Sex Differences In Choice Research Articles

Numerical Ratings and Content Labeling of Speeches in an Educational Public Speaking Program

<p style="text-align: justify;">Education in public speaking often relies largely on qualitative feedback. In this study, we explored how a numerical feedback form based on a validated scale could be used in an educational public speaking program. Data were collected at three clubs of Toastmasters International. Speech content was labeled to enable statistical analysis of correlations between speech content and audience ratings. 216 speeches by 59 speakers were evaluated by audience members, providing 1416 individual evaluations. All rating categories correlated strongly with each other. Speeches mentioning relationships, personal stories and positive emotions were rated more favorably. Speeches given in-person were rated more highly in several dimensions compared to speeches given through online video. There were some sex differences in choice of content and emotional expressiveness, but not in audience ratings of speech quality. Overall, the study found that the method was useful for both providing individual feedback and aggregated data for research purposes.</p>

Antihypertensive therapy in male and female: are there sex differences in choice of drugs?

Tis review presents data on prevalence, control, and effectiveness of treatment of hypertension in male and female. Te features of protective action and manifestations of undesirable effects of antihypertensive therapy in male and female, as well as situations influencing the choice of a drug depending on sex are discussed.

Sex-based differences in antiretroviral therapy initiation, switching and treatment interruptions: global overview from the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA).

IntroductionIn 2015, the World Health Organization recommended that all HIV‐infected individuals consider ART initiation as soon as possible after diagnosis. Sex differences in choice of initial ART regimen, indications for switching, time to switching and choice of second‐line regimens have not been well described. The aims of this study were to describe first‐line ART and CD4 count at ART initiation by sex, calendar year and region, and to analyse time to change or interruption in first‐line ART, according to sex in each region.MethodsParticipating cohorts included: Southern, East and West Africa (IeDEA‐Africa), North America (NA‐ACCORD), Caribbean, Central/South America (CCASAnet) and Asia‐Pacific including Australia (IeDEA Asia‐Pacific). The primary outcomes analysed for each region and according to sex were choice of initial ART, time to switching and time to discontinuation of the first‐line regimen.Results and DiscussionThe combined cohort data set comprised of 715,252 participants across seven regions from low‐ to high‐income settings. The median CD4 count at treatment initiation was lower in men compared with women in nearly all regions and time periods. Women from North America and Southern Africa were more likely to switch ART compared to men (p < 0.001) with approximately 90% of women reporting a major change after 10 years in North America. Overall, after 8 years on ART, >50% of HIV‐ positive men and women from Southern Africa, East Africa, South and Central America remained on their original regimen. Men were more likely to have a treatment interruption compared with women in low‐ and middle‐income countries from the Asia/Pacific region (p < 0.001) as were men from Southern Africa (p < 0.001). Greater than 75% of men and women did not report a treatment interruption after 10 years on ART from all regions except North America and Southern Africa.ConclusionsThere are regional variations in the ART regimen commenced at baseline and rates of major change and treatment interruption according to sex. Some of this is likely to reflect changes in local and international antiretroviral guideline recommendations but other sex‐specific factors such as pregnancy may contribute to these differences.

Sex difference in choice of concealed or exposed refuge sites by preschool children viewing a model leopard in a playground simulation of antipredator behavior

The current study of preschool children characterizes a semi-natural extension of experimental questions on how human ancestors evaded predation when encountering dangerous felids. In a pretend game on a playground, we presented full-size leopard and deer models to children (N = 39) in a repeated-measures experimental design. Prior to viewing the model presented 15-m away, each child was instructed by the experimenter to go where she or he would feel safe. The rationale for this study was based on the anthropological construct of “sexual dinichism,” positing that, during the Pliocene, smaller-bodied hominin females engaged in more arboreal behavior than larger-bodied males. Consistent with this construct, our previous simulation research using images of an African rock outcrop showed that, after viewing a lion, girls preferred a tree as refuge rather than a crevice or large boulder whereas boys did not differentiate these refuge sites. In this follow-up study, we predicted that, after viewing the model leopard, the preschool girls would differ from the boys by not choosing enclosed refuge sites analogous to the crevice. Analyses of a contingency table for the leopard model supported this hypothesis by yielding a significant interaction of sex and refuge location (p = .031, d = .76), the source of which was a reliably larger percentage of girls not choosing concealed refuge (p = .005, d = 2.3). The interaction of sex and refuge location for the model deer was not significant (p &gt; .5). Our findings suggest that, in contrast to the deer, the girls selected exposed playground refuge sites rather than concealing ones to maintain visual contact with the leopard as a contingency for future action.

A survey of diet self-efficacy and food intake in students with high and low perceived stress.

ObjectiveGiven the rise in obesity and obesity-related disorders, understanding the relationship between stress, self-efficacy and food choice in young adulthood may have implications for preventing negative health outcomes later in life that stem from poor eating habits. The current study examined whether stress levels and diet self-efficacy may be associated with unhealthy eating habits in young adults.MethodsMale and female undergraduate students (N = 136) completed questionnaires that tap into diet self-efficacy (DSE), perceived stress (PS), sodium, and fat intake. Sex differences in choice of food were predicted, and low levels of perceived stress and high diet self-efficacy were expected to be associated with lower fat and sodium intake.ResultsFindings indicate an interaction between perceived stress and diet self-efficacy on fat intake and a main effect for diet self-efficacy on sodium intake in this population. As expected, low levels of perceived stress and high diet self-efficacy were associated with the lowest levels of fat and sodium intake in students. Findings were driven by females.ConclusionsThis study provides preliminary evidence that diet self-efficacy and perceived stress levels relate to nutrient intake in young adult females, and that increasing diet self-efficacy and reducing perceived stress in young adult females may lead to reductions in fat and sodium intake, leading to healthier eating habits.

Sex Differences in Choices of Tradeoffs between Success and Health

Sexual selection theory and evolutionary psychology predict that males may be more willing than females to discount the future in the pursuit of short-term gains. Wilson et al. (1996) asked university students in Canada to make a choice in hypothetical dilemmas and indicated that males tended to choose their financial success at the cost of their health. In the hypothetical situation, the subject males were willing to be transferred from a small town to a new branch in big city for an increase in salary though the city was famous for its smog and severity of illness was high. This result, however, is not sufficient to prove that males are likely to choose tradeoff between success and health. There are some possibilities that relocation is more acceptable to males than to females. In this study I attempted to replicate Wilson et al.’s results (1996) using Japanese subjects. I also investigated whether the relocation factor affected the choice of males and females differently, using a modified questionnaire that included the hypothetical scenario without any mention of smog or its health effects.

Sex differences in the medication choice for hypertension in general practice. A study with written case simulations.

The objective of this study was to explore explanations for the preference of physicians to prescribe beta-blockers to hypertensive men and diuretics to hypertensive women. A qualitative study among 12 family physicians was conducted with a combination of written case simulations, semi-structured interviews and statements on attitudes of physicians towards antihypertensive drug choice. Among the male hypertensive cases the most frequently prescribed drugs were beta-blockers, whereas among the female hypertensive cases diuretics were more often prescribed. Physician characteristics associated with a preferred prescribing of beta-blockers to hypertensive men and diuretics to hypertensive women were: older age (no residency in family medicine), the believe that beta-blockers are more effective in men with regard to lowering blood pressure and that diuretics are more effective in women, a non-evidence based attitude and a sex-related attitude towards the choice of beta-blockers and diuretics in general, and in particular towards the prescribing of beta-blockers to hypertensive men because men have a higher absolute risk of coronary heart disease than women. An additional explanation for these findings may be the higher prevalence of ankle oedema among women. Patient characteristics associated with more prescribing of beta-blockers to hypertensive men and diuretics to hypertensive women were: current employment and a "high-risk" profile in terms of blood pressure level and additional cardiovascular risk factors. Although, most considerations underlying a preferred prescribing of beta-blockers to hypertensive men and diuretics to hypertensive women were not evidence-based, the actual choice of antihypertensive drug (diuretic or beta-blocker) was evidence-based. These considerations may also play a role in the sex difference in the choice of calcium antagonists and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and require further investigation.

Competitive behaviour in an island population of house mice,Mus domesticus

Because of the cryptic nature of small mammals inhabiting vegetation with widely scattered food resources, little is known about the behavioural mechanisms underlying their spatial dispersion. While house mice exploiting human-built environments attempt to exclude intruders aggressively from small territories that contain concentrated food resources, comparative tests show that the grassland mouse,M.spretus, establishes dominance relationships and then avoids sites used by dominant competitors, probably to avoid displacement from sites that provide safety from predators. We carried out further comparative tests to examine competitive behaviour and response to odours from same-sex conspecifics among house mice living ferally on the Isle of May, U.K., using recently captured adult males (N=62) and females (N=23). In contrast both to house mice caught from buildings and to the grasslandM.spretus, feral house mice from the Isle of May showed no aggressive, defensive or cautious behaviour on meeting a same-sex conspecific, with the exception of one aggressive male. Scent marks had no effect on their response to a competitor, although intruders in a scent-marked arena showed a significant sex difference in choice between a clean nest site versus one soiled by a same-sex resident: males spent more time in the soiled nest while females spent more time in the clean one. We propose that the lack of aggression among feral May mice may be due to the infeasibility of defending large territories, containing scattered resources, on an island where there is no real predation risk. We suggest that this hypothesis may explain the lower aggression and higher densities that are characteristic of populations of small mammals, reptiles and birds living on small islands.

Age and Sex Differences in Choice of Consultant for Various Types of Problems

WINTRE, MAXINE GALLANDER; HICKS, RUTHANN; MCVEY, GAIL; and Fox, JOHN. Age and Sex Differences in Choice of Consultant for Various Types of Problems. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1988, 59, 1046-1055. To investigate age, sex, and situational differences in choice of consultant, 192 students were interviewed-24 males and 24 females at ages 8, 11, 14, and 17. All subjects were presented with 3 hypothetical problems-an impersonal problem, an interpersonal problem with a peer, and an interpersonal problem with a parent Subjects were asked to indicate whom they would select for advice: a familiar adult, an adult expert, a familiar peer, or a peer expert. Analyses were conducted for 3 sets of dependent measures-first choice of consultant, dimensions revealed by combining first and second choices, and subjects' justifications for their choices. The results reveal that consultant preferences are a function of both an age x situation and an age x sex interaction. The dimension of familiarity increases developmentally, indicating that, although seeking help from peers increases with age, adults remain important sources of support throughout adolescence. Furthermore, in choosing'consultants, females value familiarity, whereas males value expertise.

Age and Sex Differences in Choice of Consultant for Various Types of Problems

Age and Sex Differences in Choice of Consultant for Various Types of Problems

Sex Differences in Choice of College Science Majors

The process of choosing a scientific major was examined in a nationally representative sample of male and female college students of above-average ability. Science majoring was predicted by different constellations of factors for male and female students. Women who were attending a 4-year college, who reported having been influenced by high school teachers and guidance counselors in making plans for college, and who placed a high priority upon aspects of their future family and personal lives were less likely to major in science than their female peers. High socioeconomic status, positive assessments of their high schools, and attending a 4-year college predicted science majoring for men.

Sex Differences in Choice of College Science Majors

Sex Differences in Choice of College Science Majors

Sex differences in choice of modes of conflict resolution in real‐life and television

This study focused on the use of modes of conflict resolution by adolescent males and females and the perceived use by their favorite television characters. A significant interaction was found between sex and modes of conflict resolution. Females were significantly more likely to use verbal aggression, prosocial modes, and revenge than other modes. Males were significantly more likely to use verbal aggression than other modes. Males were significantly more likely to use verbal aggression, physical aggression, and revenge than females. Females were significantly more likely to use prosocial and regression than males. Males were significantly more likely than females to perceive that their favorite television characters would use physical aggression and re‐venge. Females perceived that their favorite characters were significantly more likely to use regression and prosocial. Significant correlations were found between male and female use of the modes and perceived character use of the modes.

Sex Differences in College Major

Analysis of sex differences in choice of college major in the United States in 1955 and 1973, using nationwide data. Data on college major distribution by sex; Analysis of differences; Empirical estimation. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)

Sex differences in choice of distribution rules1

Sex differences in choice of distribution rules¹