Severity Of Primary Dysmenorrhea Research Articles

Relationship Between Metacognitive Beliefs and Body Image Concerns in Primary Dysmenorrhea Intensity: The Mediating Role of Pain Self-Efficacy in Iranian Students

Background: Given that primary dysmenorrhea can affect individuals' course of life and social activities, it is necessary to consider the role of related variables in its incidence and conduct more studies to take effective measures to reduce this pain. Objectives: This study aims to model the structural equations of the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and body image concerns with the mediating role of pain self-efficacy on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: This study adopted a cross-sectional, descriptive correlational research design. A structural equation modeling method was conducted on 724 students studying in the first semester of 2021 - 2022. Questionnaires assessed menstrual pain severity, body image concern, pain self-efficacy, and metacognitive beliefs. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, SPSS.25, and AMOS 24. Results: According to data analysis, all indices of fit were appropriate after modifications, and the model had a very good fit at the significance level (χ2/df = 3.619, CFI = 0.931, TLI = 0.910, NFI = 0.907, RMSEA = 0.060, 90%CI [0.053, 0.068], SRMR = 0.077). In examining direct pathways, metacognitive beliefs showed a direct effect on and a negative correlation with the severity of dysmenorrhea. The investigation of indirect pathways also confirmed the effect of metacognitive beliefs on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea with the mediating role of pain self-efficacy. The effect of the direct pathway of body image concern on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea was not significant and was removed from the model. On the other hand, as the examination of the indirect path showed, the effect of body image concerns on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea was mediated by pain self-efficacy. Conclusions: According to the findings, the promotion of mental health was effective in controlling primary dysmenorrhea. Hence, more attention to psychological issues is required through effective practical protocols to provide an introduction to menstrual health and the grounds for performance improvement in girls.

A study of prevalence and severity of primary dysmenorrhea in relation to reproductive characteristics of IX to X grade school girls

Primary dysmenorrhea is pain and discomfort during menstrual period in reproductive years of women without any pelvic pathology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and its reproductive risk factors among 9th to 10th grade school girls.This is a cross sectional questionnaire based study conducted among 931 school girls having age limit 14-16 years. Only unmarried adolescent females were included in the study however, females with gynecological, psychological or other medical problems were excluded from the study. It used validated and reliable questionnaire such as VAS for pain rating scale. The descriptive data analysis were used to explore the relationship between reproductive factors and dysmenorrhea. P<0.05 was considered as significant. 36.6% females coming from a family having previous history of dysmenorrhea.85.28% study population were dysmenorrheic. Risk of dysmenorrhea was more among adolescent with early menarche (below 11 years), frequent menstrual cycle (below 28 days), menstrual bleeding duration above 5 days, irregular menstrual pattern and release of clot blood in menstrual flaw. Participants whose family members had a history of dysmenorrhea had 1.67 times greater chance of having same problem in compared to participants without family history of dysmenorrhea.Thus, earlier age at menarche, family history of dysmenorrhea, irregular menstrual cycle, and presence of clot blood in menstrual flow, longer bleeding duration and frequent menstrual cycle were risk factors for primary dysmenorrhea among secondary female students.

”Determining correlation between severity of primary dysmenorrhea and resting metabolic rate in college-going girls of 18–25 years of age:” An observational study

”Determining correlation between severity of primary dysmenorrhea and resting metabolic rate in college-going girls of 18–25 years of age:” An observational study

Factors Associated with the Prevalence and Severity of Menstrual-Related Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This study aimed to identify factors associated with the prevalence and severity of menstrual-related symptoms. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021208432). We conducted literature searches of PubMed and Ichushi-Web and used the Jonna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist to assess the quality. Of the 77 studies included in the meta-analysis, significant odds ratios (ORs) were obtained for eight factors associated with primary dysmenorrhea (PD): age ≥ 20 years (OR: 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04−1.34), body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.01−2.26), longer menstrual periods (OR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.04−0.28), irregular menstrual cycle (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.13−1.45), family history of PD (OR: 3.80; 95% CI: 2.18−6.61), stress (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.30−2.72), sleeping hours < 7 h (OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.04−1.35), and bedtime after 23:01 (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.16−1.45). Two factors were associated with severity of PD (moderate vs. severe): BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.01−3.54) and smoking (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.08−3.47). PD severity (mild vs. severe) and prevalence of premenstrual syndrome were associated with BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 (OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.04−3.50) and smoking (OR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.31−2.66), respectively. The identified risk factors could be utilized to construct an appropriate strategy to improve menstrual symptoms and support women’s health.

The impact of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common complaints in women. To date, no definitive results have been reported on the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on primary dysmenorrhea. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of n-3 PUFAs on primary dysmenorrhea using a systematic review and meta-analysis. This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis in which the electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and SID were searched. In this regard, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted to investigate the effect of n-3 PUFAs on primary dysmenorrhea were included. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias Tool. Meta-analysis was performed based on the random-effects model using CMA software version 2. The results of the meta-analysis showed that n-3 PUFAs reduce the severity of primary dysmenorrhea in women (SMD = -1.075, 95% CI: -1.871 to -0.279); meta-regression showed that the daily intake of n-3 PUFAs (β = 0.005, 95% CI 0.003 to 0.008, p < 0.001) and age of women (β = 0.256, 95% CI -0.157 to -0.354, p < 0.001) had a significant effect on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. The present study showed that n-3 PUFAs could have a mild effect on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea in women. Furthermore, the highest effectiveness of treatment was seen at low doses of n-3 PUFAs, and with increasing daily intake, the effectiveness of treatment with n-3 PUFAs decreased. Another finding indicated that with the increasing age of women, n-3 PUFAs showed lesser effectiveness in reducing the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. The results of the present study provide valuable evidence to primary healthcare providers and health policymakers in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.

" Comparative study of the effect of "Ginger-Lavender" capsule with Mefenamic Acid" on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea, A controlled experimental study

Introduction:Dysmenorrhea is a major problem in women's general and individual health. The aim this study was to compare effect ofGinger-Lavendercapsule on severity primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: A triple-blind clinical trial study was performed on 60 students living in dormitories Shahid Beheshti University in 1399 with a history dysmenorrhea .In intervention group 500mg capsules of and in control group 250mg capsules Mefenamic in similar capsules were prescribed.The mean and mean differences in pain intensity between groups were assessed by SPSS 24 using t-test, Bonferroni and Analysis Variance.Results: Before intervention there was no significant difference between groups in terms pain intensity(p=0.22). In first and second cycle after intervention between groups using two-factor statistical test showed a significant difference(p<0.05). Intra-group one-factor test with comparison three cycles showed a statistically significant difference in group ginger-lavender (p=0.001)and Mefenamic Acid (p=0.00), Bonferroni test in both groups showed a significant difference between mean pain intensity before intervention with first and second cycle (p=0.00).Analysis Variance showed that mean pain score in group was 1.53 less than the Acid capsule. There was a significant difference in duration bleeding compared to three cycle in Ginger-Lavender group.(p=0.07)Conclusion:The results study showed Ginger-Lavender capsule reduces pain primary dysmenorrhea without any serious side effects and is more effective than Acid.

Vitamin D supplementation for primary dysmenorrhea: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

ObjectiveRecent studies have shown a possible association between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on pain and systemic symptoms in patients with primary dysmenorrhea.MethodsThis double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on female students aged 18 to 32 years with primary dysmenorrhea and vitamin D deficiency (25 [OH]D <30 ng/mL). The participants (n=116) received either 50,000 IU of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) or placebo capsules on a weekly basis for eight consecutive weeks. The outcomes were pain intensity (scored 0 to 10), number of days with pain, number of consumed pain-relief medications (per day), and severity of systemic symptoms (fatigue, headache, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea; total score of 0 to 12).ResultsCompared with baseline, our participants who received vitamin D experienced significant reductions in pain intensity (−1.0 and −1.5 score at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001), the number of days with pain (−1.0 day at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001), the number of consumed pain-relief medications (−1.0 at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001), and systemic symptoms severity (−1.0 score at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001). No significant improvements were observed in the placebo group in terms of these outcomes.ConclusionVitamin D supplementation in women with primary dysmenorrhea and vitamin D deficiency could improve systemic symptoms and reduce pain intensity, the number of days with pain, and the need for consuming pain-relief medications.

Relation between uterine morphology and severity of primary dysmenorrhea.

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate whether uterine dimensions including uterine volume, uterine shape, uterine length, cervix length, and cervix thickness measurements have a role in the severity of primary dysmenorrhea in virgin girls.Materials and Methods:Enrollment included 90 virgin girls suffering from primary dysmenorrhea. The girls were divided into three groups according to the severity of dysmenorrhea, which was determined by the visual analog scale (VAS). Patients with VAS scores of 8-10 comprised the severe primary dysmenorrhea group (n=30), 4-7 the moderate primary dysmenorrhea group (n=30), and 1-3 the mild primary dysmenorrhea group (n=30). Uterine characteristics including uterine volume, uterine shape, uterine length, cervix length, and cervix thickness were measured by a high-resolution four-dimensional ultrasound device with real-time capacity. They were recorded to determine if they can be predictors of dysmenorrhea severity.Results:Girls with severe primary dysmenorrhea were more likely to complain of midline pain as opposed to mild and moderate cases with lateral or diffuse pain. None of the uterine characteristics on ultrasonography examination were significant for predicting the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. There were no significant positive correlations between the dysmenorrhea severity and uterine corpus length, cervix length, and uterine volume degree. Any combination of the measured uterine features was not predictive for determining the severity of dysmenorrhea.Conclusion:Ultrasonographic measurements of uterine dimensions in virgins have low accuracy for predicting the severity of pain in primary dysmenorrhea.

Assessment of Primary Dysmenorrhea and Its Effect on the Quality of Life among Female Students at University of Babylon

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess primary dysmenorrhea condition among participants. In addition to, find out the correlation between primary dysmenorrhea and quality of life of among female students at Babylon of University. Methodology: A cross sectional study design used in this applied quantitative research through the period of 4 August 2019 to 22 October 2019. The study conducted in Babylon province, Iraq at University of Babylon. Four faculties has been selected randomly as setting of current study. The total participants were (N=145) females students, selected as 20% from each faculty, by using purposive non-probability sampling approach. The data collected by using an adapted questionnaire and analyzed electronically by using SPSS program. Result: The findings of the present study revealed that (89%) of participants were unmarried. Almost the entire of sample had family history of primary dysmenorrhea. According to NPRS scale for assessing pain intensity (62.1%) with severe primary dysmenorrhea. The study’s finding found out a negative significant correlation between primary dysmenorrhea intensity and overall quality of life scale at P?0.05 (r= - 0.642, P=0.000). Conclusion: Primary dysmenorrhea is a very common problem among female students at university of Babylon; it affects their quality of life. QoL decreases with the increase in the severity of primary dysmenorrhea.

Neuropsychological function is related to irritable bowel syndrome in women with premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea.

There is increasing evidence demonstrating the co-occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea (PD), premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in women. This study aimed to investigate whether women who have symptoms of IBS in addition to PD and PMS also report more severe or frequent menstruation-associated symptoms and psychological complications compared to women with PD and PMS alone. The study group included 182 female University students aged 18-25years. IBS was diagnosed using the Rome III criteria. The severity of PMS and PD was determined using a 10-point visual analog scale and PSST (Premenstrual Syndrome Screening Tool), respectively. Neuropsychological functions including cognitive function, depression score, anxiety score, stress, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, quality of life and personality were assessed using standard questionnaires. Of the 182 young females, 31 (17.0%) had IBS. Average days of bleeding during the menstrual cycle and mean pain severity on the PSST scale were significantly greater in the group with IBS compared to the non-IBS group (p < 0.01). The non-IBS individuals scored more favorably than the women with IBS with respect to severity of depression, insomnia, daytime sleepiness (p < 0.05). The PSST scores were significantly correlated with scores for depression (r = 0.29; p < 0.001), anxiety (r = 0.28; p < 0.001), stress (r = 0.32; p < 0.001), insomnia (r = 0.34; p < 0.001) and daytime sleepiness (r = 0.31; p < 0.001); while, they were negatively correlated with cognitive abilities (r = -0.20; p = 0.006) and quality of life (r = -0.42; p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that the PSST scores were possibly significant factors in determining the scores for depression, anxiety, stress, quality of life, insomnia and daytime sleepiness (p < 0.05). IBS is related to psychological comorbidities, in particular depression, sleep problems and menstrual-associated disorders. IBS may exacerbate the features of PMS which should be taken into account in the management of PMS.

The Effect of Zumba Exercise on Reducing Menstrual Pain in Young Women with Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

To study the effectiveness of performing Zumba exercise on the severity and duration of pain in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. Randomized controlled trial. Cairo University gynecology Hospital and Bahgat gym and fitness center. Ninety-eight women diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea. Study participants were divided randomly into 2 equal groups: group I included women who engaged in Zumba exercise for 60minutes twice weekly for 8weeks, and group II was a control group with no intervention. The primary outcome was the menstrual pain intensity measured using the visual analogue scale scores at 4 and 8weeks after starting Zumba exercise. The secondary outcome was the difference in the duration of pain in both groups. Both groups were homogeneous regarding the baseline demographic characteristics. The severity of primary dysmenorrhea at the beginning of the study was not significantly different between the 2 groups. Menstrual pain intensity was significantly decreased in the Zumba group after 4 and 8weeks of Zumba compared with the control group (mean difference, -2.94 [95% confidence interval, -3.39 to -2.48] and -3.79 [95% confidence interval, -4.16 to -3.43], respectively; P=.001). Also, the duration of pain was shorter in the Zumba group compared with the control group at 8weeks (4.92±1.90 vs 9.10±2.92hours, respectively; P=.001). The Zumba intervention can reduce the severity and duration of menstrual pain thus suggesting that regularly performing Zumba might be a possible complementary treatment for primary dysmenorrhea.

Polycystic ovarian morphology is associated with primary dysmenorrhea in young Korean women

ObjectiveThis study was aimed at identifying a correlation between polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) and the severity of primary dysmenorrhea in young Korean women.MethodsA total of 592 patients who visited a tertiary hospital from March 2008 to March 2015 for dysmenorrhea were examined. After excluding those with secondary causes of menstrual pain (for example, myoma, adenomyosis, endometriosis, and pelvic inflammatory disease), 361 women were recruited and retrospectively analyzed. Severe dysmenorrhea was defined as a visual analog scale (VAS) score ≥6.ResultsThe mean patient age was 23.0±4.0 years, the average menstrual cycle length was 34.4±23.7 days, and the average pain intensity was VAS 6.7±0.1 at baseline. PCOM was assessed by ultrasound in 54 women (15%). Patients with severe menstrual pain were more likely to have irregular menstrual cycles (P=0.03) and heavy menstrual flow (P=0.01) than those with mild menstrual pain. After adjusting for weight, height, menstrual cycle interval, and menstrual flow in the logistic regression analysis, PCOM (odds ratio [OR], 2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–4.97; P=0.04) and heavy menstrual flow (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.05–3.28; P=0.04) were found to be significant independent factors influencing pain.ConclusionOur study shows that PCOM may have a correlation with the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. Since PCOM may play a role in the development of menstrual pain, patients with PCOM should be under active surveillance with resources for prompt pain management readily available. It may also be necessary to further investigate the molecular mechanisms of pain development in primary dysmenorrhea.

Comparison of the effect of vitamin E, vitamin D and ginger on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea: a single-blind clinical trial.

ObjectiveDysmenorrhea is one of the most common problems for women, especially during their reproductive age. Various studies have examined the effects of vitamins D and E and ginger supplements. This study aimed to investigate the individual effects of each of these supplements on dysmenorrhea.MethodsThis single-blind clinical trial was conducted in 2016 on students aged 18 to 25 years who complained of mild to severe dysmenorrhea. The participants were randomly assigned into 4 groups: vitamin D, vitamin E, ginger, and placebo. The effects of the supplements on the severity of dysmenorrhea were evaluated in 2 successive cycles using the visual analog scale (VAS) and a questionnaire.ResultsInitially, 240 female students were enrolled in the study; thereafter, 40 students were excluded from the study owing to follow-up loss. The average VAS score for dysmenorrhea in the entire study population was 7.13±0.80 before the intervention; the mean VAS score after the first and second months of supplement use was 5.37±1.51 and 4.93±1.48, respectively. The highest reduction in pain severity was observed in the ginger group (F=74.54, P<0.001).ConclusionVitamin D, vitamin E, and ginger significantly reduced the severity of dysmenorrhea, with ginger having the most significant effect followed by vitamin D and vitamin E. Given the low risk of these supplements, more studies must be conducted on their use as opposed to analgesics.

Mean Platelet Volume, a Novel Biomarker in Adolescents with Severe Primary Dysmenorrhea

Study ObjectiveTo evaluate whether mean platelet volume (MPV) would be a profitable marker in predicting disease severity in adolescents with severe primary dysmenorrhea (PD). Design, Setting, Participants, Interventions, and Main Outcome MeasuresA total of 67 patients diagnosed with PD and 37 healthy adolescents with regular menstrual cycles were included in the study. Hemoglobin, MPV, and white blood cell, platelet, lymphocyte, and neutrophil counts were measured as part of the automated complete blood examination. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio were obtained from the absolute neutrophil or platelet count, respectively, divided by the absolute lymphocyte count. The visual analog scale was used to assess the level of pain, as mild (<40 mm), moderate (40-60 mm) and severe (>60 mm) PD. ResultsThe MPV level of the combined severity of PD and control groups were similar. However, the MPV was significantly lower in the severe PD group compared with the control group (P = .04). There were no significant differences in the other hematological parameters between the groups. The mean visual analog scale score of the PD and control subjects were 7.35 ± 2.25 and 1.07 ± 1.96, respectively (P < .01). There was a poor negative correlation, which was statistically insignificant, between MPV and white blood cell count. ConclusionThe present study showed that MPV is decreased in adolescents with severe PD. Further studies with larger numbers of subjects are necessary to clarify the roles of platelets in the pathogenesis of severe PD and evaluate the changes in MPV value in response to treatment.

Effects of aromatherapy by Rosaceous on the severity and systemic symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea

Background and Aim:Dysmenorrhea, defined as pain associated with menstruation that affects millions of women in the reproductive ageworldwide. Considering the high prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its adverse consequences on quality of life, thepresent study examined the effects of Rosaceous on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea and its systemicmanifestations.Materials and Methods:This double blind clinical trial was performed on 110 students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Studentsrandomly assigned into intervention and control groups. Both groups were matched before intervention for age,education level, BMI, income, education wife, age of menarche and marital status. In the intervention group in the first3 days of menstruation, 10 drops of Rosaceous extract were given to the subjects two times daily for two consecutivemenstrual cycles. The controls take placebo. Severity of primary dysmenorrhea is compared in the two groups using thepaired t test and between groups using the independent t test.Findings:The severity of primary dysmenorrhea and systemic manifestations decreased in both groups, this reduction was moresignificant in the Rosaceous group (p <0.001).Conclusions:The results of this study results showed a positive impact of Rosaceous in reduction of severity of primarydysmenorrhea and systemic manifestations. It seems that can be used to reduce the severity of primary dysmenorrheaand systemic manifestations.Keywords:Dysmenorrhea; Rosaceous; Traditional Medicine.

The effect of wheat germ extract on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea

The effect of wheat germ extract on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea

Comparison of the Effect of Ginger and Zinc Sulfate on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial

Primary dysmenorrhea is common among young women and results in their incapacitation; it can be accompanied by various symptoms that can disrupt their lives. The aim of this randomized trial was to compare the effect of ginger, zinc sulfate, and placebo on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea in young women. One hundred and fifty high school students were recruited. The participants were divided into three groups. The first group received ginger capsules, the second group received zinc sulfate capsules, and the third group received placebo capsules. All participants took the medications for four days, from the day before the commencement of menstruation to the third day of their menstrual bleeding. The severity of dysmenorrhea was assessed every 24 hours by the pain visual analog scale. The severity of pain was significantly different between, before, and after the intervention in both the ginger and the zinc sulfate groups (p < .001). Compared with the placebo receiving group, participants receiving ginger and zinc sulfate reported more alleviation of pain during the intervention (p < .05). Ginger and zinc sulfate had similar positive effects on the improvement of primary dysmenorrheal pain in young women.

Primary dysmenorrhea is potentially predictive for initial orthodontic pain in female patients

To investigate the relationship between primary dysmenorrhea (PD) and orthodontic pain in female patients, and to test the hypothesis that the intensity and duration of orthodontic pain could be roughly predicted by severity of PD. One hundred twenty college females were enrolled and put into one of three groups-mild (Mi), moderate (Mo), or severe (S)-according to level of menstrual pain. Intensity of the orthodontic pain was measured by visual analog scale (VAS) on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28 after archwire placement. As the intensity of orthodontic pain declined with time, the three groups demonstrated different changes during the initial week. Mi had the lowest VAS scores, whereas S possessed the highest scores. In contrast, Mo stayed in between. Significantly positive correlations were found between the severity of PD and the intensity of orthodontic pain at each time point within the first 2 weeks. In addition, though the majority of subjects reported disappearance of pain by the end of the second week in both Mi and Mo, a large proportion of females still perceived pain in S. Females with higher levels of menstrual pain tended to perceive orthodontic pain with higher intensity and more prolonged duration. Thus, PD could potentially serve as a reference to predict orthodontic pain in clinical settings.