Sex-role Stereotypes Research Articles

Women and Leadership: A Case of the Kenyan and South African Banking Sector

Throughout the history of management theories, masculine ideals have dominated the development of organisational leadership structures, often leading to a belief in the inherent superiority of men in leadership roles. Despite progress, many organisations still operate under the assumption that women are somehow deficient compared to men in leadership capabilities. The research objective was to investigate the difficulties Black African women encounter in leadership positions in Kenyan and South African banks, specifically concerning how society views women in leadership roles. The study conducted semi-structured interviews and focus groups involving 41 Black African women managers from the banking sectors of both countries, employing an inter-categorical intersectionality approach. The research revealed a perceived lack of fit for top executive leadership positions among African-Black women. A comparison between masculine and feminine leadership styles underscored the gendered sex-role stereotypes that hindered the advancement of Black African women into top executive roles within the banking sector. In summary, the findings emphasise that, as long as ‘think manager, think male’ persists in leadership, Black African women will continue to encounter obstacles in attaining top executive positions within the banking sectors of Kenya and South Africa. The study’s practical implications are that it emphasises the understanding of women and leadership and its role as an obstacle for Black women managers in the Kenyan and South African banking sectors. The originality of this study is that it contributes to the understanding of women and leadership literature in the banking sectors of Kenya and South Africa, as well as sub-Saharan African countries.

키워드 네트워크 분석을 활용한 유아 성교육 관련 연구 동향 분석

Objectives This study aims to identify research trends related to early childhood sex education using keyword network analysis. Methods Among domestic academic papers published from 2001 to 2022, 125 domestic academic papers related to early childhood sex education were selected, and frequency analysis and network analysis were performed on the subject words of the papers. Frequency analysis was conducted using the Excel 2016 program, and network centrality analysis was conducted using the UCINET 6 program. After that, the network built using Netdraw was visualized. Results First, research related to early childhood sex education was published more in the early period than in the late period, and it can be said that researchers' interest in early childhood sex education increased the most between 2001 and 2011. Second, as a result of keyword frequency analysis, it frequently appeared in the order of ‘sex role stereotypes’, ‘picture books’, and ‘content analysis’ in the first half, followed by ‘sex role stereotypes’, ‘picture books’, and ‘teacher's perception of sex education’. Third, connection centrality was shown in the order of ‘sex role stereotype’, ‘picture book’, ‘content analysis’, and ‘teacher's perception of sex education’ in the first half, followed by ‘sex role stereotype’, ‘picture book’, and ‘teacher's perception of sex education’. Proximity centrality appeared in the order of ‘picture book’, ‘sex role stereotype’, and ‘content analysis’ in the first half, followed by ‘sex role stereotype’, ‘picture book’, and ‘content analysis’. Mediation-centeredness appeared in the order of ‘sex role stereotypes’, ‘picture books’, ‘gender’ and ‘sex constancy’ in the first half, followed by ‘sex role stereotypes’, ‘picture books’, and ‘teachers’. The analysis of prestige centrality was in the order of ‘picture book’, ‘sex role stereotype’, and ‘teacher's perception of sex education’ in the first half, followed by ‘picture book’, ‘teacher's perception of sex education’, and ‘teacher's demand for sex education’. Conclusions These results are meaningful in that they reviewed research trends related to early childhood sex education and provided implications for future research related to early childhood sex education.

Prenatal Sex Role Stereotypes: Gendered Expectations and Perceptions of (Expectant) Parents

People assign attributes to a different degree to other persons depending on whether these are male or female (sex role stereotypes). Such stereotypes continue to exist even in countries with lower gender inequality. The present research tested the idea that parents develop sex role consistent expectations of their babies’ attributes based on fetal sex (by ultrasound diagnostic), as well as gendered perceptions of their recently newborn babies. A total of 304 dyads of predominantly White expecting parents from Germany were followed over the course of pregnancy until after the birth and completed a sex role inventory on their babies’ expected (before birth) as well as perceived traits (after birth). Specifically, they rated to what extent they expected their babies to have normatively feminine traits (e.g., soft-spoken and warm) and normatively masculine traits (e.g., independent and assertive) twice before birth (first half of pregnancy, six weeks before due date) and to what extent they perceived their baby to have these traits eight weeks after birth. The results suggested that fathers held gendered expectations and perceptions, whereas mothers did not. These results suggest that male and female babies are likely to encounter sex role stereotypes about their alleged attributes as soon as their birth.

Can a Woman be a True Guru? Female Hindu Gurus’ Grassroots Religious Gender Activism in India, and the Performativity of Saintliness at the <i>Kumbh Mela</i>

This article represents a departure from existing scholarship on women’s political activism in Indian Hinduism. Women’s gender activism in Hindu nationalism encompasses a range of approaches, from hard-line to emancipatory, and is motivated by different concerns, from religious xenophobia to religious power. Thus, female religious leaders (gurus) advocating Hindutva Hinduism exercise more than one style of leadership in the public sphere. Based on ethnographic research conducted at the <i>Kumbh Mela</i>, the article illuminates another style of activism, which is termed ‘grassroots religious feminist-leaning activism.’ Analysing the teachings and practices of two female gurus, it argues that one guru believes in a separate but equal approach (men and women have different skills and rights), and the other follows the approach that both genders should have the same rights and abilities to make choices because of their common humanity. Both gurus are unlocking opportunities for women’s greater freedom within the male-dominated religious hierarchies of the Hindu ascetic orders <i>akhāṛās</i>) at the <i>Kumbh Mela</i>. This article argues that, through performance of the ‘rhetoric of saintliness,’ the gurus heighten or reverse sex-role stereotypes embedded in mainstream representations of ‘good’ gurus in order to mobilise gender reform in patriarchal <i>akhāṛā</i> culture.

Paternity Uncertainty and Parent-Offspring Conflict Explain Restrictions on Female Premarital Sex across Societies.

Although norms of premarital sex vary cross-culturally, the sexuality of adolescent girls has been consistently more restricted than that of adolescent boys. Three major theories that attempt to explain restrictions on female premarital sex (FPS) concern male, female, and parental control. These competing theories have not been tested against each other cross-culturally. In this study, we do this using a sample of 128 nonindustrial societies and socioecological predictors capturing extramarital sex, paternal care, female status, sex ratio, parental control over a daughter's mate choice, residence, and marriage transactions, while also controlling for phylogenetic non-independence across societies. We found that multiple parties benefit from restrictions on FPS. Specifically, FPS is more restricted in societies intolerant of extramarital sex and where men transfer property to their children (male control), as well as where marriages are arranged by parents (parental control). Both paternity uncertainty (partitioned among marital fidelity and paternal investment) and parent-offspring conflict (prompting parents to control their daughter's sexuality) were identified as possible mechanisms of FPS restrictions. The evidence for female control is ambiguous, mainly because it can be equally well interpreted as both male control and parental control, and because fathers, rather than mothers, are often the primary decision makers about a daughter's mate choice. Our results also emphasize the importance of social roles, rather than stereotyped sex roles, as a more useful approach to understanding the evolution of FPS restrictions.

ICT Self-Efficacy and ICT Interest Mediate the Gender Differences in Digital Reading: A Multilevel Serial Mediation Analysis

With an increasing number of information has disseminated in the digital form, digital reading, a sub-construct of ICT literacy, is significant for young generations to succeed in the digital era. gender differences, however is ob-served in students’ digital reading performance which calls for meticulous ex-amination. This study aimed to explore whether ICT self-efficacy and ICT in-terest could explain the gender differences in digital reading, and how ICT self-efficacy and ICT interest are associated in explaining the gender differ-ences in digital reading. Data from 6,173 samples from 192 schools in Estonia who took part in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 were collected. Multilevel serial mediation analysis showed that both ICT self-efficacy and ICT interest mediated the gender differences in digital reading, the lower level of ICT self-efficacy and ICT interest girls had could explain the decrease of their digital reading performance. Results also indicat-ed that girls were not inherently less interested in ICT, and the seemingly less ICT interest girls had was largely owing to their lower level of ICT self-efficacy shaped by the general sex-role stereotype of computer use. Pedagogi-cal intervention on strengthening girls’ ICT self-efficacy was suggested to in-crease girls ICT interest and their digital reading performance to empower them in the digital era.

Why Restrict Abortion? Expanding the Frame on June Medical

As the Supreme Court prepares to roll back protections for the abortion right, this Article analyzes the logic of pro-life constitutionalism in June Medical Services L.L.C. v. Russo. I expand the frame on the admitting privileges law in June Medical to examine the logic of woman-protective health-justified restrictions on abortion. Do these laws protect women or the unborn—and how? By considering the history of the admitting privileges law at issue in June Medical and locating it in broader policy context, we can see how Louisiana legislators who restricted abortion to protect women’s health equated women’s health with motherhood; they supported laws that pushed women into motherhood while declining to enact laws that provided for the health of pregnant women and the children they might bear. Expanding the frame on Louisiana’s pro-woman pro-life law shows us sex-role stereotyping in action, and demonstrates the intersectional injuries it can inflict. From this vantage point, we can see that judges who refuse to scrutinize pro-life law making—on the grounds that it would involve judges in politics—help legitimate the claims about protecting women’s health that supposedly justify the abortion restrictions, while revising the meaning of the Constitution’s liberty and equality guarantees. Reading the doctrinal debate in June Medical in this context identifies open and hidden efforts to roll back protections for the abortion right—and suggests how the Supreme Court that President Donald Trump helped fashion values women, health, life, truth, and democracy.

Uncovering Children Acceptance Towards Children Television Programme

Most knowledge, entertainment, and education can now be accessed very conveniently via webs, blogs, and social media in this exponential age. On the other hand, television plays an essential role in most people's lives. This study aims to learn about children's acceptance of children's television shows in Malaysia. In the report, 30 children aged four to six years old were interviewed and examined. Interviews were performed in English and Malay, depending on the children's preferred language of expression: some were bilingual, while others spoke only Malay. During the observation period, the researchers observed and reported what the children said and did while watching. In terms of cognition, this research suggests that children have optimistically specific basic literacy skills. Affectively, the children can express their emotions by sufficient or reasonable emotional responses, and they can interact with the character's customs, etiquette, and cultural heritage to a limited extent. Children implicitly perceive sex-role stereotyping on a behavioral level. This research demonstrates that children comprehend basic literacy skills cognitively. Affectively, the children communicate their emotions through acceptable or sufficient emotional responses and can associate with traditions, etiquette, and cultural heritage to a limited extent. Children intuitively recognize sex-role stereotyping on a behavioral level. The results of the final review showed that television did not affect. The final study results showed that television did not significantly impact children's perceptions; instead, daily experience and context affected their awareness and understanding.

Chinese University Students' Attitudes Toward Rape Myth Acceptance: The Role of Gender, Sexual Stereotypes, and Adversarial Sexual Beliefs.

The present study constructs and tests models that examine the relations between variables of "gender," "sex role stereotyping," and "adversarial sexual beliefs" on rape myth acceptance. The sample is 975 Chinese university students from seven universities in China. Measures include Chinese Rape Myth Acceptance (CRMA), Sex Role Stereotyping (SRS) Scale, and Adversarial Sexual Beliefs (ASB). We use structural equation modeling to investigate whether gender directly affects the acceptance of rape myth, or that these influences are mediated by SRS and ASB, after controlling for several demographic characteristics. Results suggest that SRS and ASB have a direct effect on rape myth acceptance. Gender has no direct effect on rape myth acceptance in three out of the four models, but it significantly (β = -.02, p < .05) predicts the acceptance of rape-violence myth. We also discuss the implications and limitations of the study.

Sexual Violence as a Form of Abuse in Men’s Experiences of Female-Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence

The issue of men’s sexual victimization in the context of intimate partner violence (IPV) where the perpetrator is female has received minimal attention. This article brings together and analyses data from two empirical studies conducted in the United Kingdom—one exploring men’s experiences of being forced-to-penetrate women and another investigating men’s experiences of female-perpetrated IPV. Analysis of the data found that men experienced sexual violence alongside a range of other abusive behaviors, but that there was a clear relationship between the sexual violence and physical violence/ force, and coercive and controlling behaviors that they experienced. These novel insights improve our understanding about men’s sexual and domestic violence victimization, as well as challenge gender and sex-role stereotypes around men and masculinity and the (im)possibility of them experiencing sexual and domestic abuse from a female partner.

Explaining Symmetry Across Sex in Intimate Partner Violence: Evolution, Gender Roles, and the Will to Harm

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is regarded by key stakeholders involved in shaping arrest and intervention policies as a gendered problem. The prevailing assumptions guiding these policies, centered on patriarchal social structures and men's motivation to dominate their female partners, have collectively been called thegender paradigm. When states started to enact laws against domestic violence in the late 1970s, it was due to the efforts of battered women and their allies, including second wave feminists fighting for the political, social, and economic advancement of women. The focus was on life-threatening forms of abuse in which women represented, and continue to represent, the much larger share of victims. Since then, IPV has been found to be a more complex problem than originally framed, perpetrated by women as well as men, driven by an assortment of motives, and associated with distal and proximate risk factors that have little to do with gender. Nonetheless, the gender paradigm persists, with public policy lagging behind the empirical evidence. The author suggests some reasons why this is so, among them the much higher rates of violent crimes committed by men, media influence and cognitive biases, political factors, and perpetuation of the very sex-role stereotypes that feminists have sought to extinguish in every other social domain. He then critically reviews two theories used in support of the paradigm, sexual selection theory and social role theory, and explores how empirically driven policies would more effectively lower IPV rates in our communities, while advancing core feminist principles.

Narrative approach to understand people’s comprehension of acquaintance rape: The role of Sex Role Stereotyping

ABSTRACTOne of the most unreported crimes is acquaintance rape. This may be the result of people’s understanding of what rape is because of their rape script and their stereotypes of victim characteristics. These judgements may be moderated by sex-role stereotyping (SRS). We utilised a narrative approach to understand low and high SRS participants’ rape scripts. Young-adult participants described what they believed a typical rape was, followed by describing an acquaintance rape and then what they believed the stereotypical victim of each crime would be. A narrative analysis was conducted on the data. We found that the blitz script is still held by 44% of low SRS and 47% of high SRS people despite 90% of rapes being committed by an acquaintance. While acquaintance rape scripts existed, the emotional imagery and content of these depended on participants level of SRS. Stereotypical victim characteristics also depended on SRS: those with high SRS were more likely to endorse rape myth ideals in describing victims than those with low SRS. These results have implications for educating people about what rape is so that victims might feel more confident in reporting rape.

A Constitutional Analysis on the Relation between Pregnancy Discrimination on Employment, and Sex-Discrimination and Sex-Role Stereotyping — United State Supreme Court’ Decisions on Pregnant Employees Dismissal and Implications —

A Constitutional Analysis on the Relation between Pregnancy Discrimination on Employment, and Sex-Discrimination and Sex-Role Stereotyping — United State Supreme Court’ Decisions on Pregnant Employees Dismissal and Implications —

Gender Equity: Donald E. Klingner

This editorial will review the legal, political, economic, and social status of women in the United States. It will discuss these and other barriers to gender equity, such as sex role stereotyping,...

The Role of Masculinity Threat in Homonegativity and Transphobia

ABSTRACT According to the precarious manhood perspective, masculinity threat triggers various compensatory mechanisms and heightens motivation to restore and reaffirm masculinity via typically masculine attitudes and behaviors. Four experiments aiming to examine the effect of masculinity threat on prejudices toward sexual and gender minorities were undertaken, controlling for adherence to sex role stereotypes. Our studies showed that Polish men representing university and high school students exposed to gender threat experienced increased negative affect (Experiment 1) and expressed higher prejudices toward gay people (Experiment 2) and transgender individuals (Experiments 3a and 3b). Furthermore, Experiment 2 revealed an effect of masculinity threat on modern prejudices predominantly toward gay people but not old-fashioned homonegativity. The results are discussed in terms of the role of masculinity threat as the mechanism responsible for gender differences in the attitudes toward sexual and gender minorities.

학령전 자녀를 둔 아버지의 원가족 수용 경험, 성역할 고정관념, 부모역할 갈등이 양육참여에 미치는 영향 : 배우자 취업의 조절효과를 중심으로

학령전 자녀를 둔 아버지의 원가족 수용 경험, 성역할 고정관념, 부모역할 갈등이 양육참여에 미치는 영향 : 배우자 취업의 조절효과를 중심으로

성희롱 인식, 자아존중감, 성역할 고정관념이 성희롱 대처방식에 미치는 영향

성희롱 인식, 자아존중감, 성역할 고정관념이 성희롱 대처방식에 미치는 영향

PREVALENCE AND CAUSES OF GENDER IMBALANCE IN SCIENCE EDUCATION IN UNIVERSITIES IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA

The study set out to ascertain the prevalence of gender imbalance in science education in universities in Anambra State. It adopted a descriptive survey. The population is made up of 700 male and 350 female students of science education from Universities in the study area. Simple random sampling technique was used in selecting 100 male and 100 female students. Thus, 200 respondents participated in the study. Two research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. The instrument for data collection was a researcher developed questionnaire titled “Prevalence of Gender Imbalance in Science Education (PGISE)”. The validity of the instrument was established by three experts: one in Measurement and Evaluation and the two experts in Science education, both in Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State. The instrument was trial tested and data obtained was used to determine the internal consistency reliability using Cronbach Alpha statistical method. A reliability index of 0.79 was obtained. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while the null hypothesis was tested at .05 level of significance using t-test statistics. The findings revealed the causes of gender imbalance in science education in universities in Anambra State to include among others rigid sex-role stereotyping in science education curricular; masculine image of science education; cultural practices and scientific illiteracy among women. It also revealed among others that sex-role stereotyping in science curricula reduces female interest in leadership roles in science career and that rigid sex-role stereotyping reduces female participation in science curricular activities. It was recommended based on the findings that teachers should make their classrooms gender sensitive so as to reduce the prevalence of sex-role stereotyping in Nigerian universities. Article visualizations:

Te role of disturbances of the psychosexual spherein schizophrenia in diagnosing of paraphilias

Te article is concerned with the study of disturbances in psychosexual sphere, which are specifc for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Te results of a comparison of two groups are presented: 29 people were diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizotypal disorder and a comparison group of 34 people without endogenous pathology. Te study outcomes of their gender self-consciousness with methods «MF», «CTAT», «Coding» are shown that the presence of endogenous disorder changes the psychosexual profle of patients on a number of signs. Persons with schizophrenia and schizotypal disorder, regardless of their comorbide diagnosis of paraphilia are characterized by lower value of masculinity, high distinction with the male role, absence of intention to line up with the man-image, in some cases instability of identity, altered emotional attitudes to sex-role stereotypes, emotional ambivalence.

Rethinking femininity in organisations: Experimental insights into team composition

AbstractRole incongruity, sex role stereotypes and candidate selection procedures which oversatisfy masculine role expectations evoke an underrepresentation of femininity in organisations. The author seeks to remedy this bad state of affairs. This study is designed based on an experiment with 288 young executives simulating self-organised work groups and manipulated the degree of gender-related (not sex-related) heterogeneity. Results generally show a curvilinear relationship with an upright U-shaped format between heterogeneity and performance, team identity and intrateam communication. The major contribution in specific is that highly homogeneous teams outperform other team types in the short run, whereas highly heterogeneous teams succeed in the long run. Consequently, this work recommends ‘femininity enrichment’ in firms and discusses manageable practical advice to do so. As for the laboratory character, findings and implications for practicing managers have to be treated with caution. Finally, the most promising avenues for further research are illuminated.