Severe Foot Research Articles

The Infected Diabetic Foot: Does Negative Pressure Wound Therapy with Irrigation Reduce Bioburden and Improve Wound Healing?

The aim of this study was to compare the microbial loads of patients with diabetic foot infections treated with negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) with and without irrigation with polyhexamethylene biguanide (NPWTi-P). This is a post hoc analysis of combined data of two randomized clinical trials. We evaluated people with diabetes treated with moderate and severe diabetic foot infections that required surgery. Tissue specimens were obtained after the initial surgery and following a second planned return to the operating room after 48-72 h of NPWT or NPWTi-P, prior to the second surgery. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to determine the total microbial loads (Log10 16S copies per gram of tissue). There was no difference in mean quantitative bacterial cultures among patients that received NPWT and NPWTi-P (before first surgery Log10: NPWT = 6.4 ± 1.8, NPWTi-P = 7.5 ± 1.7 vs before second surgery Log10: NPWT = 6.7 ± 1.8, NPWTi-P = 7.6 ± 1.9 p = .12). There was no difference in wound healing (59.5% vs 50.0%, p = .51) or time to heal (127 ± 109.3 vs 143 ± 95.9), p = .71). There were fewer re-infections in people that received traditional NPWT (28.6% vs 56.3%, p = .05). Level of Clinical Evidence: Level 1.

Cannabidiol Modulates Neuroinflammatory Markers in a PTSD Model Conducted on Female Rats

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric condition closely linked to neuroinflammation, with a higher prevalence in women. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, has shown promise as a potential treatment for PTSD. In this study, we used a PTSD model in which female rats were subjected to a severe foot shock followed by contextual situational reminders (SRs). Testing was conducted one month after exposure. The rats received daily CBD injections for three weeks during the SRs, from days 7 to 28. Two days after the final SR, the rats underwent five extinction trials, followed by the forced swim test (FST). After a five-day rest period, the rats were sacrificed, and brain tissues from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and ventral subiculum (vSUB) were analyzed for inflammatory markers. Chronic CBD treatment reversed impairments in fear extinction caused by shock and SR. It also reduced learned helplessness in the FST and decreased the upregulation of mPFC-il1β induced by shock and SRs. Additionally, exposure to shock and SRs downregulated mPFC-il6 while upregulating vSUB-il6. CBD treatment further downregulated il6 expression in the vSUB compared to the vehicle groups. Our findings show that CBD effectively inhibited the development of PTSD-like behaviors and suppressed neuroinflammation in the mPFC.

Talar head replacement for treatment of Müller – Weiss syndrome: three clinical cases

Introduction Müller – Weiss syndrome is a rare condition that is characterized by avascular necrosis of the navicular bone leading to severe foot deformity, pain disturbing activities of daily living. There is no generally accepted treatment for avascular necrosis of the scaphoid, and the available treatments have disadvantages, which necessitates the need for new options.The objective was to present short-term results of three patients with osteonecrosis of the scaphoid and local necrosis of the talar head treated with ceramic talar head prosthesis, plastic surgery, metal osteosynthesis of the scaphoid and related surgical techniques.Material and methods Three patients diagnosed with Müller – Weiss syndrome were treated with ceramic talar head replacement, autologous bone grafting and metal osteosynthesis of the scaphoid bone with accompanying surgical techniques. Severity of pain and the condition of patients were assessed with the VAS and AOFAS AH scores.Results Short-term results showed consolidation at the site of metal osteosynthesis in all patients with no signs of instability of the talus hemiprosthesis. VAS and AOFAS AH scores indicated decrease in the pain and improved condition of the patients.Discussion Hemiarthroplasty of the talar head combined with plastic surgery and restoration of a congruent joint surface of the scaphoid, and associated surgical techniques may become an effective alternative to existing treatments for patients with Müller – Weiss syndrome, with further study.Conclusion The short-term findings showed that hemiarthroplasty was practical for restoration of the talonavicular mobility maintaining stable fixation of the talus.

Weighted-Incidence Syndromic Combination Antibiogram (WISCA) to Support Empirical Antibiotic Therapy Decisions in Infected Ischemic Leg Ulcers-A Feasibility Study.

Objective: Patients with peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAD) are at risk of developing foot ulcers, which can subsequently lead to foot infections and an increased risk of amputation. In cases of severe ischemic foot infections (IFIs), the empirical use of antibiotics can be limb-saving. However, there is currently no evidence-based guidance on the choice of empirical antibiotic therapy for IFI. Methods and Design: This retrospective single-center cohort study included 216 hospitalized patients with severe IFI undergoing endovascular revascularization. Weighted-Incidence Syndromic Combination Antibiograms (WISCAs) were calculated to guide empirical antibiotic choice. Results: The two most common causative pathogens for IFI were S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, with frequencies of 19.8% and 6.1%, respectively. The calculation of WISCAs revealed a low empirical coverage of amoxicillin (AMX) or clindamycin (CLN) with 21.6% and 27.7%, respectively. The empirical coverage of amoxicillin/clavulanic-acid (AMC), trimethoprim/sulfmethoxazole (SXT), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) was 50.6%, 53.1%, and 55.4%, respectively. Piperacillin/tazobactam (PT) exhibited the highest empirical coverage, with 82.5% as calculated by WISCAs. The calculated WISCAs did not significantly alter when stratified by the clinical characteristics of the patients. Conclusions: The empirical antibiotic coverage of CLN and AMX was low. SXT represents a promising empirical alternative in the case of IFI, irrespective of comorbidities and the WIfI score. WISCAs can assist in the decision-making process regarding empirical antibiotic therapy choices in cases of IFI.

Multimodal Identification of Molecular Factors Linked to Severe Diabetic Foot Ulcers Using Artificial Intelligence.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a severe complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), which often lead to hospitalization and non-traumatic amputations in the United States. Diabetes prevalence estimates in South Texas exceed the national estimate and the number of diagnosed cases is higher among Hispanic adults compared to their non-Hispanic white counterparts. San Antonio, a predominantly Hispanic city, reports significantly higher annual rates of diabetic amputations compared to Texas. The late identification of severe foot ulcers minimizes the likelihood of reducing amputation risk. The aim of this study was to identify molecular factors related to the severity of DFUs by leveraging a multimodal approach. We first utilized electronic health records (EHRs) from two large demographic groups, encompassing thousands of patients, to identify blood tests such as cholesterol, blood sugar, and specific protein tests that are significantly associated with severe DFUs. Next, we translated the protein components from these blood tests into their ribonucleic acid (RNA) counterparts and analyzed them using public bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing datasets. Using these data, we applied a machine learning pipeline to uncover cell-type-specific and molecular factors associated with varying degrees of DFU severity. Our results showed that several blood test results, such as the Albumin/Creatinine Ratio (ACR) and cholesterol and coagulation tissue factor levels, correlated with DFU severity across key demographic groups. These tests exhibited varying degrees of significance based on demographic differences. Using bulk RNA-Sequenced (RNA-Seq) data, we found that apolipoprotein E (APOE) protein, a component of lipoproteins that are responsible for cholesterol transport and metabolism, is linked to DFU severity. Furthermore, the single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-seq) analysis revealed a cluster of cells identified as keratinocytes that showed overexpression of APOE in severe DFU cases. Overall, this study demonstrates how integrating extensive EHRs data with single-cell transcriptomics can refine the search for molecular markers and identify cell-type-specific and molecular factors associated with DFU severity while considering key demographic differences.

Talocalcaneonavicular Realignment: The Foundation for Comprehensive Reconstruction of Severe, Resistant Neurologic Cavovarus, and Equinocavovarus Foot Deformities in Children and Adolescents.

The progression of neurologic cavovarus (NCV) and equinocavovarus (NECV) foot deformities during growth can eventually lead to non-reducible severe talonavicular (TN) and subtalar (ST) joint rotational malalignments. This study aimed to describe a technique to correct severe, resistant inversion deformity of the ST joint complex as the foundational procedure in comprehensive reconstruction of multi-segmental NCV and NECV deformities in pediatric patients and to analyze mid-term radiologic, functional, and satisfaction outcomes. This prospective study included children with severe NCV and NECV foot deformities who underwent TCNR between 2019 and 2022, with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Talocalcaneal angle, talus-1 metatarsal angles, and TN coverage angle were measured in preoperative and postoperative weight-bearing foot radiographs. The foot and ankle disability index, foot function index, and Maryland foot score evaluated functionality. Qualitative questions assessed perceived improvement, satisfaction, and expectations of patients/caregivers. Descriptive, comparative pre-post, subgroup, correlation, and satisfaction analysis were performed. Twenty-six patients (36 feet: 16 unilateral and 10 bilateral) were included; 50% were female, median age was 12.1 years (IQR, 3.21) and median follow-up was 32.9 months (IQR, 18.7). Fifty-four percent had cerebral palsy, and 23% had charcot-marie-tooth disease; 84.6% were ambulatory. Significant improvements were found in radiologic parameters and functional outcomes (P<0.01), with no relevant differences between unilateral or bilateral procedures, pathology, functional level, or ambulatory capacity (P>0.05). Correlations between radiologic parameters or functional scales with age were generally low. Most reported significant functional improvements, outcomes exceeding expectations, and high satisfaction; they would recommend the surgery and undergo the procedure again. There were 3 minor complications: hypersensitivity, partial recurrence, and undercorrection. The TCNR technique enables realignment of severe, resistant inversion deformity of the ST joint complex in NCV and NECV foot deformities. When combined with procedures to correct the other foot deformities and muscle imbalances, functional outcomes are enhanced, high patient/caregiver satisfaction is achieved, and low complication rates are possible. This approach represents an important modification and extension of an already described technique, the deep plantar-medial release. Level III, therapeutic prospective cohort study.

Patients with type 2 diabetes and surgical foot wounds: Overtrust in primary care physicians, isolation, and difficulties contemplating the future

AimsIn Europe, 27 % of patients with a podiatric complication of diabetes are referred to a specialized structure for surgery after more than 3 months’ disease progression. Our study aimed to analyze access to healthcare and future self-projection in patients with severe diabetic foot conditions. MethodsWe performed a qualitative study with semi-structured interviews in patients hospitalized with diabetic foot conditions requiring surgical treatment. We collected quantitative data on the diabetes characteristics, levels of social precariousness, anxiety and depression. ResultsWe conducted 13 interviews with 2 females and 11 males; mean age 62.7 years. Five had undergone surgical debridement, six toe amputation, and two mid-tarsal amputation. Most were socioeconomically deprived and/or isolated. Three discourse themes emerged: 1) heterogeneity in the care pathway, with systemic barriers, negligence or overtrust 2) the relationship between social support and the ability to project oneself into the future, 3) poverty of speech. ConclusionsEducation should emphasize the importance of prompt referral to a specialized structure after the onset of a wound. The lack of support from loved ones and social support appeared to be associated with patients’ failure to plan for their future. We advocate for a psychological evaluation and support for all these patients.

Genetic identification of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from diabetic foot ulcers and evaluating the inhibition activity of reuterin against this bacteria.

To genetically diagnose the isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus taken from patients with severe diabetic foot infections, and to test the inhibitory effect of reuterin on the growth of these bacteria. The experimental study was conducted from June to November 2021 at the Diabetes Unit of Al-Faihaa General Hospital, Basrah, Iraq, and comprised 62 foot ulcer swabs from the necrotic lesions of patients with type 2 diabetes. The swabs were cultivated first in brain heart infusion broth media, and then streaked on Mannitol salt agar and staphylococcus chromogeneic agar media for phenotypic and genetic analysis. The genetic identification of bacteria was confirmed by deoxyribonucleic acid extraction, and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus was confirmed by the presence of plasmid mecA gene. The inhibition activity of reuterin towards methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus was determined using the minimum inhibitory concentration test. All data was analyzed with SPSS version 23. A total of 62 swabs were taken from the necrotic lesions of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Of the total isolates, 9(14.5%) gave mauve to purple colour on staphylococcus chromogeneic agar, which was then genetically confirmed as methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration value of these bacteria was 10μl/ml at 16mm inhibition zone diameter. There was no cytotoxicity of reuterin to human red blood cells. Reuterin was found to be a natural antimicrobial substance suitable for use to disinfect diabetic foot wounds from bacterial contamination and infection, especially those caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.

Anterolateral thigh free flap surgery for medial malleoli fracture with extensive dorsal foot skin defect: A case report

Severe foot deformities, especially those affecting the dorsum of the foot, can make it difficult to perform daily activities. For example, mild pain when walking can be felt on the dorsal aspect of the foot, and toe contractures can make it difficult to wear non supportive shoes. Reconstructive surgeons face a great deal of difficulty in providing a suitable flap in accordance with the "like for like" reconstructive principle. The best outcomes for reconstructing small- to medium-sized dorsal foot lesions have been reported using local flaps and pedicled flaps. Reconstruction of large dorsal foot deformities is, however, hardly studied. In this work, we report our experience reconstructing large dorsal foot lesions using the free anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in diabetic and non-diabetic foot infections.

To identify the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, reinfection and clinical outcomes. Four hundred forty-six patients that were admitted to the hospital with moderate or severe foot infections were retrospectively reviewed. Tissue and bone cultures were obtained from the index hospital admission. Conversion was defined as methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in the first culture and subsequently MRSA when there was a reinfection. The incidence of MRSA was 7.8% (n = 35), with no significant difference between soft tissue infections (7.7%) and osteomyelitis (8.0%). MRSA incidence was 9.4 times higher in non-diabetics (23.8% vs. 3.2%, p = <0.01). The incidence of reinfection was 40.8% (n = 182). Conversion to MRSA was seen in 2.2% (n = 4) total, occurring in 5.4%. Non-diabetics were 20.1 times more likely to have MRSA reinfection than people with diabetes (28.6% vs. 1.9%, p < 0.001). MRSA patients had a higher proportion of healed wounds (82.4% vs. 69.3%, p = 0.02). There were no differences in other clinical outcomes in MRSA vs. other infections in reinfection (28.6% vs. 24.3%, p = 0.11), amputation (48.6% vs. 52.0%, p = 0.69) or hospitalization (28.6% vs. 42.6, p = 0.11). The incidence of MRSA for the first infection (7.8%), reinfection (6.0%) and conversion to MRSA (2.2%) was low. MRSA was 9.4 times more common in people without diabetes.

Effect of frailty on effectiveness and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists versus SGLT2 inhibitors in people with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan: a retrospective, nationwide, longitudinal study

GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors are increasingly being used in people with type 2diabetes on the basis of findings from randomised clinical trials; however, little is known of whether clinical outcomes are affected by frailty in real-world settings. We aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors in managing type 2diabetes, with a specific focus on stratifying people by their frailty status. In this retrospective, nationwide, longitudinal study, we identified people (aged ≥20years) with type 2 diabeteswho newly initiated either a GLP-1 receptor agonist or an SGLT2 inhibitor during the period Jan 1, 2017to Dec 31, 2019 from the Taiwan National Health Insurance database. Individuals were excluded if they had been diagnosed with cancer, received dialysis for kidney failure, or had prescriptions for a GLP-1 receptor agonist or an SGLT2 inhibitor, within 1year before the index date. Mortality data were collected from the Taiwan National DeathRegistry. Eligible individuals were categorised into three frailty subgroups-fit, mild frailty, and moderate or severe frailty-on the basis of the multimorbidity frailty index. Propensity score matching (1:1) was used to balance covariates between recipients of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors among each frailty subgroup. Clinical outcomes of interest included three-point major adverse cardiovascular events (non-fatal acute myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and fatal cardiovascular disease), all-cause mortality, hospitalisation for heart failure, dialysis or renal transplant, severe diabetic foot complications, retinopathy, hospitalisation for severe hyperglycaemia, and hospitalisation for severe hypoglycaemia. The association between the use of a GLP-1 receptor agonist versus an SGLT2 inhibitor and the risk of the outcomes of interest among each frailty subgroup was examined using a subdistribution hazard model. We identified 320 210people with type 2diabetes, of whom 280 163 met the eligibility criteria, who initiated either a GLP-1 receptor agonist (n=22 968; mean age 57·7years [SD 13·9], 11 338 [49·4%] were female, and 11 630 [50·6%] were male) or SGLT2 inhibitor (n=257 195; mean age 58·8years [12·3], 107 988 [42·0%] were female, and 149 207 [58·0%] were male) during 2017-19. After matching, 11 882, 7210, and 3414pairs of GLP-1 receptor agonist and SGLT2 inhibitor users were assigned in the fit, mild frailty, and moderate or severe frailty subgroups. All clinical outcomes were comparable between users of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors among each frailty subgroup, except fora higher risk of hospitalisation for severe hyperglycaemia with GLP-1 receptor agonists than withSGLT2 inhibitors in the mild frailty subgroup (subdistribution hazard ratio 1·25 [95% CI 1·13-1·38]; p<0·0001) and a higher risk of dialysis or renal transplant with GLP-1 receptor agonists than with SGLT2 inhibitors in the fit (2·43 [1·82-3·23]; p<0·0001), mild frailty (3·93 [3·03-5·09]; p<0·0001), and moderate or severe frailty (2·60 [2·03-3·31]; p<0·0001) subgroups. Formulating clear and updated guidelines on the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors according to frailty status could improve management of type 2diabetes. Ministry of Education, Taiwan.

Acute diabetic foot disease.

Acute foot disease is a serious, multifactorial complication of diabetes associated with a substantial risk of limb loss and mortality Prompt surgical evaluation and appropriate intervention are critical to prevent limb loss and progression to sepsis/death International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines should be used to stratify severity Empirical, broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics should be started immediately Severe diabetic foot infection poses a significant threat to life and limb that where indicated requires immediate surgical intervention

Correlations of PSGL-1 VNTR polymorphism with the susceptibility to severe HFMD associated with EV-71 and the immune status after infection

Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) has strong neurotropism, and it is the main pathogen causing severe hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). In clinical observations, significant differences were observed in the severity and prognosis of HFMD among children who were also infected with EV-71. Genetic differences among individuals could be one of the important causes of differences in susceptibility to EV-71–induced HFMD. As P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is an important receptor of EV-71, the correlation between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PSGL-1 and the susceptibility to severe HFMD following EV-71 infection is worth studying. Given the role of PSGL-1 in immunity, the correlations between PSGL-1 SNPs and the immune status after EV-71 infection are also worth studying. Meanwhile, PSGL-1 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) represents a research hotspot in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, but PSGL-1 VNTR polymorphism has not been investigated in HFMD caused by EV-71 infection. In this study, specific gene fragments were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and PSGL-1 VNTR sequences were genotyped using an automatic nucleic acid analyzer. The correlations of PSGL-1 VNTR polymorphism with the susceptibility to EV-71–associated severe HFMD and the post-infection immune status were analyzed. The PSGL-1 VNTR A allele was identified as a susceptible SNP for severe HFMD. The risk of severe HFMD was higher for AA + AB genotype carriers than for BB genotype carriers. The counts of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were lower in AA + AB genotype carries than in BB genotype carries. In conclusion, PSGL-1 VNTR polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility to EV-71–induced severe HFMD and the immune status after infection. PSGL-1 VNTR might play a certain role in the pathogenesis of severe cases.

Microbiological characterization of neuropathic diabetic foot infection: a retrospective study at a Portuguese tertiary hospital

Diabetic foot infection imposes a significant burden and is the major cause of nontraumatic limb amputation. Adequate patient management with effective antibiotic therapy is crucial.This retrospective cohort study aimed to characterize the microbiology and resistance patterns of moderate to severe neuropathic diabetic foot infection in patients hospitalized at a tertiary referral hospital between January 2020 and June 2023. Deep tissue specimens from ulcers were collected for culture.Sixty inpatients were included (62% male, mean age 59.1 ± 11.5 years). Osteomyelitis was present in 90% of the patients. Among 102 microorganisms (average of 1.91 ± 1.25 pathogens per patient), 60.8% were gram-positive bacteria, 31.4% were gram-negative, 3.92% were anaerobic bacteria, and 3.92% were fungi. Staphylococcus aureus (19%) and Enterococcus faecium (17%) were the most common. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%) and bacteria of the Enterobacterales family (24%) accounted for all the isolated gram-negative bacteria. Sixteen percent of Staphylococcus aureus and 67% of coagulase-negative Staphylococci were resistant to methicillin. Resistance to ampicillin was found in 11% of Enterococci. All Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were sensitive to piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, or cefepime. Among the Enterobacterales, resistance rates were 35% for piperacillin-tazobactam, 38% for ceftazidime, 21% for cefepime, and 13% for carbapenems.Although the prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci was lower than that in other studies, carbapenem resistance among gram-negative bacteria warrants attention. This study highlights the importance of understanding local epidemiology for effective diabetic foot infection management and resistance mitigation.

Association of the podocyte phenotype with extracapillary hypercellularity in patients with diabetic kidney disease.

Extracapillary hypercellularity was recently identified as a poor prognostic factor for diabetic kidney disease (DKD), but its nature, pathogenesis, and relationship with glomerular sclerosis are still unclear. We retrospectively studied 107 patients with biopsy-proven DKD, recruited from January 2018 through December 2020. We compared the clinicopathologic characteristics of 25 patients with extracapillary hypercellularity lesions (the extracapillary hypercellularity group) to those of 82 patients without extracapillary hypercellularity (the control group). Multiple cell-specific markers were used for immunohistochemical staining to analyse the types of cells that exhibited extracapillary hypercellularity. Podocyte phenotype changes were evaluated via immunohistochemical staining for Synaptopodin and Nephrin, and foot process width was measured via transmission electron microscopy. Patients with extracapillary hypercellularity lesions had more severe clinical features than patients without extracapillary hypercellularity in DKD, as indicated by elevated proteinuria and serum creatinine levels, and decreased serum albumin. Pathologically, extracapillary hypercellularity was accompanied by increased mesangial hyperplasia and interstitial fibrosis. Severe obliterative microvascular disease was observed more frequently in the extracapillary hypercellularity group than in the control group. At cell type analysis, 25 patients in the DKD-extracapillary hypercellularity group showed that a mixture of cells expressed either Wilm's tumor-1 or paired box protein 2. Furthermore, DKD-extracapillary hypercellularity patients had significant loss of podocyte phenotype and severe foot process effacement. Cells in extracapillary hypercellularity had increased hypoxia-induced factor-1 alpha expression. Extracapillary hypercellularity is associated with severe renal dysfunction and renal sclerosis. Vascular damage is closely related to severe podocyte hypoxia injury and requires additional attention in future research.

Tibial cortex transverse transport surgery improves wound healing in patients with severe type 2 DFUs by activating a systemic immune response: a cross-sectional study.

Tibial cortex transverse transport (TTT) surgery has become an ideal treatment for patients with type 2 severe diabetic foot ulcerations (DFUs) while conventional treatments are ineffective. Based on our clinical practice experience, the protective immune response from TTT surgery may play a role against infections to promote wound healing in patients with DFUs. Therefore, this research aimed to systematically study the specific clinical efficacy and the mechanism of TTT surgery. Between June 2022 and September 2023, 68 patients with type 2 severe DFUs were enrolled and therapized by TTT surgery in this cross-sectional and experimental study. Major clinical outcomes including limb salvage rate and antibiotics usage rate were investigated. Ten clinical characteristics and laboratory features of glucose metabolism and kidney function were statistically analyzed. Blood samples from 6 key time points of TTT surgery were collected for label-free proteomics and clinical immune biomarker analysis. Besides, tissue samples from 3 key time points were for spatially resolved metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis, as well as applied to validate the key TTT-regulated molecules by RT-qPCR. Notably, 64.7% of patients did not use antibiotics during the entire TTT surgery. TTT surgery can achieve a high limb salvage rate of 92.6% in patients with unilateral or bilateral DFUs. Pathway analysis of a total of 252 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) from the proteomic revealed that the immune response induced by TTT surgery at different stages was first comprehensively verified through multi-omics combined with immune biomarker analysis. The function of upward transport was activating the systemic immune response, and wound healing occurs with downward transport. The spatial metabolic characteristics of skin tissue from patients with DFUs indicated downregulated levels of stearoylcarnitine and the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway in skin tissue from patients with severe DFUs. Finally, the expressions of PRNP (prion protein) to activate the immune response, PLCB3 (PLCB3, phospholipase C beta 3) and VE-cadherin to play roles in neovascularization, and PPDPF (pancreatic progenitor cell differentiation and proliferation factor), LAMC2 (laminin subunit gamma 2) and SPRR2G (small proline rich protein 2G) to facilitate the developmental process mainly keratinocyte differentiation were statistically significant in skin tissues through transcriptomic and RT-qPCR analysis. Tibial cortex transverse transport (TTT) surgery demonstrates favorable outcomes for patients with severe type 2 DFUs by activating a systemic immune response, contributing to anti-infection, ulcer recurrence, and the limb salvage rate for unilateral or bilateral DFUs. The specific clinical immune responses, candidate proteins, genes, and metabolic characteristics provide directions for in-depth mechanistic research on TTT surgery. Further research and public awareness are needed to optimize TTT surgery in patients with severe type 2 DFUs.

A Novel Uni- and Biplanar External Fixator for Initial and Definitive Complex Foot Trauma.

Evidence concerning the complex foot trauma, especially its definitive management, is scarce. Soft tissue envelope sequalae are the primary parameters that delay or make internal fixation implausible. Stability conferred by external fixators makes them a reasonable initial treatment choice. Although AO or circular fixators can be applied around the foot, this can involve a learning curve and substantial costs, especially for the circular fixator. There is little evidence as to how well external fixators work as a definite method of fixation in patients where progression to internal fixation cannot be made. We prospectively evaluated 10 adult patients with severe and complex foot trauma who were consecutively treated at our clinic. Initial reduction and stabilization were performed with an external fixator that was initially conceived for distal radius fractures, applied during the initial procedure and mantained throughout the treatment. Fracture healing was obtained in all 10 cases, and both internal and external column length was restored. One of the patients developed chronic osteomyelitis. At the 1-year follow-up visit, these patients averaged 45.6 points in the physical and 44.8 points on the mental status sections of the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12). The Foot Function Index findings for pain, disability, and daily activities limitations were 33.3, 39, and 41.5, respectively, which suggest moderate residual impairment. In this relatively small case series of complex foot trauma, we found that the use of simple external fixation as definitive treatment worked reasonably well. Level III, prospective cohort study.

Association of Race With Referral Disparities for Patients With Diabetic Foot Ulcers at an Institution Serving Rural and Urban Populations.

Racial minorities are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes and experience associated microvascular complications. Non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics initially present with more severe diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) and peripheral artery disease (PAD), with an associated 10-fold increase in risk for lower extremity amputation within the first year after diagnosis. This study was designed to determine if race is associated with a failure to refer to specialists for DFU treatment, and the severity of DFU at the time of initial presentation. Patients were identified from the medical record based on a diagnosis related to diabetic foot complications between January 1, 2018, and June 1, 2023, in the family medicine, endocrinology, orthopaedic, or emergency clinics at a Midwest Academic Hospital serving rural and urban populations. Patients self-reported race, demographics, severity of ulcer based on Wagner ulcer scale at time of referral, eventual amputation status, and measures of social determinants of health including the national Area Deprivation Index (ADI) and Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes were manually extracted and analyzed for correlations with referral status. A total of 597 patients were eligible for inclusion. Race was not associated with lower referral rates (P > .99) or source of referral (P = .58) to specialty clinic and ulcer severity at initial examination (P = .34). Patients who initially presented to the emergency department had more severe ulcers (P = .016), and higher severity was significantly associated with lower limb amputation vs mild ulcers (odds ratio = 38.8, P = .02). No significant differences in referral source or severity of ulcer at presentation were seen for sex, age, marital status, insurance type, rural status, ADI, time from referral to appointment, or eventual amputation. In this study, we found that patient race was not associated with severity of DFU at presentation or subsequent referral to a Midwest academic specialty orthopaedic clinic for care.Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective review.

Surgical management of severe planovalgus foot deformity in children with generalised joint hypermobility

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of calcaneal lengthening osteotomy (CLO) and double arthrodesis of the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints (DA) for correcting planovalgus foot deformity exclusively in patients with generalised joint hypermobility. MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 29 feet in 17 consecutive patients who underwent either CLO or DA. The mean age at surgery was 11.3 ± 2.3 years, and the mean follow-up duration was 7.7 ± 3.2 years. Preoperative and final follow-up radiographs and dynamic foot-pressure measurements were analysed. ResultsBoth operations significantly improved the radiographic parameters, except for the lateral talocalcaneal angle in the CLO group. Pedobarographic study demonstrated an elevation of the medial longitudinal arch and an improved foot-pressure distribution after both surgeries. The plantar pressure in the lateral forefoot significantly increased only in the DA group, while the pressures exerted on the medial forefoot and hindfoot and the arch index improved only in the CLO group. ConclusionsBoth CLO and DA effectively improve the foot alignments of the deformity in patients with generalised joint hypermobility. However, differences were observed in the changes in the lateral talocalcaneal angle and plantar pressure distribution between the two procedures. Level of evidenceTherapeutic Level III.

The Incidence and Outcomes of Major Limb Amputation in New Zealand from 2010 to 2021.

Background: Major limb amputation (MLA) can be a common outcome due to severe peripheral artery disease (PAD) and diabetic foot disease (DFD), and it carries a significant mortality burden. In New Zealand (NZ), there is little documentation of the incidence rate and mortality after MLA. The aim was to report the national crude and standardised rates and the mortality post MLA. Methods: This retrospective observational study included all MLAs that occurred within NZ from 1/1/2010 to 31/12/2021 due to DFD and/or PAD. Two national databases (National Minimum Dataset and the Australasian Vascular Audit) were utilised. The crude rates were calculated as cases per 100,000 in the NZ population per year including all ages (using the 2013 and 2018 NZ census figures). The age-standardised rates used the World Health Organization standard population. Post-operative mortality was calculated from the date of first hospitalisation for MLA. Results: From 2010 to 2021, there were 5293 MLA procedures in 4242 patients. On average, there were 8.5 MLAs per week and 441.1 MLAs annually. The overall crude rate was 9.44 per 100,000, and the standardised rate was 6.12 per 100,000. Over the 12 years, the crude rate decreased by 22% (p < 0.001), and the standardised rate decreased by 20.4% (p < 0.001). After MLA, the 30-day and 1-year mortality was 9.5% and 29.6%, respectively. From 2010 to 2021, the relative reduction in 30-day mortality was 45.1% (p < 0.001), and the reduction in 1-year mortality was 24.5% (p < 0.001). Increasing age, female sex and end-stage renal failure were predictors of 30-day and 1-year mortality. Conclusions: A considerable number of MLAs occur in NZ, with substantial perioperative mortality; however, the national incidence rates and mortality have improved over the last 12 years. This data might serve as benchmark to further reduce MLAs and improve patient outcomes.