Shale Phenols Research Articles

Health impacts of the oil shale sector in Eastern-Estonia

Introduction Oil shale is a mineral resource that contains organic matter known as kerogen. Oil shale is used for electricity generation plants and for producing shale oil, phenols’, and other chem...

Structurization and destruction of compounds from shale phenols

The specific features of the thermal and radiation-induced structurization and simultaneous destruction processes of compounds from shale phenols containing water-saturated fillers (radiation-active ion exchangers) were studied. The empirical time dependence of the strength of hardened blocks was found, which made it possible to recommend operating conditions without significant changes in the physicomechanical properties.

Ion exchangers and carbon adsorbents from of shale phenols

Ampholytes with a static exchange capacity of 3.5–6.6 mg-equiv/g for 0.1 N H2SO4 or 1.3–2.0 mg-equiv/g for 0.1 N NaOH were obtained from shale phenols (a mixture of alkylresorcinols) by polycondensation with polyethylenepolyamines and furfural. The interaction of shale phenols with hexamethylentetramine resulted in polycondensation products, which gave polyfunctional cation exchangers with a capacity of up to 7.5 mg-equiv/g upon a radiation exposure with acrylic acid. Carbon adsorbents based on the polycondensation products of shale phenols (ampholytes) prepared in an industrial process exhibited developed microporosity (V mi = 0.28–0.30 cm3/cm3) and a considerable concentration of heteroatoms (to 16%). This made it possible to obtain adsorbents whose sorption capacity and selectivity in the extraction of gold from multicomponent solutions are twice as high, as compared with those of a KAD-iodine commercial sorbent.

Impregnant from shale phenols for asphaltic concrete filler

Quartz sand can be impregnated with an impregnant that consists of a solution of shale phenols in furfural. In this case, modified filler, which has a high water resistance coefficient, is obtained. High-quality road-building asphaltic concrete, whose properties outperform GOST (State Standard) requirements, can be prepared on this basis.

Application of compounds from shale phenols to radioactive waste immobilization

Compounds from shale phenols make it possible to immobilize water-saturated radioactive wastes with the production of radiation-resistant polymer blocks, which exhibit high strength and small leachability of radionuclides. The compressive rupture stress of these blocks is 14 · 104 J/kg upon irradiation to a dose of 208 · 104 Gy. Changes in the strengths of the formed compounds under the action of radiation were studied.

Compositions of shale phenols as building materials

Based on a composition of shale phenols filled with 60 wt % sand, the building material that can be used as masonry mortar and repair material was obtained. It had adhesion to concrete and metal (steel 3) of 1.6–1.7 and 2.4–3.6 MPa, respectively, and a bending strength of 10.0–10.8 MPa. This material can be exploited under the conditions of northern regions: it is waterproof, frost-resistant, wearproof, and resistant to alternating temperatures.

Carbon adsorbents from of shale oils and phenols

The liquid products of shale conversion—shale oil and shale phenols (a mixture of alkylresorcinols) and their solutions in commercial furfural, which are used as a new binding agent—make it possible to form carbon adsorbents with high mechanical strength (to 97%), microporosity (to 0.70 cm3/g), and higher sorption capacity than that of industrial adsorbents. The medium-combustion-loss samples exhibited higher selectivity in the extraction of noble metals from the multicomponent polymetallic solutions than those formed of traditional wood tar. They also outperform industrial adsorbents in these characteristics. It is possible to apply them to the absorption and concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons and to use them at atomic power plants, transport, and air conditioning plants for food and vegetable storage.

Compositions of shale phenols as binding agents

The use of a solution of total shale phenols, furfural, and Thiokol with various filling materials makes it possible to prepare polymer concrete with a strength to 75 MN/m2 and a heat resistance to 300°C.

Composite material based on shale phenols for radioactive waste immobilization

A composite material with a cohesion strength of 2.94 MPa, an adhesion of 2.6 MPa to steel 3, and a specific elongation of 75% was prepared based on shale phenols. It was used for radioactive waste immobilization. The leachability of cesium from immobilized blocks was 1 × 10−10 cm2/s, which is several orders of magnitude lower than the leachability of 1 × 10−6 cm2/s from Portland cement. The leachability of cesium from immobilized spent ion exchanger containing cesium was 1 × 10−11 cm2/s.

Composite materials with the use of shale phenols

Polymer materials with cohesion strengths from 2.9 to 5.4 MPa and adhesion to steel 3 from 2.6 to 3.1 MPa were prepared based on compositions of shale phenols. The specific elongation varied from 75 to 125%. In the use of compositions for the immobilization of industrial wastes, the leachability of strontium and cesium was 1 × 10−10 and 1 × 10−12 cm2/s, respectively, whereas the leachability of cobalt and ruthenium was 1 × 10−13 cm2/s, which is several orders of magnitude lower than the leachability of 1 × 10−8 cm2/s from Portland cement.

Polymer material based on shale phenols

A polymer material with cohesion and adhesion strengths of 4.15 and 4.90 MPa, respectively, was prepared based on a composition of shale phenols. The specific elongation was 170%. Product lifetimes from 7 to 13 years were determined for filled and unfilled polymers, respectively, using accelerated thermal ageing. The polymer can be used as a repair and lining material.

Polyfunctional material based on shale phenols

A polymer material was prepared based on shale phenols; it had adhesive and cohesive strengths of 3.8 and 5.9 MPa, respectively, a bending strength of 15.8 MPa, and an impact strength of 10 kJ/m2. It can be used as an adhesive material for tar roofing because its abradability is 2070 cm3 kW−1 h−1 and for repairing roofs because its adhesive strength toward galvanized iron is 3.3–1.1 MPa.

Stabilization of composites based on shale phenols

Acetonitrile, which stabilized viscosity in storage to 90 days, was proposed for the first time as a stabilizing agent for composites that interact by an ionic mechanism; in this case, the physicochemical properties of hardened composites remained unchanged. In the presence of acetonitrile, the hardened composites had adhesive and cohesive strengths of 3.8 and 5.8 MPa, respectively, and a specific elongation of 20%.

Optimization of the amount of a hardener in an impregnant based on shale phenols

A new procedure for optimization by the superposition of optimum properties, which was used to determine an optimum amount of a hardener for an impregnant from shale phenols, is described.

The temperature-time relationship between the properties of filled composites of shale phenols

It was found that the temperature-time relationship principle can be applied to filled composites of shale phenols. Empirical equations were derived to calculate the main physicomechanical properties of the composites with a sufficient accuracy over the temperature range of 20–80°C at an operation life to one year. This made it possible to rapidly perform calculations with the use of the filled composites of shale phenols.

Radiation-stable materials based on shale phenols

The radiation cure and kinetics of filled composites based on shale phenols were studied. A highly radiation stable adhesive was prepared with an adhesive strength of 9.0–9.5 MPa toward steel 3 at doses from 7 to 20 × 107 Gy.

Preparation of a polymer material with the use of shale products

The introduction of kerogen-70 into a solution of shale phenols and thiokol in furfural resulted in the production of a polymer material with an adhesive strength to 9.5 MPa, a cohesion to 16.6 MPa, and a bending strength to 25 MPa. It can be used as high-quality structural filling.

Carbon adsorbents from shale tars and phenols

Carbon sorbents were prepared in a commercial process based on shale tars and phenols. The sorption properties of these sorbents were better than those of commercial sorbents in the sorption of various products: 95–98% for refinery molasses, 311–315 mg/cm3 for benzene, 326 mg/g for phenol, and 40 cm3/cm3 for carbon monoxide.

Properties of impregnants from shale phenols

Impregnants prepared from shale phenols for cellular materials had a cohesive strength of 2.4–18.5 J/m2 and a specific elongation of 160–170%. The adhesive strength toward a metal was 3.5–6.0 J/m2; in the case of concrete, it was greater than the concrete strength.

Impregnants from shale phenols for concrete

Concrete was soaked in an impregnant containing solutions of shale phenols, which were hardened by polyethylenepolyamine, in furfural to prepare polymer concrete. The strength characteristics of this polymer concrete increased by 83–106%, and the heat resistance was higher than that of the starting material by a factor of 2.