Severe Violations Of Human Rights Research Articles

Analysis of the Influence of Domestic Violence Severity on the Emotional States of Non-working Women in Sialkot

Violence against women is widely acknowledged as a severe violation of human rights and a significant public health issue with profound physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health consequences. The purpose of current research is to assess the impact of domestic violence on the emotional states of non-working women. This study, using a cross-sectional quantitative approach, surveyed 350 non-working females in both rural and urban Sialkot through purposive sampling. The sample size was determined using g-power analysis. Findings revealed a strong positive correlation between domestic violence and emotional states (r=.827, p<.001; r=.771, p<.001), suggesting that increased domestic violence severity leads to greater emotional disturbance. The abusive behavior scale (r=.777, p<.001) indicated that marital abuse exacerbates domestic violence, further disturbing emotional states. In conclusion, abusive behavior moderates the relationship between domestic violence and emotional disturbance. Addressing abusive behavior is recommended to mitigate its impact on non-working women's emotional well-being.

Quality of life among residents of Gaza, Palestine: the predictive role of mental distress, fear of COVID-19, and social support

BackgroundLiving under siege and deteriorated health, social, educational, and economic conditions and isolation with scarce opportunities to fulfil basic needs and aspirations affect the civil population's mental health and perceived quality of life. In this cross-sectional investigation, we explored the consequences of mental distress, fear of COVID-19, and social support for QoL in the Gaza strip.MethodsNine hundred seventy nine (32.9% males; 67.1% females; mean age was 35.2 years; s.d. = 11.4) adults were recruited in the Gaza strip. We used the Fear for COVID-19 scale (FCS-19), The WHOQOL-BREF Scale, Berlin Social Support Scale (BSSS), Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS). Pearson correlation coefficient was computed to assess relationships between quality of life, fear of COVID19, mental distress, and social support; a hierarchical regression analysis was used to assess the association between QoL as the dependent variable and demographic variables and fear of COVID19, mental health, and social support as the independent variables.ResultsQoL was positively associated with perceived emotion, instrumental, and support seeking. Depression, anxiety, stress, and fear of COVID19 were negatively associated with quality of life. Gender was significantly associated with lower QoL. The study highlighted that the level of fear of COVID-19 was negatively influencing individuals' quality of life (QoL). This fear was negatively associated to psychological distress, gender, place of residence, and family type. Lower-educated and poorer participants had lower QoL scores. Conversely, female gender was notably linked to a lower QOL. The hierarchical regression confirmed that COVID-19 was an added burden for the Palestinian population. The fear of COVID-19 term added a 6.2% variance in QoL. In the final analysis, all predictors were statistically significant, with the fear of COVID-19 term recording a higher contribution of 22.5%, followed by depression term with 21.5%, perceived emotional 18.5%, income at 15.4%, and perceived instruments at 14.8% towards QoL.ConclusionsPractitioners and policymakers must consider the severe violation of human rights when developing psychosocial programs to intervene in the COVID-19 crisis.

Critical Analysis of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958

The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) has been a topic of widespread discussion. The Act remains in effect in regions where issues like ethnic conflict and unfulfilled aspirations persist, and where violence and secessionist movements pose a threat to national and societal harmony. The law has been criticized for exacerbating fear and suspicion between the military/law enforcement and the communities they serve, which hinders efforts to build trust and promote reconciliation in areas affected by conflict. Originally enacted in 1958 to address the Naga insurgency in the northeastern state of Assam, it has since been implemented in other parts of India grappling with armed conflict or insurgency. The Act is applicable in certain "disturbed areas," including the Northeastern states of India, Kashmir, and formerly in Punjab. This Act has been criticized for being non-compliant with international conventions and treaties that India has signed. Additionally, the definitions within the Act are ambiguous, giving the armed forces a wide scope to interpret them as per their own will and escape punishment even after committing severe violations of human rights. This paper scrutinizes the historical backdrop and legal trajectory of the Act, with reference to the demarcation of legislative powers and the degree of discretion vested upon the executive in declaring regions to be “disturbed”. The present working paper seeks to analyze the effect of this presumably draconian law in the states it has been enacted. Further, the authors seek to address the debate that AFSPA has proven ineffective in addressing insurgency and, in fact, has exacerbated the human rights issues associated with it. Ultimately, the matter has been deliberated upon and consequently, a conclusion has been arrived at, along with some reasonable recommendations.

"Older people are weak": perceptions and meanings of ageing and abuse against older people.

This paper addresses the broader issue of elder abuse and seeks to analyse how victims and non-victims of abuse connect and explain the perception of ageing and the phenomenon of violence against older people. A qualitative study was conducted based on evidence gathered through 45 semi-structured interviews with people aged 60 or above who are part of the Portuguese EPIPorto population cohort. The interviews were analysed using grounded theory. The results show that respondents link the ageist narratives that exist in our societies to the prevalence and naturalisation of violence against older people, that the risk of abuse increases with the weakening of family support networks, and that abuse is both a manifestation of asymmetrical power relations between victims and perpetrators and a severe violation of human rights. The findings also highlight the need to broaden the concept of violence against older people to include offences in the public sphere and not just in the context of the family and institutions.

Gendered Perspectives on Intimate Partner Violence: A Comparative Study of General Population, Students and Professionals’ Beliefs

Domestic violence is a worldwide crime recognized as a severe violation of Human Rights, which includes Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). The studies remark that the asymmetries in the social relations between men and women result in domination dynamics. Thus, this study analyzed the relationship between gender and IPV beliefs in the general population, university students, and healthcare/safety/justice professionals by comparing IPV legitimization between men and women and with age. The sample was composed by 3413 Portuguese participants, 1551 men (45.4%) and 1826 women (54.6%), aged 18 to 100 (M = 37.97; SD = 18.09), 1936 participants from the general population (56.7%), 866 university students [e.g., healthcare students] (25.4%) and 611 healthcare/safety/justice professionals [e.g., doctors, psychologists, police officers, lawyers] (17.9%). The sample filled out the Scale of Beliefs about Marital Violence (ECVC), a self-report scale on beliefs about IPV. Results confirmed our hypothesis that men have significantly higher levels of IPV legitimization than women. In accordance with our second hypothesis, significant positive correlations were found between age and IPV beliefs. As age increases, older people tend to be more tolerant of IPV, and young people tend to be less endorsing such IPV beliefs. Finally, we found the hypothesis that university students and healthcare/safety/justice professionals have lower levels of beliefs compared with other participants in the general population. Findings show that we need to work hard with the social evolution in men’s and women’s beliefs on IPV, reinforcing the importance of targeting IPV prevention by gender and age in the general population but also in students and professionals.

The Ethical Character of Russia's Offensive Cyber Operations in Ukraine: Testing the Principle of Double Effect

Cyber weapons have the potential to achieve strategic military aims in a manner that reduces physical harm, but they can also be used to enhance and expand the lethality of conventional weapons and tactics. When designed to collect private data, cyber weapons can facilitate assassination, kidnapping, torture, and other severe violations of human rights and international law. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is not the first time that cyber weapons have been deployed for military purposes; however, it is likely the first example of cyber warfare tactics being deployed in a sustained and strategically significant manner in the context of conventional war. To assess the ethical character of Russia’s offensive cyber operations against Ukraine, it is helpful to leverage the principle of double effect, which enables a more precise evaluation of the relationship between the intentions that motivate an act and the effects of the act once it has been taken. Drawing on this principle, this article argues that Russia’s offensive cyber operations in Ukraine represent an unjust use of force and proposes ways of enhancing the ethical character of cyber warfare in future conflicts.

Female Genital Mutilation: A Physical Attack on the Basic Human Rights of Young Women

There is no doubt about this universal fact that women across the globe especially young girls have been subjected to harassment and violence since time immemorial in the garb of customary practices and traditions. Mutilation of Female Genitalia (FGM) is also a type of barbaric tradition, blatantly violent and has no ethical and religious basis. It involves all the inhumane procedures relating to the semi or overall amputation of peripheral genital privates or erstwhile forms of harm in female reproductive organs for nonremedial purposes. It has been seen that women around about 200 million globally who had gone through the consequence of FGM and nearly 3.8 million females are at the risk of circumcision. 3 This results in the severe violation of human rights which has been outlined in numerous international human rights documents. Despite all this, FGM is still flourishing globally and Dawoodi Bohras community in India is a prime example of that. Therefore, human right based legislation on FGM is the need of the hour. Hence, in this paper, the researchers have made an attempt to put forward the blueprint of exploitation and violence faced by females in the name of female genital mutilation which not only hampers their individual dignity and privacy, but it also puts a question mark on the so called quest of women empowerment all around the world.

The effectiveness of integration of emotion regulation therapy and compassion therapy on the mental well-being of women with domestic violence experience

Objective: Domestic violence against women by their spouses is a severe violation of human rights and a public health concern, recognized by the World Health Organization as a hidden global epidemic. The present study investigated the effectiveness of the integration of emotion regulation therapy and compassion therapy on the mental well-being of women who have experienced domestic violence. Method: The current research was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The target population of the current study was all women aged 20 to 40 affected by domestic violence who were referred to psychological and counseling clinics and legal, medical centers in Mashhad. Twenty people were selected by voluntary sampling and randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. Keyes and Magyar-Moe's (2003) mental well-being questionnaire was used to collect data. The intervention experimental group received emotion-oriented integrated therapy based on compassion in 10 sessions of 60 minutes. Finally, the research data were analyzed by multivariate covariance analysis. Results: The research findings showed that combining emotion regulation therapy and compassion therapy has increased mental well-being in women who have experienced domestic violence. Conclusion: Based on the research findings, taking into account the critical role of women in society and families and the need to pay attention to their mental health, it is necessary to hold training workshops in the field of compassion therapy and emotion regulation therapy in counseling and rehabilitation centers.

Domestic Violence on Women and its Implications on their Health

Violence against women is a severe violation of human rights and ranging from domestic and intimate partner violence to sexual harassment and assault. It is widely recognized as a serious human rights abuse. Violence has substantial consequences on women’s health. To evaluate the effects of domestic abuse and violence on the physical and mental health of women a study was conducted in district Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Data were drawn from 222 women. Sampling was carried out using the multi-stage process of random sampling. Survey method was used for data collection and Statistical methods such as chi-square, correlation, linear and multiple regressions were used to analyze the data in this study. The findings showed a significant relationship between the physical and mental health of women due to domestic violence. This study emphasizes the need for justified women empowerment and a multidisciplinary approach to develop health measures, which will effectively address the problem of domestic violence.

MEDIA AT MIGRATION CRIME AND LAW TRIANGLE: MIGRATION CITIES

In this study, based on some striking examples, migration, which is one of the biggest problems of the modern age, and the relationship of crime in expanding cities have been investigated and the impact of immigration on crime, the legal regulations in this context and the media reflections of migration and crime relations, and the legal regulations in the expanding cities via migration have been evaluated. Increasing tension, conflicts, wars, hunger, poverty, economic imbalance, oppression, inequality and unrest based on religion, sects, and culture in the world have increased migration and caused many more problems. The borders that states have determined regarding their sovereign rights over their countries have brought along problems related to the issue of immigration, although they exist throughout history. The severe violations of human rights caused by the torture and deaths experienced during the Second World War caused population mobility all over the world and as a result, the issue of migration has become an important agenda item in our recent history. While international organizations and states try to solve the problems arising from immigration with legal regulations, they cannot keep up with the pace of the problems caused by migration and the increase in crime rates. In this context, the problems faced by immigrants who take their cultural luggage with them to the destination country, especially xenophobia, make the lives of immigrants difficult and at the same time position them in the world of others. From this point of view, cities that grow with migration reach a cosmopolitan structure, if not metropolitan, and transform into places of necessary living, dissatisfaction and chaos. Unemployment, incompatibility, unrest, conflict and problems are experienced to a great extent in overgrown cities. Legal regulations have been insufficient.

Postwar Justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina

This article explores the perceptions of justice expressed by victims of severe violations of human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) who have testified before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and/or the Court of BiH. In 2009, we surveyed 495 members of a victims’ association and inquired about their perceptions of postwar justice. The respondents were more likely to assess the ICTY than the Court of BiH as fair both in terms of its decisions and procedures. Compared to the perceptions of procedural justice, perceptions of distributive justice were more strongly correlated with the assessments of both courts’ overall fairness. Multivariate logistic regression models reveal that measures of procedural justice are directly related to the respondents’ evaluations of the both courts’ fairness, while demographic factors were mostly unrelated to their evaluations of the two courts. The results of our study suggest that the respondents who said that they testified at the ICTY had more positive views about both the ICTY and the Court of BiH than the respondents who said that they either testified at both courts or only at the Court of BiH.

Title: Comparative Study of Ethiopian Election 2020 Postponement due to COVID-19 with Wisconsin Election in USA

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the socio-economic, health, and political process across the globe. Millions of dead, life disrupted, economic crises, and the democratic system were affected. The World Health Organization (WHO) report shows about 140 million new cases, 3 million death reports, and 80 million recovered. COVID-19 pandemic has also caused challenges to political activity in many countries. The conflict between the right to vote and public health, the globalization process, uncertainties in the people’s democratic rights such as the right to movement, right to vote, the election process, and the whole democratic processes have been disrupted in many countries. Its vaccine was only developed recently. The undemocratic practices have been exposed during the pandemic. The authoritarian regimes caused a severe violation of human rights, marginalization of minority rights, suspending of various social activities. The study shows about half of the elections scheduled for 2020 were suspended. States with fewer resources, technologically less equipped, and with no alternative voting systems were affected most during the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has also created a favorable condition for authoritarian regimes where they extend their term in offices by using the health and safety of the public as a pretext. The challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic have affected both democratic, undemocratic, and underdeveloped countries similarly, but with different ranges. It has also been a challenge to the democratization process in many countries. This is tough especially for countries that took them decades to change their political landscape. The negative impacts of COVID-19 and why the ruling party was interested primarily and has pushed for election postponement, why it was unanimously opposed by the ruling parties, human rights activists, and human rights institutions will be analyzed. The statutory provisions regarding the election and how the ruling party had interpreted them on the pretext of public health and the human rights crisis followed and the take by both federal and regional state are also detailed. The paper also analyzes the Wisconsin vote extension process, legal challenges encountered are spelled out. The paper mainly focuses to reflect on how the democratic election process has been tested in Wisconsin and the efforts made to overcome those challenges. I also explored how the election was illegitimately postponed and the legal and political challenges that followed it, in Ethiopia. The current massive human rights violation and the civil war as the outcome of election-related disputes in Ethiopia. The leadership failures and the mistake made was exposed. The paper also contains a comparison of how the state agencies managed to restore the democratic election process in the USA and the hurdles caused by the political party. Some of the recommendations and critical arguments are also forwarded. Thus, legislators should be aware of an unprecedented incident like COVID-19 and provide remedies to easily overcome the challenge. I will discuss the major pitfalls focusing on whether the election 2020 was postponed based on constitutional term limit or not, whether the COVID-19 was a real threat or used as political means, what would have been a better option when the constitution is silent, and the procedure followed by parliament in postponing the election and why other opposition political parties criticized the election postponement. Finally, I would compare the problems related to COVID-19 in extending legally provided mandates and decisions thereafter. Lastly, I will forward the best alternative recommendation regarding the Ethiopian election 2020.

Judgment of the Supreme Court of Canada of February 28, 2020, on Nevsun v. Araya: a “quiet revolution” in the assessment of the status of corporations under public international law?

The article analyses the Judgment of the Supreme Court of Canada on the Nevsun v. Araya case, which deals with the severe violations of human rights, including slavery and forced labor with respect of the workers of Eritrean mines owned by a Canadian company “Nevsun”. By a 5 to 4 majority, the court concluded that litigants can seek compensation for the violations of international customs committed by a company. This decision is underpinned by the tenets that international customs form a part of Canadian common law, companies can bear responsibility for violations of International Human Rights Law, and under ubi jus ibi remedium principle plaintiffs have a right to receive compensation under national law. Being a commentary to this judgment the article focuses its analysis on an issue that is of a key character for Public International Law, namely on the tenet that international customs impose obligations to respect human rights on companies and they can be called for responsibility for these violations. This conclusion is revolutionary in the part in which it shifts the perception of the companies’ legal status under International Law. The court’s approach is critically assessed against its well-groundness and correspondence to the current stage of International law. In particular, the authors discuss, whether the legal stance on the Supreme Court of Canada, under which companies can bear responsibility for violations of International Human Rights Law is a justified necessity or a head start.

Crimes Against Women: From Violence to Homicide.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a highly prevalent phenomenon worldwide and is considered a severe violation of human rights. Intimate partner homicide (IPH) and attempted intimate partner homicide (AIPH) although less frequent have a severe direct or indirect impact on victims. Despite the vast literature on IPV and IPH, there is still scarce research on AIPH. Thus, this study aimed to analyze whether perpetrators of IPV, IPH, and AIPH differ from each other, as well as to identify the factors that predict violence in intimacy. For those purposes, we performed a comparative analysis between 50 male individuals convicted of IPH, 27 convicted of AIPH, and 168 convicted of IPV from Portugal. The data were collected using an interview and a set of psychological measures. Results revealed that, although IPV, IPH, and AIPH perpetrators' share some characteristics, significant differences were found between them. IPV perpetrators were more prone to perpetrate violent behaviors against an intimate partner or ex-partner than IPH or AIPH offenders. The use of weapons and separation from the victim increases the probability of committing IPH or AIPH. Being divorced, having no children, and committing other crimes than domestic violence are predictors of AIPH. These results have some practical implications, in terms of both risk prediction and risk management. Accurate and comprehensive tools should be included as a routine in the primary care services, as well as in the child care services and in victim support services. Prevention and intervention efforts must be comprehensive, involving work with perpetrators and victims.

Violence Against Women (Domestic Violence, Rape, Marital Rape, Prostitution)

This study examines the current situation surrounding sexual violence against women in India and the coping strategies for individual women. Violence against women is now generally recognized as a severe violation of human rights, and critical public health concern with major physical, emotional, sexual, and reproductive health implications. Hence the ultimate aim of this research paper was to analyze various types of crime, atrocities, and violence against women and their varied patterns, what are the problems faced during the competition of this paper, to determine the extent of domestic violence against women and related factors.

Reparaciones: entre la derrota militar de Sendero Luminoso y la frustración democrática

El periodo de violencia política que envolvió al país entre 1980 y el 2000 dejó profundas heridas en miles de peruanos y puso al descubierto graves facturas sociales. La declaratoria de guerra por Sendero Luminoso movilizó las fuerzas del Estado, lo que provocó una violación de derechos humanos no solo entre ambos bandos, sino ante la población civil. La movilización social y la estrategia de inteligencia de la Policía puso fin a la violencia, pero solo el fujimorismo y las Fuerzas Armadas quisieron arroparse el triunfo. En el camino, cientos de miles de víctimas reclamaban justicia. Para lograr la reconciliación nacional, desde espacios como la CVR se recomendaron ante el Estado políticas de reparación a través de programas sociales. Sin embargo, una serie de factores vienen impidiendo que estas puedan ser efectivas.

Emociones reactivas, inculpación y castigo. ¿También en el derecho penal internacional?

El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar que ese vínculo entre nuestras emociones reactivas y el castigo retributivo-comunicativo en casos de violaciones graves a los derechos humanos sólo puede llevarse a cabo mediante juicios penales realizados dentro de la propia comunidad y no a través de los tribunales internacionales.

The Israeli Selective Myopia and the Missing Culturally Sensitive Support for Bedouin IDF War Widows

Israel is a democratic state that champions the aspiration for equality, justice, and acceptance of multiculturalism. We critically examine the officially declared policy vis-a-vis the actual fulfillment of minorities’ equal rights. In keeping with the rights-based approach to social work, minority groups are entitled to any rights granted to the dominant group in their countries, as they have equal rights to realize their humanity. The present research project showcases a severe violation of human rights in a hitherto unstudied minority sector in Israel, namely Bedouin Israeli Defense Forces war widows. These widows are positioned in an extremely paradoxical intersection as their fallen husband died during service in the Israeli Defense Forces, an army which is perceived by most Bedouins as the force which conquered and expropriated their land. Analysis of in-depth interviews with seven Bedouin war widows has led us to expose an abuse of their human rights, due to a failure to take into consideration their unique religious and cultural imperatives and restrictions. We explore their paradoxical lived experience of being formally entitled to equal human rights while reporting suffering discrimination, exclusion, and marginalization. In the name of these silenced Israeli citizens, we call for public awareness of this severe violation of human rights and propose some practical suggestions as to how to adapt the provision of social work support to the cultural features of these recipients, in order to truly adhere to the democratic vision.

The Social Policy of Combating Domestic Violence in Georgia and Lithuania

Domestic violence is perceived as one of the most severe violations of human rights and gender inequality. It has negative psychological, social and economic impact on the victim. In seeking to combat violence of an intimate partner, laws against domestic violence were implemented in many European countries. Two countries, Lithuania and Georgia, are compared in the article. Even if they have different locations and patriarchal traditions, the common past of belonging to Soviet Union unites them.The article compares the political measures and their impact on the solution of the domestic violence problem. Even the laws criminalizing domestic violence were implemented in 2006 in Georgia and in 2011 in Lithuania. The problem of domestic violence remains a top issue in both countries. The amount of reported domestic violence events maintains a high level; however, the investigated cases level remains low. Still, a high level of unreported domestic violence cases remain in both countries. Insufficient shelters for women victims of violence remain a problem in both countries.

Investing in Sustainability or Feeding on Stranded Assets? The Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global

We know that access to finance is crucial if we are to achieve the fundamental transition necessary to meet the grand challenge of our time: securing a safe and just operating space within the planetary boundaries. In the era of global market capitalism and deregulation, Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) offer one of the few public economic institutions capable of injecting ecological and social values into global markets. This paper undertakes a case study of the world’s largest SWF, the Norwegian Government Pension Global. The Norwegian Fund is well-known for its ethical profile. This includes exclusion of companies based on products (tobacco, certain weapons, and most recently also coal), and observation and potential exclusion based on conduct (including severe violations of human rights, severe environmental damage, gross corruption and other particularly severe violations of fundamental ethical norms), as well as the Fund’s public statements when withdrawing from companies based on conduct in the cases when its attempts at influencing the companies have failed. The principal thesis of the article is that a misleading dichotomy between ethics and economics has held the Norwegian Fund back from contributing to sustainability, leaving the majority of the Fund’s investments on an unsustainable path of ‘business as usual’. Although there are positive indications, major changes are necessary to realise the Fund’s potential to invest in sustainability.