Buddha Research Articles

SPHENOID BONE LIGAMENTS’ ENTHESOPATHY WITH THEIR CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

Objective: The Cortical bone formation at enthesial sites of ligament attachments to the sphenoid bone is indeed multifactorial, involving various biological, mechanical, and biomechanical processes. The present study is aimed to observe the ossified ligaments of sphenoid bone of skull manifesting various neurological complications. Methods: An observational study conducted on sphenoid bones of 36 dried human skulls of unknown gender and age procured from the Department of Anatomy at Gautam Buddha Chikitsa Mahavidyalaya, Dehradun and People’s College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal. These bones were observed for enthesopathic modifications in their ligaments. Results: The present study showed ossified caroticoclinoid ligament (intra cranial ligament) predominated by 41.66% followed by pterygospinous ligament ossification (extra cranial ligament) with total 38.88% prevalence. Conclusion: Altered morphology of sphenoid bone knowledge is a must for neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons while operating at these sites to avoid hindrances and has scope for newer approaches for better prognosis.

Postpartum morbidity and its determinants with special reference to anemia among urban vulnerable population in Uttar Pradesh: A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background: The postpartum period is critically important for comprehensive obstetric care; however, most women are neglected during this important period. Objective: This study was carried out to determine the burden of postpartum morbidities and associated factors among the urban vulnerable population in Gautam Buddha district, Uttar Pradesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 postpartum women in urban slums of Gautam Buddha district. A semi-structured questionnaire was used along with a physical examination and assessment of anemia by Sahli’s hemoglobinometer. Results: A total of 106 (70.7%) mothers reported at least one of the postpartum morbidities (PPMs). The most frequently reported morbidity was anemia (55.3%) followed by backache (29.3%). Almost a third (39, 36.8%) of all women, who suffered from PPM, did not seek any treatment for the same. Univariate analysis revealed that morbidities were higher among women with low literacy (Odds Ratio, OR: 5.63, 95% CI: 2.508–13.54, p = 0.000), low socioeconomic status (OR: 0.317, 95% CI: 0.151–0.657, p = 0.002), and inadequate antenatal care (OR: 0.108, 95% CI: 0.044–0.246, p = 0.0001). Similarly, young mothers (OR: 2.599, 95% CI: 1.332–5.14), less educated (OR = 3.603, 95% CI: 1.838–7.203, p = 0.000), those from lower economic status (OR: 0.247, 95% CI: 0.119–0.497, p = 0.001), with inadequate antenatal care (OR: 0.112, 95% CI: 0.052–0.232, p = 0.005), and low iron folic acid intake (OR: 0.371, 95% CI: 0.184–0.732, p = 0.004) showed higher prevalence of anemia. Conclusion: The role of education and adequate antenatal care are highlighted in the study. Antenatal visits should be utilized as opportunities to increase awareness regarding various aspects of care during the postnatal period. Maintaining more comprehensive support and involvement between health care providers and the mothers is needed to prevent many of these postpartum morbidities.

Did the Buddha Teach to Be Called ‘Buddha’?―Focusing on the Meaning of Brāhmaṇa and How Buddhist Authors (re)Formulated His Words to Praise Him―

The attainment of enlightenment by Gautama Buddha is the very beginning of Buddhism as a religious phenomenon. Because of his attainment of enlightenment, he has been remembered as Buddha for centuries, even though it is uncertain whether buddha was the preferred title to remember him by from the earliest times. Previous scholarship has demonstrated that the term buddha was a common noun in the Indian religious context, and it was also employed to refer to his higher disciples. The verses of the Suttanipāta represent a complex corpus rich in many fundamental concepts common to Jain religious thought. Many epithets were introduced by Buddhists to praise their monastic founder as Jains do. Among them, buddha does not seem to be the preferred one among them. Contrarily, by redefining brāhmaṇa, Buddhists participate in the ascetic discourse of praising their master as the one who deserves to be regarded as that ideal. This paper argues that Buddhists advocated their master as a brāhmaṇa, a title that is not only consistent with the teachings of Jains but also one that may have preceded the popularity of Buddha as his most memorable title.

Trend Analysis of Tourist-arrivals in Nepal Using Auto- Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Model

Nepal, a diverse and geographically varied landlocked country with a rich tapestry of cultures, and natural heritages, boasts iconic attractions such as Mt. Everest as the world’s highest peak, Lumbini as the birthplace of Lord Buddha, Pashupatinath Temple as one of the world’s most celebrated pilgrimages for the Hindus, Chitwan National Park, home to the one-horned rhino enlisted by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization world’s natural treasure, etc. Attracting tourists from all corners of the globe, Nepal’s unique blend of landscapes and cultural heritage has made this country a prominent destination. This research delves into a comprehensive trend analysis of tourist arrivals in Nepal from 1964 to 2023, employing the Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model based on the secondary data employed from the Ministry of Finance, Government of Nepal. The model provides insights into past trends and forecasts future tourist arrivals, evidenced by the rigorous test using the Root Mean Square Error. The analysis employed several ARIMA models, including ARIMA (2, 1, 3), ARIMA (2, 1, 2), ARIMA (3, 1, 3), and ARIMA (3, 1, 2), with model performance assessed using criteria such as Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). Findings indicate that the ARIMA (2 1, 3) model provides the most accurate forecasts compared to the other models tested. This finding has significant implications for Nepal’s tourism industry. The results underscore the importance of adopting flexible and strategic planning approaches to enhance the resilience of Nepal’s tourism sector. The study’s insights are valuable for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers, contributing to the development of targeted strategies that ensure sustainable growth in the face of ongoing volatility.

The wheel and the first sermon: a reflection on aniconism and Amaravati sculptures in The British Museum

The British Museum possesses one of the most significant collections of sculptures from Amaravati, India, in the world. By discussing four objects in its collection, this brief essay explores the relationship between the historical Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) and aniconic representation. It scrutinises the iconography of the Buddha’s first sermon through the emblem of the wheel (chakra, or cakra) and critically discusses the representation of the wheel in the arguments of different scholars. This study reconsiders the meaning of the wheel and the representation of the first sermon to reflect more broadly on aniconism in Buddhist art.

Human exposure to uranium through drinking water and its detrimental impact on the human body organs.

Human exposure to high concentrations of uranium is a major concern due to the risk of developing numerous internal organ malignancies over time. In addition to the numerous attributes of uranium in the nuclear power industry, the radiological characteristics and chemical toxicity of uranium present a substantial risk to human health. This study aims to evaluate potential negative health impacts associated with the ingestion of uranium through drinking water in the Noida and Greater Noida region within the Gautam Buddha districts of Uttar Pradesh (India), due to extreme industrial revolution in this geological location. The mean concentration of uranium in drinking water of the examined area was estimated to range from 0.23 to 78.21µgl-1. The hair compartment biokinetic model is used to estimate the retention and radiological doses of uranium in distinct organs and tissues. Studies on time-dependent factors revealed variations in uranium retention, with lower levels observed in the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) region and higher levels on cortical bone surfaces causes the skeletal deformities. The kidney, liver, and other soft tissues (OST) exhibited a non-saturation pattern in the retention of uranium via exposure of drinking water. The age-wise non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic doses were estimated for the health hazards studies. The outcome of this study will be useful for water resource management authorities to supply safe potable water to the local residents.

Information Seeking Behaviors of Ph.D. Research Scholars of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Gautam Buddha Central Library: A Study

Information Seeking Behaviors of Ph.D. Research Scholars of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Gautam Buddha Central Library: A Study

Users' satisfaction of Gautam Buddha Central Library: A special reference to Research Scholars of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh , India

Users' satisfaction of Gautam Buddha Central Library: A special reference to Research Scholars of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh , India

Bronze Sculpture of Mara Vijaya of National Museum, Nepal: A Study of Iconographic Perspective

In Buddhism the images display the story and event of temptation of Mara to disturb and misguide devotion during the process of enlightenment of Siddhartha Gautam. The art which reflects this is called the icon of Mara Vijaya. The legend regarding the story of temptation of evil Mara over the good Sidhhartha Gautam can be found in several Buddhist texts. Due to the iconographic features and themes of the Buddha Jataka stories of temptation of Mara, the bronze sculpture of national museum is considered as an important specimen. The figures of Lord Buddha, demon Mara, his daughters, army troops, Ganesh and other animal’s figures have been sculptured in very attractive ways in this bronze relief. This paper explores the major iconographic features and to examine its importance as the bronze art heritage of Nepal. It employs qualitative approach and primary data and secondary information have been used. Required secondary information has been generated from journals, books and electronic versions of different sources while primary data have been collected by doing field study in national museum with in-depth observation of such relief.

Comparative Analysis of Polypropylene Fiber for Rigid Airfield Pavement: Case study of Apron of Gautam Buddha International Airport

Comparative Analysis of Polypropylene Fiber for Rigid Airfield Pavement: Case study of Apron of Gautam Buddha International Airport

A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH IN DECISION MAKING - CREATION OF THE STATE AS DOCUMENTED IN AGAÑÑA SUTTA OF THE DIGHA NIKAYA

Gautama Buddha`s presence in Indian history introduced a rational perspective in a society dominated by dogmatic and illogical beliefs. His practical approach encouraged logical and practical thinking among common people, as seen in the Tripitaka literature, which includes the Sutta, Vinaya, and Abhidhamma Pitika. The suttas, a collection of lectures, dialogues, and analogies by Buddha, document his aim to offer viable solutions to societal dissatisfaction. He recognized the widespread suffering caused by conflicting societal beliefs—monastic life versus materialistic wealth and rituals. The suttas highlight the violence in rituals, such as animal slaughter and flora vandalism, leading to inner conflict. Rather than criticizing these beliefs, Buddha empathetically appealed to people`s rationale. He identified dissatisfaction as the root issue, causing societal dissension. To address this, Buddha adapted his teachings to Pali, the language of the masses, within the democratic Gana Sangha political system. His organization of monks and nuns (Bhikkhus and Bhikkunis) systematically documented and spread his teachings. Buddha`s understanding of decision-making imbalances set a holistic coordinated approach. In the Agañña Sutta, he discusses the contractual origin of the Rashtra, emphasizing decentralized, participatory governance with core values.

BUDDHISM AND NON-VIOLENCE: EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUDDHIST TEACHINGS AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION

This paper explores the profound dating between Buddhist teachings and struggle decision, inspecting how concepts of non-violence, compassion, and interconnectedness can be carried out to present day worldwide conflicts. Beginning with the historical context of Buddhism, it delves into the origins and spread of Buddhist ideals on non-violence, especially the lifestyles of Siddhartha Gautama and early Buddhist texts on Ahimsa. The center Buddhist teachings, which includes the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, Karuna (compassion), and Metta (loving-kindness), are analyzed for their software in promoting non-violence. The paper also discusses the realistic applications of these teachings in current conflict resolution techniques, together with Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and mediation. Through case research of historical and present day examples, together with Ashoka’s transformation, the role of Buddhist clergymen in the Vietnam War, and the Dalai Lama’s approach to the Tibetan warfare, the paper illustrates the effectiveness of Buddhist tactics. It concludes with coverage guidelines for integrating Buddhist concepts into war resolution frameworks and a comparative evaluation with other non-violent philosophies, highlighting the customary relevance of Buddhist teachings in fostering peace and harmony.

A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE LORE OF LORD BUDDHA IN AŚVAGHOṢA’S

A Buddhist monk of the first or second century C.E., Aśvaghoṣa comprised a Buddha-Carita poem consisting of fourteen cantos. He maybe belonged to Ayodhya, a place in North Central India. His work Buddha-Carita or ‘Life of Buddha’ takes the readers from the birth of Siddhartha to his development. Aśvaghoṣa's main aim was not to amuse but to teach to present the Buddha’s teaching as the climax of the Brahmanical tradition. His Buddha-Carita is a response to Brahmanical challenges where we can notice two major points. First, he presents the Buddha’s doctrine the dharma discovered through his development as the consummation of the Brahmanical religion, a preparation for the appearance of Buddha. Brahmanism is the expectation of Buddha and Buddhism is the satisfaction of Brahmanism. So, it is incorrect to see both as contradictory or opposing theories. The present paper is an attempt to focus on how Aśvaghoṣa presents the context and significance of the lore of Lord Buddha.

Cloned Buddhas: mapping out the DNA of Buddhist heritage preservation

ABSTRACT This article considers how technological innovation transforms the value of religious materiality in Buddhist heritage reproduction projects in Japan. To illustrate the religiously and politically charged landscape of heritage care, I focus on the reproduction technologies developed by the Tokyo University of Arts researchers to create highly precise replicas of Buddhist heritage. One such ‘super clone’ replica of Japan’s National Treasure homed at Hōryūji temple in Nara – a 1400-year-old ‘Shaka Triad’ sculpture of Shakyamuni, the historical Buddha – was put on display at the Nagano Prefectural Art Museum in Japan in April 2021. The ‘cloned’ statue is a highly precise copy that goes beyond the practices of exact duplication. With the use of 3D measurement, digital modelling technologies, and advanced casting techniques, this cloned religious heritage object transports the viewer back in time to the aesthetic moment of creation and allows them to experience anew the object’s affective presence as crafted centuries ago. In drawing on this example and its potential to intervene in other religious heritage reproduction projects globally, I argue that technology transforms religious heritage to generate alternative socio-economic afterlives of Buddhist objects. By analysing the scientific narratives and processes of heritage care, I show how the religious heritage reproduction is where the aesthetic, political, and economic dimensions of Buddhist material futures are imagined and realized. It is also a space of contestation between devotion, science, and memory-oriented practices of care in transnational heritage preservation.

Clinical Profile, Pacemaker Parameters and Early Outcome of Permanent Pacemaker Implantation in Lumbini Province Nepal

Background: Pacemaker implantation was started for the first time in Lumbini province Nepal at Gautam Buddha Community Heart Hospital. The objective of this research is to evaluate clinical parameters and compare with established centers in Nepal. Methods: Patient and pacemaker parameters noted in proforma after getting consent from the patients. This is simple observational study. Calculation of parameters done using SPSS 17 version. Results: Total 224 patients were evaluated over the duration of 3 years. Majority (60.3%) were female and 39.7% were male. 51.3% were of age group 65 to 80 years. 21% were above age 80 years, 22.8% were 45 to 65 years and 4.9% were below 45 years. 96.4% were Single chamber and 3.6 % were Dual chamber pacemaker. 97.8% were implanted on left side and 2.2% were implanted on right side. Impedance more than 1000 ohm noted in 3.6%. Threshold more than 1 mV noted in 7.6% and R wave amplitude less than 10 noted in 28.1%. Dislodgement was in 2.6% and Infection in 1.3%. No procedural death. Conclusion: Single chamber implantation was far more common than dual chamber. Pacemaker parameters were similar at our hospital to other hospitals in Nepal.

Analysis and Prevention of Road Accidents for Gautam Buddha Nagar District (U.P)

Road accidents pose a significant threat to public safety, necessitating proactive measures for analysis and prevention. This abstract delves into the analysis and prevention of road accidents in the Kasna to Surajpur region over a seven-year period from 2015 to 2021. Through data gathered from multiple police stations, the study aims to identify accident causes, locations, and frequencies to pinpoint blackspots for future road safety audits. Additionally, a novel solution leveraging Pascal's law is proposed to minimize accidents and we can determine the Number of vehicles and Types of vehicles. The system, triggered by vehicle movement, alerts drivers on the opposite side of the road to reduce speed, thus mitigating collision risks. This innovative approach offers promise in enhancing road safety and reducing accidents

Constructing cultural integration through rhetoric in Modi’s speech in Lumbini, Nepal

This article reports how the rhetorical devices and logical argument utilized in the speech of Narendra Modi, the prime minister of India, delivered in Lumbini, addressing the 2566th birth ceremony of Lord Buddha, assisted him to establish his purpose by persuading the audience. I adopted the concept of rhetoric developed by Aristotle and the notion of argument advanced by Toulmin as a theoretical perspective to analyze his speech. The findings reported that Modi used rhetorical devices and layers of argument to establish religious and cultural relationships between Nepal and India; however, he focused on religions, particularly Hinduism and Buddhism, and excluded the religious and cultural sentiments of people belonging to other religious and cultural backgrounds living in both countries. The finding further revealed that Modi’s seemingly religious rhetoric was directed towards the political mission of promoting relations between Nepal and India by expanding cultural nationalism and establishing the supremacy of Hinduism and Buddhism. This study has greater significance because it adds new insights into the existing literature on rhetoric and communication and provides a clear direction for further analyzing the rhetorical strategy in Modi’s speeches.

Impact of Library Resources on Prison Education in India: A Review of Re-habilitation Efforts

This review synthesizes findings from two case studies focusing on the role of library resources in facilitating education and rehabilitation in Indian prisons. The first study explores the educational landscape within Indian prisons, highlighting various initiatives and challenges in delivering effective educational programs to inmates. The second study delves into the specific impact of library services in the District Jail of Gautam Buddha Nagar, examining how access to diverse reading materials and information resources aids in the intellectual and emotional development of inmates. Together, these studies underscore the significant role of library resources in supporting prisoner education and rehabilitation in India. They reveal how well-managed prison libraries, equipped with a broad range of materials and services, can contribute to the reformation, skill development, and overall well-being of inmates, thereby playing a crucial part in their successful reintegration into society.

Legal Aspect in Peace Keeping Operation and Nepal

The United Nations (UN) Charter is the constitution of the UN, that underpins the operational framework of the UN, encompassing the peacekeeping mission to create conditions for lasting peace in conflict-torn countries. Nepal involved in all peace initiatives taken by the UN and largest troop contributor to the UN peacekeeping missions carrying the beacon of peace in the world initiated by Nepal’s enlightened son, Gautam Buddha. This study aims to identify the legal basis of the UN peacekeeping operations implied in the UN Charter and other international law concerning the influence of Buddha’s teaching of peace and non-violence on the global norms of peace. This study also aims to analyze Nepal’s adherence to human rights law and humanitarian law, as well as the legal aspects of Nepal’s participation in UN peacekeeping operations. Methodologically, the study follows a doctrinal approach, focusing on the examination of legal doctrines. The researcher draws upon multilateral conventions, resolutions of the General Assembly and Security Council, decisions of the International Court of Justice, reports, Nepal’s correspondence to the UN, speeches by the Nepali delegation in the UN General Assembly, Nepali laws related to UN peacekeeping, and journal articles as sources of data. This paper argues that as a birthplace of Buddha, Nepal needs to negotiate with the UN to expand its role in securing policy-level and command-level positions in UN peace initiatives, enabling it to contribute more to enhance the legal norms for peacekeeping operations with oriental knowledge of world peace.

Сommunicative Discourse of Tattvasaṅgrāha by Śāntarakṣita

The study provides an insight into the structural features of the famous VIII century Buddhist treatise Tattvasaṅgrāha by Śāntarakṣita with regard to the text’s main purpose ( prayojana ) as it is treated in Kamalaśīla’s commentary Pañjikā . Any text along with its referential (representational) function of conveying message - meaning to the addressee, or its expressive function, reflecting the author's attitude to what is communicated, also performs the ‘appellative’ function, encouraging the recipient of the message to act. This function which could also be called praxiological was always significant in Indian text culture, since from the times of Veda-s it was embedded in its very core. This function is of paramount importance in the case of Indian religious and philosophical texts, whose main aim is to convince and transform the consciousness of their percipients. Along with linear models of message transfer, Sanskrit texts could demonstrate non-linear semantic structures, transmitting the main idea of the text indirectly. It is exactly how one should perceive the message of Śāntarakṣita’s Tattvasaṅgrāha according to the suggested by Śāntarakṣita’s prominent student Kamalaśīla in his Pañjikā -commentary to the treatise. He proposes to consider Tattvasaṅgrāha not as a thematically heterogeneous encyclopaedic or doxographic work, whose main objective is to refute different non-Buddhist views (as it is often treated by scholars now), but as a text, which by its very design exposes one of the most important Buddhist principles - the law of the dependent origination ( pratītyasamutpāda ). The themes, discussed in a number of the chapters of Tattvasaṅgrāha, indeed, appear to have direct correlation with the characteristics of pratītyasamutpāda given to it in Śālistamba-sūtra - an early Mahāyāna text, which explains this universal law. Kamalaśīla suggests looking at Tattvasaṅgrāha as at one big unit-sentence - mahāvākya , with the exposition of pratītyasamutpāda as its unitary purpose-meaning ( abhidheya ). In this context, the treatise functions as a praxiological tool for the ‘installing’ into the consciousness of the text’s addressee the knowledge of ‘true principles’ (tattva-s) of pratītyasamutpāda . This interpretation of the main message of the text raises also a question of the adequate translation of the name of the treatise into other languages, because, according to Kamalaśīla, ‘ Tattvasaṅgrāha’ means the ‘Assembly of Principles-(tattva’-s)’ which specify precisely pratītyasamutpāda (pratītyasamutpāda-viśeṣaṇāni tattvāni).