Gender Bias Research Articles

Service providers’ perspectives and reproductive (in)justice among Roma women: a qualitative study in Spain

The main objective of this study is to identify the barriers that prevent Roma women and girls from accessing reproductive rights derived from reproductive justice by analysing the discourses of service providers as a facilitating source of information. A qualitative study including nine semi-structured in-person interviews with community service providers was conducted in April-June 2019. The interview script addressed intercultural competences, views on gender discrimination against Roma women, resources available to fight against this discrimination, knowledge and use of these resources in reproductive justice, as well as the networks of actors involved. The qualitative analysis involved a discourse analysis. In the analysis, three focal areas were defined around which barriers to access spaces inspired by reproductive justice for Roma women could be identified. In each of the focal areas (stereotypes, discrimination, and intercultural competences), discourses and practices have been observed in contrasting ways that can prevent access, as well as others that can facilitate access based on prejudices about Roma culture and people. The relationship models between professionals and users of the Roma population project stereotypes that are an obstacle in terms of accessing reproductive justice. The right of Roma women to preserve their culture and to actively participate in policies that affect them is not included and guaranteed in public policies. The intention to include the Roma population’s situation in an inclusive narrative exists, although without short-term effects. Reproductive justice is an absent framework within professional intervention and the institutional system.

Use of ChatGPT to Explore Gender and Geographic Disparities in Scientific Peer Review.

In the realm of scientific research, peer review serves as a cornerstone for ensuring the quality and integrity of scholarly papers. Recent trends in promoting transparency and accountability has led some journals to publish peer-review reports alongside papers. ChatGPT-4 (OpenAI) was used to quantitatively assess sentiment and politeness in peer-review reports from high-impact medical journals. The objective was to explore gender and geographical disparities to enhance inclusivity within the peer-review process. All 9 general medical journals with an impact factor >2 that publish peer-review reports were identified. A total of 12 research papers per journal were randomly selected, all published in 2023. The names of the first and last authors along with the first author's country of affiliation were collected, and the gender of both the first and last authors was determined. For each review, ChatGPT-4 was asked to evaluate the "sentiment score," ranging from -100 (negative) to 0 (neutral) to +100 (positive), and the "politeness score," ranging from -100 (rude) to 0 (neutral) to +100 (polite). The measurements were repeated 5 times and the minimum and maximum values were removed. The mean sentiment and politeness scores for each review were computed and then summarized using the median and interquartile range. Statistical analyses included Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, Kruskal-Wallis rank tests, and negative binomial regressions. Analysis of 291 peer-review reports corresponding to 108 papers unveiled notable regional disparities. Papers from the Middle East, Latin America, or Africa exhibited lower sentiment and politeness scores compared to those from North America, Europe, or Pacific and Asia (sentiment scores: 27 vs 60 and 62 respectively; politeness scores: 43.5 vs 67 and 65 respectively, adjusted P=.02). No significant differences based on authors' gender were observed (all P>.05). Notable regional disparities were found, with papers from the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa demonstrating significantly lower scores, while no discernible differences were observed based on authors' gender. The absence of gender-based differences suggests that gender biases may not manifest as prominently as other forms of bias within the context of peer review. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions to address regional disparities in peer review and advocates for ongoing efforts to promote equity and inclusivity in scholarly communication.

Morphometrics of human skulls and mandibles obtained from Southwestern Nigeria: implications in clinical manoeuvres

BackgroundCraniometric data can be useful in the estimation of sex, age, stature, and ethnicity. Despite Nigeria’s diverse and multifaceted demography, there is a dearth of information on detailed morphometry of specific features of the Nigerian cranium. This study sought to provide detailed descriptions of various dimensions on the Nigerian mandibular bone, nose, foramen magnum, and orbit for use in clinico-anatomical studies, dentistry, anthropology, and forensic medicine. Using 33 skulls and 17 mandibles, without gender bias, obtained from the departmental museum, 17 parameters were measured linearly on each mandible and thirty-six parameters on each skull using a digital Vernier calliper. Mean and standard deviation of data sets generated were analysed using t-test at p < 0.05.ResultsThe distance between the cranial and caudal angles of the mandible was 3.48 ± 0.21 mm. The distance from the rostral point of the dental bone to the condylar, coronoid, and angular processes was 4.86 ± 0.25 mm, 2.64 ± 0.52 mm, and 3.72 ± 0.30 mm, respectively. The distance between the most medial points of the most rostral left & right mental foramina in the skulls was 4.51 ± 0.17 mm. The distance between the most medial points of the most rostral left & right mental foramina in the skulls was 4.51 ± 0.17 mm. Most orbit skull types were megaseme in nearly 61%, and orbital asymmetry was also observed. However, the right orbit (26.07 ± 2.106) was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than left orbit (24.80 ± 1.850). The most common shape of the foramen magnum was the oval-like foramen (78%). The common nose types were platyrrhine in 50% and mesorrhine in 26%.ConclusionInsights from this study might provide practical reference information for mandibular and orbital reconstructive surgeries in clinical settings, skull classification in forensic science, and research purposes.

Why Does the Gender Gap Exist in China's Labor Market after the Economic Transition?

After China's economic reform, the gender gap in China's labor market has emerged and gradually widened, and this issue has also attracted the attention of the Chinese government. This paper introduces the existing gender differences in China's labor market in terms of labor participation rate, occupational attainment, and income. Employing a combination of literature analysis and factor analysis, this study scrutinizes the primary factors contributing to gender disparities, which include but are not limited to human capital theory, gender segregation, gender discrimination, marital dynamics, and gender role expectations. Finally, the essay proposes some solutions for individuals, enterprises, society, and the government to narrow the gender gap in China's labor market to promote the development and progress of society.

Adâbî Ijtimâ’î dalam Penafsiran Ayat Gender Perspektif Muhammad Abduh

The soil retaining wall is one of the reinforcements used to prevent landslides on the slope. Starting from the argument presented by Amina Wadud and Zaitunah Subhan, that one of the causes of gender bias is the dominance of men in an interpretation. So it can be assumed that the majority of male interpreters only make their experience as a single standard.However, this study shows that Muhammad Abduh's interpretation provides a balanced value in viewing gender relations verses. Thus, it comes to the argument that the social reality of society has a significant influence on a person in interpreting the Qur'an. The alarming political and societal situation encouraged Abduh to make a breakthrough and change in upholding justice. The times had a significant impact on the roles of women and men in the domestic and public spheres. This makes the interpretation of gender also undergo adjustments. This study will dissect Muhammad Abduh's thoughts on gender relations contained in his magnum opus, Tafsîr al-Manâr. The themes taken are: The Degree of Women, Women's Testimony, Polygamy, and Nusyûz Wife. In this research, the author applies a qualitative method with a pure literature study. Through analysis with adâbî ijtimâ'î theory, it can be concluded that Muhammad Abduh had a progressive view of women in Islam. He believed that women and men have equal value before God, with equal rights and obligations.

The glass ceiling in ophthalmology

Currently, two thirds of medical students are female. However, women continue to be clearly underrepresented in leading medical positions, which is also true for ophthalmology. The scientific output of female ophthalmologists is increasing, more pronounced as first authors than last, but remains below that of male colleagues. However, asignificant gender bias has been shown in the grant application processes. There are significantly more male surgeons in vitreoretinal, refractive, and corneal surgery. Concerning surgical training, it has been shown that female ophthalmologists operate less during their residency, especially in cataract surgery. Also among surgeons do women continue to shoulder the main responsibility for family and household, despite the negative consequences for their career. This publication presents an overview of the present career situation for women in ophthalmology and discusses possible measures to achieve gender equality, such as the establishment of mentoring programs and networks.

Analysis of the Impact of Family Planning on Chinese Society

In the 1980s, China implemented the one-child policy as a means to manage population growth during its reform and opening-up period. This policy not only contributed to a reduction in crime rates associated with overpopulation but also empowered women to enter the workforce, thereby stimulating economic development. By 2016, the two-child policy was introduced to address gender discrimination and further promote women's rights. The policy underwent another transformation in 2021 with the introduction of the three-child policy, aimed at tackling the growing issue of an aging population in China. This paper examines the impact of family planning policies on Chinese society and women's rights from both economic and sociological perspectives. Through an analysis of specific cases alongside historical context, this study illustrates the intrinsic connection between birth policies and China's economic development as well as women's social status. The discussion highlights how China's family planning initiatives have influenced societal dynamics and enhanced women's rights, demonstrating improvements in their social standing while concurrently reducing crime rates. The evolution of these policiesfrom one-child to two-child, and now three-childreflects China's strategic response to demographic challenges, underscoring the relationship between fertility policies and women's empowerment.

Effects of Patient Gender on Clinicians’ Diagnostic Assessment of Youth Disruptive Mood and Behavior

ABSTRACT Objective Youth disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) have a male preponderance, but the extent to which gender biases in clinical assessment influence this imbalance remains unclear. The present study investigates whether a child patient’s gender affects clinicians’ diagnostic decision-making regarding Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Dissocial Disorder (CDD), and Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED). Method Clinicians (N = 403; 57.1% male; M age = 48.96 years, SD = 11.09) participated in a global ICD-11 field study. Following an experimental design, participants were asked to use ICD-10 or ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines to evaluate two clinical case vignettes, randomly manipulating the patients’ gender (boy, girl) and symptom presentation (ODD-Defiant, ODD-Irritable, CDD, IED). Analyses tested whether clinicians’ diagnostic accuracy and perceptions of impairment and severity were affected by the patient’s gender. Results Overall, clinicians identified the correct diagnosis 64.7% of the time. Patient gender was not associated with clinicians’ diagnostic accuracy (ps= .090–.895, |φs| = 0.01–0.18) or severity or impairment ratings (ps = .079–.404, |ds| = 0.04–0.19). This pattern of nonsignificant differences and negligible/small effect sizes was consistent across all clinical presentations and analyses. Conclusions We found no evidence of an association between patient gender, diagnostic accuracy, or perceived severity or impairment when assessing youth DBDs in the present study. Results suggest that diagnostic judgments may be driven by clinical presentation rather than gender and that the male DBD preponderance may not be due to gender diagnostic biases. Further research is needed to replicate these findings among youths in clinical settings, with diverse gender identities, and with other mental health conditions.

Women in newsroom-A study of selected prominent media organizations in Guwahati

Women journalists face many challenges in the field of media, and their jobs in newsrooms, their views on the media, and the nature of their work have all been studied for a long time by many scholars. Numerous studies have explored varied issues in the journalism profession, such as the underrepresentation of female journalists in newsrooms, gender discrimination, the glass ceiling, and the patriarchal structure of the industry, etc. Despite the established pattern of media ownership, women journalists have significantly impacted the media landscape. Their struggle to enter and establish themselves in journalism has been extended. Women formally entered the field in the 19th century in various countries, including Britain. During this era, newspapers recognized the importance of financial considerations and advertisements. As a result, they strategically decided to engage women to write women’s sections to appeal to female readers as potential shoppers. Historically, women journalists were predominantly restricted to writing for women’s sections and covering social issues, frequently focusing on light-hearted and humorous matters.

Molecular Method Based on Hydrolysis Probe Assays to Identify the Sex Chromosomes of Iberian Desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) Using Non-Invasive Sampling.

Desmans belong to the subfamily Desmaninae, which are members of the family Talpidae. Desmans and moles show limited sexual dimorphism, making unclear sex discrimination by phenotypic assessment. The Iberian desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) is an endangered species with a severe population decline. Knowledge of sex and sex ratio is essential for conservation and management. Based on these arguments and although previous conventional PCR studies amplifying DBX/DBY genes were relatively successful in sexing the desman, high-resolution sex-specific PCR has been requested. All these reasons encouraged us to develop new species-specific RT-qPCR assays by TaqMan probes to determine the sex in desman, especially with genetic material from non-invasive samples. Accordingly, efficiency, limit of detection (LOD), specificity, and DNA analysis from faeces were verified. The target genes DBX and DBY were amplified with gDNA from both sexes, with Y-chromosome consistently absent in the female. Despite the modest efficiency, regression analysis (R2 > 0.999) indicated a linear range of the DBX and DBY assays extending from 20 to 0.2 ng/µL DNA. LOD analyses estimated that twice as much gDNA was needed in males as in females for DBX detection. Paradoxically, the Y-chromosome required three times as much gDNA as the X-chromosome using a male sample. Therefore, an unexpected dosage imbalance in the genome in favour of the X chromosome was discussed in light of an apparent multicopy nature of the DBX gene and with a sexing success rate of 49.9% of the non-invasive samples, supporting Fisher's principle for the mammalian XX/XY sex system, as expected.

Language and Gender: A Case Study of Poetry Fragments By Nizar Qabbani

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Language and gender are two interrelated aspects in linguistic and literary studies. This study aims to analyze the relationship between language and gender in modern Arabic literature, specifically through Nizar Qabbani's verse pieces. Using a Descriptive Qualitative Approach, this study explores how Arabic language represents gender and how cultural norms influence the use of language in literature. The results show that the Arabic language has a gender bias that is reflected in the use of metaphors and sentence structures in Qabbani's verses. The study reveals that Qabbani often uses language to reflect traditional gender views, but also to champion women's rights. This analysis provides insight into the complex relationship between language, culture and gender representation in the context of Arabic literature. From this research, it was found that Nizar Qobbani represented gender with positive things and that he strongly supported the enforcement of gender equality.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;– &lt;em&gt;Gender, Language, Nizar Qabbani.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The relationship between natural resource rents and gender discrimination laws: evidence from panel data analysis

PurposeThis study investigates the impact of hydrocarbon rents on gender discrimination laws and the extent to which democratic institutions and women’s political participation condition this relationship.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses static and dynamic panel estimation including pooled-ordinary least squares, fixed and random effects and system generalized method of moments.FindingsThe results show that countries with higher hydrocarbon rents have higher levels of gender discrimination laws. Furthermore, there is a significant link between hydrocarbon rents and gender discrimination laws regardless of the quality of democratic institutions or strength of women’s political empowerment.Research limitations/implicationsThe index of gender discrimination laws is limited to laws that impact a woman’s access to employment and entrepreneurial activity once a woman enters the labor force and does not take into account implementation of the laws.Practical implicationsPolicymakers should promote output and export diversification and adopt gender-inclusive policies to counter the adverse consequences of gender discrimination laws associated with hydrocarbon resource wealth.Originality/valueWomen’s empowerment is a major issue on the global development agenda, featuring most notably in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 on achieving women equality and empowerment of women and girls. There is scant evidence about how hydrocarbon rents impact gender discrimination laws, a pervasive obstacle to women’s economic and political empowerment. This paper fills this gap in the literature paper by examining the effect of hydrocarbon rents on gender discrimination laws.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-02-2024-0174

Gender Equality: Analysis of the Current Status and Suggestions for Future Development

This study centers on the current situation and future direction of gender equality. In the backdrop of global modernization, although women have extensively participated in social production and awakened to their rights consciousness, structural gender inequality remains deeply entrenched. Men still dominate social resources and decision-making processes. Traditional family concepts restrain women's freedom, and gender discrimination in the workplace remains prevalent. Despite the vigorous emergence feminist movements, improper thoughts and online public opinion have aggravated the confrontation between men and women, impeding the progress of gender equality. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the stances on gender equality at home and abroad, traces the historical roots of gender inequality from prehistoric society to capitalist society, and reveals the underlying social structure and economic foundation. A critical examination of the current gender equality ideology reveals issues such as an excessive emphasis on ideology while neglecting the realistic foundation, the pursuit of equality yet tacitly accepting male “privileges”, women's empowerment confined by the male-dominated framework, blurred boundaries between equality and consumerism, differentiated interests within feminism, and the confrontation between men and women. Based on this, this study proposes future strategies for promoting gender equality, emphasizing the need to transform the realistic foundation, enhance women's social value, increase women's access to social resources and voice, and strengthen social consensus and cooperation to drive the substantive development of the cause of gender equality.

Internalised misogyny and intragroup discrimination: a critical discourse analysis of anti-gender equality comments on Nigerian female blogs

ABSTRACT This study examines the discursive structures and strategies used by Nigerian female blog users to legitimise gender inequality. Through a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of 253 comments from five Nigerian-authored blogs, the study complicates celebratory approaches that conceptualise digital spaces as places for marginalised women to fight against sexism since they unravel ideological conceptions within female ‘counter-publics’ that rationalise un-equal gender relations. This refutes the belief that the struggle against gender discrimination only involves binary categories such as ‘men versus women’ or ‘women versus patriarchy’, spotlighting the self-limiting role of women in gender activism. The study demonstrates that understudying intra-group discrimination helps to understand and define inequality within specific contexts. Specifically, othering, classifying and categorising are inherent meaning-making traits that define intra-group dynamics and must be embraced and studied as contextual peculiarities that aid the understanding of given socio-cultural practices. This research underscores the usefulness of CDA in unpacking the intersections of culture, ideology, identity and language within multi-layered counter-public discourse, highlighting implications in social justice campaigns and the attainment of gender parity.

Dampak dari Pelanggaran Etika Bisnis terhadap Hak Pekerja di PT Alpen Food Industry (AICE)

This study aims to analyze the impact of violations of business ethics on workers' rights at PT Alpen Food Industry, known as a leading ice cream producer in Southeast Asia. The company faces a number of violations, including inadequate working conditions, inadequate wage payments, excessive working hours, and discrimination against female workers. The study uses a qualitative method with a literature review approach, where data is obtained from various articles, reports, and relevant documents. The results of the study indicate that violations of workers' rights, such as violations of leave rights, unsafe working conditions, gender discrimination, and non-compliance with labor laws, have a significant impact on workers' welfare, the company's reputation, and its business sustainability. The novelty of this study lies in the in-depth analysis of the implications of violations of business ethics on the sustainability of companies in the food industry sector, with the implication that internal policy reform, strengthening law enforcement, and consistent application of business ethics are needed to create a safe, fair, and conducive work environment.

Cross-sectional analysis reveals increased use of nonspecific terminology in reference to women dermatologists in patient reviews at academic centers.

The use of non-specific language to describe board-certified dermatologists in academic settings obscures the public understanding of their qualifications. This study analyzes online patient reviews nationwide to assess gender differences in the terminology used to describe academic dermatologists. We conducted a cross-sectional study, examining reviews from 62 academic institutions across 39 states, analyzing the use of terms such as "provider," "practitioner," "clinician," "health care professional," "physician," "dermatologist," and "doctor." Gender identification was determined through analysis of photographs, names, and pronouns from online biographies. Statistical analyses were performed using two-sample Z-tests with a significance level of 0.01. The data included 65,316 reviews (26,159 from reviews of men and 39,157 from women). Our findings demonstrated a statistically significant gender disparity in term usage. Women dermatologists were more frequently referred to as "provider" (5.01%) compared to their male counterparts (3.92%; p < 0.001). A smaller, but still statistically significant, disparity was found with the term "dermatologist" (5.61% for women vs. 5.13% for men; p < 0.01). Other professional terms did not show significant gender differences in usage. The results suggest a consistent gender bias in the language used by patients, with women more frequently referred to by the nonspecific term "provider," potentially diminishing their perceived qualifications compared to male dermatologists. This disparity in language use might influence patient perceptions of expertise and professional authority, emphasizing the need for clearer communication and more precise use of professional titles. Limitations of the study include possible underestimations due to misspelled terms and potential misgendering from online profiles. Additionally, data from 11 states were insufficient, likely due to the absence of academic centers in those regions. In conclusion, our study highlights notable gender disparities in the terminology used in patient reviews of dermatologists across academic centers in the U.S. Addressing these language biases is crucial for enhancing gender equity and improving patient understanding of dermatologists' roles and expertise.

An exploratory qualitative study of the experiences of women in volunteer non-player roles in Australian community football clubs

IntroductionWomen are underrepresented in volunteer non-player roles in community sporting clubs, particularly in traditionally male sports such as football (soccer), where participation rates for men and boys remain higher than women and girls. Experiences of women volunteering in community sporting clubs are not well-represented in research literature. By exploring women's experiences volunteering in community Australian Football clubs, the present research aimed to understand the barriers and facilitators of women's participation in volunteer non-player community sport club roles. Our intention is that our findings will provide empirical basis for the design of efficacious evidence-based interventions and initiatives to help close the gender gap of volunteerism rates and experiences, thus facilitating equal opportunities for women to access associated individual social, physical, and mental health benefits of sports volunteering.MethodWe conducted individual semi-structured interviews with six women from four Australian Football clubs, to determine barriers and facilitators to volunteering.ResultsReflexive thematic analysis of barriers generated six themes: high expectations of self, intersectionality (of gender with motherhood or race), constrained resources, interpersonal disconnection, lack of organisational support and structure, and gender role assumptions and stereotypes. Analysis of facilitators produced six themes: having or building confidence, positive reinforcement, social connection, deliberate efforts to engage women, role autonomy and shaping, and supportive culture within a club or governing body.DiscussionFindings revealed that impacts on women's development in non-player roles exist at the individual level, including the interaction of gender, race, and parental status, but also extend beyond this to personal, interpersonal, organisational, and sociocultural factors. Given our research findings we make seven recommendations for governing bodies and community football clubs to enhance volunteering gender equity: 1. Establish support for women by dividing work evenly among volunteers; 2. Provide clear descriptions of non-player roles; 3. Match the skill sets of new women volunteers to suitable roles; 4. Implement mentorship programs to aid collaboration among women who volunteer; 5. Educate communities about gender biases and assumptions; 6. Monitor and seek feedback on gendered task allocation to ensure women's unpaid labour is not disproportionate to men's; and 7. Promote and publicise women in non-player roles to enhance women's visibility and acceptance in community football clubs

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICAN HIGHER EDUCATION: A POLICY FRAMEWORK PERSPECTIVE

As an increasing number of South African universities begin to consider and implement artificial intelligence systems, there is an accompanying concern about the ethical aspects that these innovations could have on society. Public discourse and scholarly research that raise concerns about AI’s impact on important societal systems, such as political and gender biases, are numerous. Current policies on higher education in South Africa are silent when it comes to how AI ethical implications may be addressed. The paper explores higher education’s current focus on AI and what external policies say about ethical AI and related technologies in the context of their applications.Robotic process automation, as one of the earlier forms of AI, is being used in South African higher education to automate administrative operations. Through a combination of a policy analysis method and case study approach, we analyze the policy framework. The paper then shows how the policy neither explicitly addresses ethical AI nor critical ICT applications like artificial intelligence and mimics systems. The paper concludes that policy framework development for addressing ethical challenges related to AI should become an immediate priority. These findings emerge from an ongoing empirical study on the South African higher education sector regarding artificial intelligence. This study contributes to policy formulation in higher education to stimulate an ethically responsible AI environment. The study’s research focus on South African higher education provides a gap in current literature that is mainly focused on AI policy developments in developed nations, which currently do not have a comparative acceleration of AI and related technologies.

Bias and Discrimination Against Women and Parents in Semi‐Automated Hiring Systems

ABSTRACTToday, organizations are increasingly relying on automated hiring. The mechanization of the hiring process is assumed to render it more neutral, but a growing literature shows algorithmic decisions are as likely to be biased (Dickson, 2018). In this study, we test two types of biases: (1) gender bias; and (2) parenting bias, (i.e., whether mothers and fathers with an extended gap to care for children are penalized vis‐à‐vis those with uninterrupted employment net of equivalent high‐impact qualifications). We apply a classic counterfactual study sending gender and parenthood manipulated CVs to 211 job advertisements across three occupations (men‐dominated, women‐dominated, and gender‐balanced, to mitigate confounding variables associated with gender composition) in the United States and measure penalty‐premium bias in response rates. Our results identify semi‐automated hiring bias against parents who took leave to care for children relative to those with uninterrupted employment. Importantly, we find fathers who have an extended parental leave were the most severely penalized, followed by mothers with an extended parental leave and women and men without parental leave respectively. Ultimately, we identify gender and parenting bias in algorithmic and human hiring decisions.

Patriarchy Driven Invisible Exploitation Among Putting Out System Women Workers in Moslem Democracy Country

Most workers in the Putting-out System (POS) are dominated by women who come from poor families, are married and have children, have low education and do not have skills who work because of family economic pressures. This homework is informal work that is vulnerable to exploitation by not getting decent wages, long working hours, and not getting social protection such as work accident insurance and insecure job status. The Indonesian Home Workers Network (Jaringan Pekerja Rumahan Indonesia/JPRI) is an organization that accommodates homeworkers to carry out social movements to obtain decent work. However, the involvement of female homeworkers in this movement is still very low. This study aims to describe how female workers are increasingly exploited because they are not considered worthy of their rights as workers and how the patriarchal system perpetuates this exploitation by placing women in the domestic sphere and examines JPRI efforts to raise this issue by utilizing social movements. This study is a descriptive study with a qualitative feminist approach. The selection of informants was carried out by snowballing method to members of JPRI and the Trade Union Rights Center (TURC) as an NGO accompanying JPRI. The results of the study show that female homeworkers’ choice of jobs reflects invisible exploitation based on gender discrimination and this is reinforced by the dominance of men over women through a patriarchal system that is perpetuated through the institutions of family, economic and nation. The study recommends that at the macro level, the government needs to recognize the existence of home workers by making regulations related to home workers so that their problems are exposed. Meanwhile, at the micro level, JPRI needs to continuously build awareness among female home workers that they are also real workers by taking individual and group approaches.