SGAP Flap Research Articles

Unique hybrid double apposing flap in a Z-plasty technique to reconstruct major perianal defect resulting from chondyloma acuminatum resection - Case report.

Perianal area is anatomically challenging location to reconstruct after wide extensive local excision especially when preserving the anus anatomy anal sphincter continence is a requirement. That is the case in many benign locally aggressive conditions, due to high risk of suture line disruption, wound dehiscence, and wound infection. Many surgical options like primary closure, loco reginal flaps, distant or pedicled flaps, or even free flaps are available for such reconstruction. This is a report of a case of locally aggressive infection that was initially confused as complex perianal fistula, then sarcoma after the initial resection. Surprisingly, the permanent pathology confirmed the diagnosis of a giant condyloma acuminatum extending to the anal area, for which an extensive wide local resection with margin and temporary colostomy was done, this resulted in a large defect necessitating a reconstruction with hybrid double apposing Superior gluteal artery perforator flap (SGAP flap) and Inferior gluteal artery perforator flap (IGAP flap) in Z-plasty fashion. That healed completely with no local complication.

Discussion: Preoperative Perforator Mapping in SGAP Flap: Does Magnetic Resonance Imaging Make the Difference?

Discussion: Preoperative Perforator Mapping in SGAP Flap: Does Magnetic Resonance Imaging Make the Difference?

Breast reconstruction with Superior Gluteal Artery Perforator free flap: 8 years of experience

The SGAP flap represents an alternative for autologous breast reconstruction when DIEP is not available. In this article, we report eight years of experience in breast reconstruction using SGAP free flap and discuss our results, how our procedures have evolved, the outcomes and complications rates and how to perform this procedure efficiently while managing the challenges inherent to this type of flap. A retrospective study was conducted from June 2009 and June 2017. Patients requiring SGAP flap breast reconstruction were enrolled. Donor site availability was categorised into 4 classes according to the availability of tissue. An ad hoc outcome scale was created to standardise the results and ensure data comparability. A total of 119 patients were enrolled in the study. We recorded 18 cases of excellent results, 57 good, 30 moderate and 14 poor. Our results show that donor site class impacts complications and patient outcome. The odds ratio analysis demonstrated that the third class donor site has a protective impact on complications and has a direct correlation with good patient outcomes. SGAP flap can provide very good outcomes, and it should be considered as another option when DIEP is not available. Patient selection and efficiency are the keys to achieve optimal results and minimise complications. Although this flap is available for patients with a low BMI, the donor site has to provide enough tissue to achieve symmetry with the contralateral breast and allow a tension-free closure without contour deformity.

Prof. Aldona J. Spiegel: breast reconstruction plastic surgery—restore the patients’ best quality of life

Prof. Aldona J. Spiegel ( Figure 1 ) is the director of the Center for Breast Restoration at the Houston Methodist Hospital’s Institute for Reconstructive Surgery. Her clinical expertise is in advanced breast reconstruction techniques and microsurgery, particularly in the area of surgical reconstruction with reinnervated autologous muscle-preserving perforator flaps, including the DIEP Flap, SIEA Flap, SGAP Flap, TUG Flap and TAP Flap.

Outcome after urgent microvascular revision of free DIEP, SIEA and SGAP flaps for autologous breast reconstruction

Microvascular complications after free flap breast reconstruction are devastating, and revision of a compromised breast reconstruction is very challenging. The aim of this study was to review the different characteristics of urgent microvascular revision in DIEP, SIEA and SGAP flaps and to evaluate the final outcome after revision. A retrospective chart review was performed for all patients who underwent an autologous breast reconstruction with a DIEP, SIEA or SGAP flap at the University Hospitals of Leuven between August 1997 and December 2013. The number of revisions, time to revision, reason for revision, and outcome after microvascular free flap revision were analysed. A total of 1562 free flaps were evaluated during the study period, of which 4.42% required urgent exploration. DIEP flaps (3.38%) had a statistically significant lower revision rate than SIEA flaps (11.76%) and SGAP flaps (8.42%). Venous insufficiency was the main reason for revision of DIEP flaps (86.7%) and SGAP flaps (62.5%). SIEA flaps mostly failed because of an arterial problem (62.5%). SIEA flaps (62.5%) had a higher revision failure rate than DIEP flaps (37.8%) and SGAP flaps (12.5%). We found a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) in the outcome of revision in DIEP flaps in correlation to the time to revision. Our overall flap failure rate was 1.79% (DIEP 1.28%; SIEA 7.35%; SGAP 1.05%). The DIEP flap remains the most reliable flap for microvascular breast reconstructions. SIEA flaps are only performed when no suitable perforator for a DIEP flap is present. Multiple revisions are no longer performed, as the outcome after more than one revision is very disappointing. The difference in reason for revision between the different flaps led to the introduction of some technical refinements.

Multiple perforator preserving SGAP flap for the reconstruction of sacral wounds

Background Many surgical methods have been used to repair sacral sores, including primary closure, skin grafting, local random, and muscle flaps. After the description of the gluteal perforator-based flap, the perforator-based fasciocutaneous flap became popular in lumbosacral tissue defect reconstruction.

Introducing the Profunda Artery Perforator Flap for Breast Reconstruction

Popularized alternatives to abdominally-based autologous breast reconstruction include the superior or inferior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP or IGAP) flaps and transverse upper gracilis (TUG) flaps. The SGAP flap places a scar across the superior buttock and can create a contour deformity. The IGAP flap has been associated with sitting difficulties, secondary to loss of fat over the ischial tuberosity. The TUG flap has been criticized for its small volume, short pedicle, sacrifice of the gracilis muscle, and a visible scar anteriorly. The authors have explored the posterior thigh, where the profunda artery can supply a perforator (PAP) flap, as a better alternative.

The sGAP Flap: Rare Exception or Second Choice in Autologous Breast Reconstruction?

Various flaps are available for autologous breast reconstruction. However, there is no accepted standard. The superior gluteal artery perforator (sGAP) flap is one possible option for autologous breast reconstruction. Eighty-one sGAP flaps were performed for breast reconstruction. Patient data regarding age, body mass index, medical history, timing of reconstruction, operating time, success of the operation, and complications were retrospectively analyzed. The success rate was 93% ( N = 75). Thrombosis occurred in nine flaps, and three revisions were successful. There was no partial necrosis. All but one bilateral breast reconstruction was performed in two stages. The average time between the reconstructions was 3 and 5 months (2 to 6). The average operating time was 7 hours 36 minutes (5'45 to 9'33). For autologous breast reconstruction, there is no universally accepted standard and no flap meets all the requirements. The deep inferior epigastric perforator flap is our first choice. We favor the sGAP as a second choice particularly for larger breast sizes. For a staged bilateral reconstruction, the sGAP flap advances to be our first choice. The sGAP flap is a safe and reliable perforator flap providing a good breast projection, cosmetically pleasing outcome on the breast, and an acceptable outcome on the buttock with the disadvantage of a demanding dissection.

Superior Gluteal Artery Perforator Flap in Bilateral Breast Reconstruction

The incidence of bilateral breast reconstruction is increasing particularly due to genetic counseling and the option for bilateral prophylactic mastectomies. The decision to undergo a prophylactic mastectomy depends on the achievable outcomes of breast reconstruction. The free superior gluteal artery perforator flap (sGAP) flap is one option for autologous bilateral reconstruction which has rarely been reported.All bilateral sGAP flaps performed in the department of plastic surgery at the Behandlungszentrum Vogtareuth over a period of 4.5 years were retrospectively analyzed for indication, success rate, and complications.Thirty sGAP flaps were performed for bilateral breast reconstruction. The average age of the 15 women was 42 years and the average body mass index was 20.8. Indications for breast reconstruction were predominantly prophylactic mastectomies (60%). Indication for a sGAP flap was either a thin patient with insufficient abdominal tissue or a 2-staged bilateral reconstruction. 83% of the breast reconstructions were performed secondarily and 93% in 2 stages. The average operating time was 7 hours 12 minutes. Twenty-nine flaps (97%) were successful. Complications were fat necrosis (n = 3), hematoma (n = 3), and breast seroma (n = 1). Donor site complications were seroma (n = 8), infection (n = 1), and wound dehiscence (n = 1).Our results with bilateral breast reconstruction with the sGAP flap show cosmetically appealing results with high success and low complication rates on the breast. However, seromas on the donor site occurred in 27%. In addition, the sGAP flap is a technically demanding and time consuming operation. We recommend the sGAP flap when the abdomen has not enough tissue bulk to perform a deep inferior epigastric perforator flap or for a 2-staged bilateral reconstruction. This is often the case in women with a hereditary high risk of breast cancer who often present as young and slim patients.

Integrative Tumor Board: A Case Report and Discussion From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

A 34-year-old woman carrying a BRCA1 gene and a significant family history was diagnosed with T1c, N1 breast cancer. The tumor was estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER-2/Neu negative. The patient received dose-dense chemotherapy with Adriamycin and Cytoxan followed by Taxol, and left breast irradiation. Later, a bilateral S-GAP flap reconstruction with right prophylactic mastectomy and left mastectomy were performed. During her treatment, the patient had an integrative medicine consultation and was seen by a team of health care providers specializing in integrative therapies, including integrative nutrition, therapeutic massage, acupuncture, and yoga. Each modality contributed unique benefit in her care that led to a satisfactory outcome for the patient. A detailed discussion regarding her care from each modality is presented. The case elucidates the need for integrative approaches for cancer patients in a conventional medical setting.

The SGAP flap for the postmastectomy patient

The SGAP flap for the postmastectomy patient

The SGAP flap for the postmastectomy patient

The SGAP flap for the postmastectomy patient

Der Stellenwert der s-GAP-Lappenplastik in der Brustrekonstruktion – Ein Erfahrungsbericht

In breast reconstruction with autologous tissue the DIEP flap has become the gold standard in recent years. The superior gluteal artery perforator (s-GAP) flap is an alternative harvested from the buttock. We present our experience with the s-GAP flap and discuss its role in breast reconstruction. All s-GAP flaps performed for breast reconstruction in the Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Behandlungszentrum Vogtareuth from June 2002 until February 2007 were retrospectively analysed. Out of 59 flaps 4 flaps failed, the success rate was 94 %. Partial or fat necrosis occurred in 2 cases. The s-GAP flap served as a safe reconstructive alternative to the DIEP flap. Advantages of the s-GAP flap are reliable perforators, the safe vascular supply and the firm fat structure which facilitates the breast reconstruction. The donor site morbidity is minimal, the gluteal muscles stay intact and the scar is easy to hide in the underwear. Disadvantages are a demanding preparation with a prolonged operating time compared to the DIEP flap. The s-GAP flap is a reliable and safe option for autologeous breast reconstruction. It is the method of choice for staged bilateral breast reconstruction or if the DIEP flap is not available, particularly in the thin patient.

Free DIEAP and SGAP Flap Breast Reconstruction After Abdominal/Gluteal Liposuction

Free DIEAP and SGAP Flap Breast Reconstruction After Abdominal/Gluteal Liposuction

Soft tissue reconstruction with the superior gluteal artery perforator flap

The development of the perforator flap technique revolutionized the practice of soft tissue transfer. The main goal of this technique is muscle sparing at the donor site for function and strength. Meanwhile, this concept is being widely applied for reconstruction of tissues throughout the entire body. Perforator flaps are the ultimate upgrade of the well-known myocutaneous flaps. Theoretically, any myocutaneous flap can be harvested as a perforator flap if skin resurfacing is needed. Although the DIEP flap, the anterolateral thigh flap, and the TAP flap are probably more frequently used for breast, trunk, and upper and lower limb reconstruction, as well as head and neck reconstruction, the SGAP flap takes its own position in the large group of perforator flaps and has its own specific indications.