. The purpose of this study was the psychometric evaluation of the German version of the Test of Self-Conscious Affect for Children and Adolescents (TOSCA-C/A). The psychometric properties of this instrument were evaluated using a non-clinical sample of N = 505 children and adolescents aged between 8 and 18 years and a clinical sample of N = 50 children and adolescents. The individual scales proved reliable. There were many indications of the validity of the scales. We conclude that the German version of the TOSCA-C/A is the basis for the further investigation of self-conscious affects such as guilt and shame in children and adolescents.

Stesolid emergency treatment: Cave social fear!

To explore psychosocial effects of rectiole emergency treatment. Children who had at some time been treated with Stesolid rectiole for seizure relief were questioned about feelings of shame in relation to this treatment and their expectation of bullying by peers who might be aware of it. In addition to parental shame, parental worries concerning their children's epilepsy were explored. Data from 39 patients (18 girls) aged 5-19 years were analysed. Of the children aged over seven, most girls (9/12), but not boys (1/6) reported to feeling a sense of shame. Children's shame was not related to parental shame, parental worries or seizure severity. A higher frequency of rectiole applications was related to a stronger expectation of being bullied. Rectal emergency medication may elicit social fear, particularly in girls and if recurring it may (not solely in girls) elicit increased expectations of bullying.

Shame in Child Maltreatment: Contributions and Caveats

This special section is a collection of papers that investigates the role of shame in children with abuse histories. Relationships are found between abuse-specific shame or general shame proneness and a variety of outcomes. However, the relationships are not consistent. The utility of these findings will be enhanced by studies that use common measurement approaches and address similar outcomes, as well specific tests of intervention approaches that target shame.

The Other End of the Continuum: The Costs of Rumination

Baumeister, R. F. (1991). The self against itself: Escape or defeat? In R. C. Curtis (Ed.), The relational seIf: Theoretical convergences in psychoanalysis and social psychology (pp. 238-256). New York: Guilford. Baumeister, R. F., & Heatherton, T. F. (1996). Self-regulation failure: An overview. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 1-15. Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail atself-regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529. Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994). Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 243-267. Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1990). Anxiety and social exclusion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 165-195. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). The self-attention-induced feedback loop and social facilitation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17, 545-568. Estrada-Hollenbeck, M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1997). Avoiding andrepairing guilt through prosocial behavior. In J. Bybee (Ed.), Guilt and shame in children (pp. 215-231). San Diego, CA: Academic. Fiske, A. P. (1992). The cultural relativity of selfish individualism: Anthropological evidence that humans are inherently sociable. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Prosocial behavior: Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 176-214. Heatherton, T. F., & Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Binge eating as escape from self-awareness. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 86-108. Heatherton, T. F., Mahamedi, F., Striepe, M., Field, A., & Keel, P. (1997). A ten year longitudinal study of body weight, dieting, and eating disorder symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 117-125. Heatherton, T. F., Nichols, P., Mahamedi, F., & Keel, P. (1995). Body weight, dieting, and eating disorder symptoms among college students 1982 to 1992. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1623-1629. Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1992). Chronic dieting and eatingdisorders: A spiral model. In J. H. Crowther, D. L. Tennenbaum, S. E. Hobfol, & M. P. Stephens (Eds.), The etiology of bulimia nervosa: The individual andfamilial context. Series in applied psychology: Social issues and questions (pp. 133-155). Washington, DC: Hemisphere. Hebl, M. R, & Heatherton, T. F. (1998). The stigma of obesity in women: The difference is black and white. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 417-426. Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41, 954-969. Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-control as limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 774-789. Schachter, S. (1982). Recividism and self-cure of smoking and obesity. American Psychologist, 37, 436-444. Vallacher, R. R., & Wegner, D. M. (1987). What do people think they're doing? Action identification and human behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 3-15. Vohs, K. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (1998). Temptation and depletion: Tests of the strength model. Unpublished manuscript, Dartmouth College, Dartmouth, NH.

Turn-taking in mother-adolescent conversations about sexuality and conflict

The current study examined the nature and style of mother-adolescent conversations, how these conversations differ by subject matter, and dyadic and individual differences. Thirty-one mother-adolescent dyads (17 boys, 14 girls) with a child between the ages of 11 and 14 had a nonstructured conversation, and conversations about conflict and sexuality. They also completed questionnaires on beliefs about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Conversations were measured for turn taking, total number of words, and conversational dominance, as well as nonverbal measures of affiliation, shame, and contempt. Conversations about sexuality involved less turn taking, fewer words, and more mother dominance than nonstructured conversations. Conversations about conflicts involved less turn taking but more words than nonstructured conversations. Some gender and age differences were found. More interactive conflict conversations contained higher levels of affiliation, and lower levels of child shame than conversations with fewer turns or higher mother dominance. In addition, children in more interactive dyads possessed a larger percentage of their mother's AIDS knowledge, and worried about AIDS a moderate amount.