Severe Sanctions Research Articles

Legal Responsibility of Businesses Who Distribute Food Products that are not Fit for Consumption or Expired

In food products, it is very important to include information about the expiration date to protect consumers from the dangers of poisoning from expired products. The expiration date must be written on the product packaging or on the packaging box only. Usually, products that include information about the expiration date are products that come from factories or industries that produce in large quantities and have been widely distributed. However, sometimes there are some manufacturers who deliberately do not include the expiration date on their product packaging for profit alone. The act of selling products that are no longer fit for consumption is an act that is detrimental to consumers and violates the Consumer Protection Act with quite severe sanctions for the community or entrepreneurs who trade them. The formulation of the problem discussed is: 1) What are the legal consequences for business actors who deliberately distribute food products that are not fit for consumption or expired? and 2) What is the legal responsibility of business actors who deliberately distribute food products that are not fit for consumption or expired? The research method used is the normative juridical method, namely analyzing the relationship between applicable laws and regulations with legal theories and the practice of implementing positive law concerning the problems discussed. Keywords: legal responsibility, business actors, distribution of food products, expired

Criminalising Migration: The Vicious Cycle of Insecurity and Irregularity

Recent years have witnessed growing emphasis on exceptional measures to address unauthorised arrivals. This article unpacks the relationship between migration policies, irregularity, and insecurity, by examining the consequences of a specific, yet often neglected, measure: the criminalisation of irregular migration (namely, the introduction of the “crime of irregular migration”). Investigating the cases of Italy and France, two of the countries with the most severe sanctions in Europe, it argues that criminalisation led to a two-fold feedback loop. On the one hand, by exceptionalising migration and constructing a continuum between migrants and criminals, criminalisation enhanced a sense of insecurity among the domestic public. On the other hand, by giving foreigners in irregular situations a criminal record, it increased their reliance on underground networks to stay and work in destination countries. Overall, this fostered demand for restrictive, yet counterproductive, policies, creating a vicious cycle of insecurity and irregularity.

O MEDO NO DIREITO ADMINISTRATIVO E O APAGÃO DAS CANETAS: IMPACTOS DO SISTEMA DE CONTROLE NA EFICIÊNCIA DA GESTÃO PÚBLICA

This article analyzes the impact of excessive control and punitive power exercised over the actions of the Public Administration, which results in inefficiency in public management and, in many cases, in decision-making paralysis, known as “pen blackout” or administrative silence. The investigation addresses how the fear of severe sanctions discourages managers from making decisions that involve discretion and innovation, compromising efficiency and the fulfillment of public objectives.

Do sanctions imposed on peers have a deterrence effect on related-party transactions of observing firms? Evidence from Chinese listed firms

How to effectively discipline related-party transactions has garnered widespread attention from both academia and practice. While extensive literature has examined the factors influencing related-party transactions, it has overlooked the impact of sanctions imposed on peers on the related-party transactions of other firms. Using panel data covering Chinese listed firms from 2002 to 2021, we find that sanctions imposed on peers have a deterrence effect on observing firms. Increasing the certainty or severity of sanctions significantly reduces related-party transactions in observing firms. Mechanism tests demonstrate that media coverage, industry competition, and social trust strengthen this deterrence effect. Further analysis suggests the deterrence effect of sanctions is primarily driven by indirect reputation effects. Additionally, we find that deterrence effect exists in both state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and non-SOEs. Our study sheds light on the efficacy of enforcement in the Chinese capital market and offers important implications for enhancing regulatory efficiency in emerging economies.

<b>WEWENANG PEMERINTAH DAERAH DALAM PENERTIBAN PEREDARAN MINUMAN KERAS DI KOTA CILEGON</b>

The Cilegon City Government has prohibited the sale of alcoholic drinks with an alcohol content above 10%. The impacts of selling alcoholic beverages include social inequality, increased alcohol-related crime, and risks to future generations. The problem formulation in this research focuses on local government policies regarding the challenges faced by officers in controlling alcohol distribution, and how the government overcomes these challenges. The research method uses normative legal methods, descriptive analysis, and data collection through interviews, observation, and documentation studies, with primary and secondary data. Conclusions are drawn deductively. The results of the research and discussion show that based on Article 18 which states "The Mayor has the right to regulate alcoholic beverages", the Cilegon City government is committed to eradicating the distribution of alcoholic beverages by issuing Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2001 concerning Liquor Violations. This regulation is a guide in controlling producers and consumers of alcoholic beverages. In conclusion, the main challenges in controlling alcohol distribution are financial constraints and limited human resources, especially law enforcement officers. Apart from that, the lack of severe sanctions in these regulations is not effective enough to provide a deterrent effect for violators

Misconduct among Spanish grassroots soccer players: evidence for their management

ABSTRACT Purpose Identifying antisocial behaviour among child and youth players is crucial for managing and fostering a safe, supportive, and enjoyable sport. This study aimed to describe and analyse the disciplinary sanctions received by players in Spanish grassroots soccer competitions (6-18 years old). Methodology Referee records from 275,844 games across 1,401 league competitions during five subsequent seasons were examined using ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post hoc test. Findings A total of 53,031 sanctions were documented, primarily mild (93.33%). The most common mild sanctions resulted from card accumulation (41.8%), double warning (24.5%), violent or dangerous play (6.5%), and contemptuous and inconsiderate attitudes towards referees (5.5%). Assaults (3.3%) and insults and serious offences (2.7%) received serious sanctions from referees. Severe sanctions (0.004%) were anecdotal. Furthermore, we found significantly (p < .05) more sanctions in 11-a-side soccer than in 8-a-side, in boys versus girls’ categories, and U18 and U15 boys’ groups compared to younger age categories. Practical implications The strategies adopted for improving sportsmanship should especially target players in the U18 and U15 male categories and those who are repeat offenders. Our findings can be used to guide the prevention and intervention efforts of all institutions and agents with responsibilities in children’s sports education.

Influence of high-carbon wire drawing method on its production efficiency

The issue of improving the production efficiency and competitiveness of high-carbon steel wire, determined by a rational ratio of quality and costs of its production, is an urgent task. The main way to solve it is the development and implementation of an effective technical process, the main elements of which are the technological process and equipment for its realization. Since the middle of the last century, domestic steel wire production has been operating on imported equipment, which significantly hampers the use of modern technological processes. This unfavorable situation has been aggravated at present by the imposition of severe economic sanctions by “unfriendly states”. The way out of this situation in the current production is the improvement of existing and introduction of new methods of wire drawing. According to the original methodology the analysis of the existing at one of the domestic enterprises route of drawing of high-carbon wire rope wire with a diameter of 1.70 mm from wire rod of 5.50 mm with the use of standard single monolithic fibers, twin monolithic fibers, roller fibers, as well as modules including roller and monolithic fibers (combined drawing) was carried out. The obtained results have shown that when using standard fibers, the drawing route should be designed with the minimum possible multiplicity, which will provide on the existing equipment to improve the quality of wire and reduce the cost of its production. The greatest efficiency is provided by the application of combined drawing: twofold reduction of drawing multiplicity, energy saving up to 30%, improvement of wire quality by creating a favorable stress-strain state when deforming the wire first in roller and then in monolithic drawing. In addition, in comparison with the roller fibers, the equipment is simplified and the costs of its purchase and operation are reduced. Recommendations on the directions of increasing the efficiency of production in the conditions of existing production, purchase of new imported and designing of domestic drawing equipment are given

Scientific misconduct responsibility attribution: An empirical study on byline position and team identity in Chinese medical papers.

The primary objective of this inquiry was to explore the nexus between authorship attribution in medical literature and accountability for scientific impropriety while assessing the influence of authorial multiplicity on the severity of sanctions imposed. Probit regression models were employed to scrutinize the impact of authorship on assuming accountability for scientific misconduct, and unordered multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the influence of authorship and the number of bylines on the severity of punitive measures. First authors and corresponding authors were significantly more likely to be liable for scientific misconduct than other authors and were more likely to be penalized particularly severely. Furthermore, a negative correlation was observed between the number of authors' affiliations and the severity of punitive measures. Authorship exerts a pronounced influence on the attribution of accountability in scientific research misconduct, particularly evident in the heightened risk of severe penalties confronting first and corresponding authors owing to their principal roles. Hence, scientific research institutions and journals must delineate authorship specifications meticulously, ascertain authors' contributions judiciously, bolster initiatives aimed at fostering scientific research integrity, and uphold an environment conducive for robust scientific inquiry.

Analisis Bibliometrik: Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Wajib Pajak Menggunakan Jasa Konsutan Pajak

This research uses a purposive selection method with five independent variables: taxpayer knowledge, taxpayer motivation, severity of tax sanctions, quality of tax services, and perception of tax consultants. The aim of this research is to determine the factors that influence business taxpayers' decisions to use tax consultants.

Evaluating Audit Oversight Board’s Regulatory Impact: Analysis of Sanctions Imposed on Malaysian Audit Firms

This study analyzes the 12-year trend of cases involving auditor wrongdoing as disclosed on the Audit Oversight Board (AOB) Malaysia's website from 2012 to 2023. Utilizing content analysis, the research examines the nature, frequency, and severity of penalties or sanctions imposed on audit firms for various offenses. Findings indicate a dynamic pattern of regulatory actions, reflecting Malaysia's evolving landscape of audit quality and regulatory oversight. It was revealed that a total of 56 breaches of the Securities Commission Act 1993 involving 30 audit firms were reported and disclosed by the Audit Oversight Board over the period from 2012 to 2023. The findings revealed that most misconduct cases relate to the failure of audit firms to comply with the requirements of International Auditing Standards, International Standard on Quality Control and Malaysian Institute of Accountant By-Laws. There has been a notable decrease in cases involving auditors over the past six years. This could also indicate the dedication of the AOB to monitoring auditors' conduct to prevent their involvement in malpractice. This study contributes to the understanding of audit regulation effectiveness and the behavioral patterns of auditors in response to regulatory scrutiny.

Reform of Criminal Liability by Traffic Violators Resulting in Victim Fatality

The purpose of this study is to analyze the system of criminal liability for traffic offenders resulting in fatalities and propose reforms to improve fairness and effectiveness in handling such cases. The study discusses the system of criminal liability for traffic offenders resulting in fatalities, and reforms that can be made to improve fairness and effectiveness in handling such cases. Through a review of existing regulations and an analysis of common issues in case handling, this study shows that the sanctions stipulated in the Road Traffic and Transportation Law (Law LLAJ) have not been able to provide an adequate deterrent effect for violators. In addition, inconsistent and unprofessional law enforcement also hampers the creation of an effective legal system. Therefore, reforms in the criminal liability system are necessary, including changes in the provision of more severe and strict sanctions, increased consistent law enforcement, and efforts to raise public awareness of the importance of compliance with traffic regulations.

Micro-level incentives and the mechanism of import substitution in Russian public procurement

ABSTRACT Based on a large survey of manufacturing firms in 2018, this research shows that after the first wave of international sanctions imposed on Russia in 2014, along with direct preferences for domestic producers introduced by the government, Russian procurers developed specific mechanisms to stimulate import substitution and simultaneously to ensure an appropriate quality of supply. Contrary to initial expectations, our empirical analysis shows that the import of raw materials, components, or equipment itself did not limit access to public procurement for relevant suppliers. Procurers encouraged suppliers not to refuse to import (since firms without imports did not have any advantages in access to public procurement contracts), but rather to reorient their own purchases to markets where imports competed with Russian analogues and, if necessary, could be replaced by them. The import of modern equipment and technologies was extremely important for the upgrading of Russian manufacturing industry in the 2000s and 2010s. Therefore, the presence of imported inputs can be an indirect attribute of a higher quality of supply. However, international sanctions imposed in 2014 increased the risks of supply disruptions for Russian procurers. The results can be considered an example of the strategic adaptation of procurers at the micro level (outside of the direct procurement regulation) to new market conditions. These findings may be important for understanding how the Russian economy has responded to much larger and more severe international sanctions in 2022.

Sanctioned illegal high tackles significantly increase concussion risk to both tacklers and ball carriers in elite men’s Rugby Union

ObjectivesTackles making contact above the sternum increase concussion and head injury assessment (HIA) risk in Rugby Union. The sport has introduced harsher sanctions to change tackler behaviours to reduce this...

Economic Sanctions and Food Consumption: Evidence from Iranian Households

Abstracts Despite scholarly consensus on the harmful effects of economic sanctions on civilians, there is little micro-level empirical research on how and to what extent economic sanctions affect the food consumption of citizens in sanctioned countries. One of the methodological barriers to studying the micro-level dynamics of sanctions is the limited availability of reliable data in sanctioned countries, which are often governed by authoritarian leaders. Our study leverages an original dataset comprising approximately 1 million observations related to the income and expenses of Iranian households from 1991 to 2021. We assess the impact of economic sanctions on individual food consumption at the national level and among distinct demographic segments. To illustrate how and to what extent international sanctions affected citizens' eating habits, we pay particular attention to 2012–2015 and 2018–2021, when Iran was subject to the most severe sanctions. Our findings demonstrate that while all segments of society feel the effects of economic coercion, low-income citizens' food consumption is more likely to deteriorate due to sanctions. Nonetheless, the geographical impact of sanctions presents a mixed picture, with rural and urban areas each exhibiting specific vulnerabilities to certain food items. We discuss the implications of our findings for sanctions policy and human rights.

THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

The war between Russia and Ukraine had far-reaching consequences, particularly in the realms of politics and economics, on a worldwide scale. It caused prices to skyrocket in the financial sector, particularly in the energy markets. Military buildups on the Russian-Ukrainian border have exacerbated tensions, leading to increased costs. Before the military operation broke out, Russia cut off European gas supplies. In response, the Western bloc imposed severe economic sanctions on Russia, affecting most of its industries; it is crucial for European countries and hurt the world due to high inflation rates. The high prices and higher demand result from the low supply and associated lack of risk. One significant question that arises from studying the current state of the global economy is whether or not these high inflation rates will be a permanent problem. Quick economic remedies, including eliminating taxes and fees on production inputs and local industries, along with assistance for these sectors and the agricultural and commercial ones, are the key to answering this question. Because the issue of high inflation rates most impacts developing nations, these suggestions work better there. Sanctions against Russia have an economic component in the realm of politics. But politics is at the heart of it all, as any action that swerves the economic wheel has political underpinnings. Some choices that cause problems in international politics may be reversed due to political pressures caused by worsening relations with countries. To illustrate this point, consider the following table, which details the sanctions several nations have levied against Russia.

Misconduct of Spanish grassroots soccer coaches through referees’ reports: Variability by match format, age category, sex, and severity

This study aimed to describe and analyse the disciplinary sanctions received by grassroots soccer coaches in the Valencian Community (Spain) over five seasons. Specific objectives included determining the influence of format (8-a-side or 11-a-side), age (U7, U9, U11, U13, U15, and U18), sex category (male or female), and sanction severity (mild [one to four matches] or serious [five matches to a full season]). A study was conducted based on referees’ records from 275,844 games played in 1401 league competitions during five subsequent seasons between 2014 and 2019 in Valencia (Spain). A total of 3563 sanctions were recorded by matchday referees, with the majority being minor offences (92.93%) and most being imposed on 11-a-side soccer coaches (87%). The most frequent reasons for sanctions pertained to protests to referees (28%); dismissal due to double reprimands (26.40%); contemptuous and inconsiderate attitudes towards referees, including insults and threats (19.53%); and direct sending-offs (8.84%). Significantly more mild sanctions were found than serious ones, with more sanctions emerging in the 11-a-side soccer than in the 8-a-side soccer and the men's category compared to the women's category. Finally, we found significantly more sanctions in the U18 men's category compared to all other younger age categories and in the U15 men's category compared to the U7, U9 and U9-U11 female categories (p &lt; .05).

The Influence Of Audit Probability, Sanction Severity, And Social Norms On Enforced Tax Compliance With Patriotism As Moderation

This study aims to determine the effect of audit probability, sanction severity, social norms on enforced tax compliance with patriotism as a moderator variable. The object of this research is an individual who carries out independent work in Jakarta and its surrounding areaThis study uses primary data consisting of 200 respondents' answers that have been collected. This subject have choosed because their income is not always deducted from tax by withholding system, making it prone to tax fraud. Data analysis was performed using the Partial Least Square (PLS) model with the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method. The test results show that audit probability, sanction severity, social norms, patriotism partially have a significant positive effect on enforced tax compliance, while patriotism manages to moderate the effect of social norms on enforced tax compliance with a negative relationship. This indicates that a sense of patriotism is not the main element that moderates tax compliance. Although patriotism directly affects tax compliance. The Government should have law enforcement policy to taxpayers dan build social norms which encourage taxpayers to obey their tax obligation.

Penal Proportionality in the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land Law

This study explores the penal proportionality in the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land Law. It is argued that the severity of criminal sanction must correspond to the offense's seriousness. Using doctrinal legal research, this study employed a statute and conceptual approach with the literature study to collect the data. The finding of this study shows that the PLP2B Law violates the penal proportionality principle when it determines the threat of a criminal consequence. Even though they are considered minor infractions, several of them carry relatively significant criminal penalties that even outweigh the possibility of punishment for more serious acts. The objective of matching the seriousness of the offense to the severity of the criminal sanction has not been fully achieved. The determination of such threats of criminal sanctions does not, on a large scale, reflect the importance of social justice for all Indonesians. By taking into account the rank of offenses in the environmental harm-based criminalization model, Article 73 of the PLP2B Law must be proportionate to the magnitude of the offense. The determination of criminal sanction threats in the Law needs to be considered and compared to the determination of criminal sanction threats in other environmental laws.

Mapping Restorative Justice for Green Crime Offenders: An Empirical Study of Sentencing Outcomes in China

ABSTRACT Restorative justice (RJ) has attracted significant attention from academia and the criminal justice system across civil society, yet studies that incorporate RJ factors to explain criminal sanction results remain scarce. This study utilizes the precision matching approach to examine sentencing outcomes for green offenses and tests the assumption that green offenders with RJ measures receive more leniency in court than those without RJ. Our findings reveal that most types of green crimes with the involvement of RJ, except for illegal mining have obtained less severe sanction results to a varied degree in terms of probation incidence and lengths of incarceration. By comparison, we also find that the judge might consider reduce penalties when the offender has a guilty plea with or without restorative justice activities (RJA). Additionally, there is a tendency to apply RJ to cases with less severe offenses, and the offenders with RJA seem to be more convincing than those surrendering themselves for shorter sentences. The results provide more empirical evidence for the impacts of RJ intervention on criminal sanctions and also raise concerns about the particularity and discretion of incorporating RJ in the context of green criminology.

ПРОБЛЕМА ИМИДЖА И РЕПУТАЦИИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ РОССИЙСКОМ БИЗНЕСЕ

In the conditions of severe sanctions and the consequences of the pandemic, Russian entrepreneurs are looking for ways to main-tain positions in the domestic and global market. One of the main ways to fight com-petition are image and reputation, closely related concepts. However, not all organiza-tions see the difference between them and understand how to use them correctly, which is why they do not exist for long. The article examines the difference between image and reputation, as well as analyzes the depend-ence of business life expectancy on the level of reputation.