Severance Of Diplomatic Relations Research Articles

Beyond Sanctions: ECOWAS and the Resurgence of Military Coups in West Africa

The recent resurgence of military coup d’etat in the West African region is alarming and problematic because of its contagion effect. Since 2019, Chad, Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso and Niger have experienced military coup d’etat. As part of the efforts aimed at reversing military coups in these States, ECOWAS’ swift response has been in the form of sanctions, which include economic blockade, movement restrictions for the coup leaders, severance of diplomatic relations, and suspension of military leaders from the international community, among others. This effort has neither deterred the coup leaders nor hastened the return to civil rule. This paper attempts to examine ECOWAS’ responsibility beyond the imposition of sanctions in the era of resurgent coups in West Africa. The paper adopts the qualitative method of data collection using secondary sources, which include published books, journals, resolutions, and proceedings of ECOWAS. The paper argues that while ECOWAS is performing its moral obligation by imposing sanctions, the organisation lacks the capacity to compel West African leaders in the entrenchment of good governance. It, however, concludes that ECOWAS needs to re-strategize by having a potent framework capable of deepening good governance and stability of democracy in West Africa.

Criteria for defining an armed conflict in international legal acts

The article is devoted to the analysis of international normative legal acts in the context of determining the criteria for armed conflict. In addition, the authors pay attention to the wording of this concept for the proper qualification of the form of armed violence. The authors also explore the effect of international humanitarian law in the event of an armed conflict, because participants of an international armed conflict are obliged to comply with international humanitarian law applicable in such conflicts. The main sources of international legal regulation of armed conflicts include the so-called “Geneva law” and the “Hague Law”. The category of an “armed conflict” in international relations was first used in the Geneva Conventions of 1949, where, along with the term “war”, the concepts of “international armed conflict” and “non-international armed conflict” are used.In addition, the authors emphasize that the concept of an armed conflict should be distinguished from other related concepts such as war, internal unrest, tensions and acts of violence. The distinction between “war” and “armed conflict” is rather arbitrary. In particular, it is believed that the concept of an “armed conflict” is broader and encompasses the concept of “war”. However, not every armed conflict can be called a war, because war has the following features that are not inherent in an armed conflict: the act of declaring war; severance of diplomatic relations between the belligerent states, which is a consequence of the war declaration; the cancellation of bilateral treaties, especially political ones.The autors think that that today one of the most acute problems in the practice of an international humanitarian law application is the lack of a clear and complete definition of all situations to which its provisions should be applied. Thus, international humanitarian law only describes situations that should be regulated by its norms. At the same time, there are still no clear and unambiguous criteria by which such situations can be identified

Great Britain and Russia on the Way to Restoring Diplomatic Relations (1720–1731)

The article deals with the process of restoring diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Russia in the first third of the 18th century. England was the first country with which Russia established diplomatic relations 465 years ago. During this time, the countries have passed a difficult and thorny path of interaction. Often there were open military conflicts between them, and sometimes it simply came to the severance of diplomatic relations. One of these events occurred in the reign of Peter I on 14 December in 1720 year. Although diplomatic relations were interrupted, trade between the states continued to develop. The trade volume was reduced due to political tensions, which caused significant damage to the economy of England. In this regard, the British began to take active steps to establish diplomatic relations. The analysis of the correspondence between two British diplomats, T. Ward and C. Rondeau, and the Secretary of State of Great Britain, first undertaken in historical science, the author concludes that it was England that initiated the restoration of diplomatic relations, primarily to strengthen the position of the English merchants in Russia. The analysis of the ambassadors' dispatches gives valuable insights as to the strategy and tactics of the British Foreign Office in relation to Russia during the reign of Anna Ioannovna, as well as the motives that guided the diplomats involved in the preparatory process of establishing relations between the countries. The correspondence of the diplomats provides an opportunity to get acquainted with both their official and “secret” intelligence activities, which allows the author identify the true intentions of British diplomacy: to comprehensively study a potential rival which the British imagined Russia to be. It is also of great interest to learn more about how their mission went, what impressions they got from their visit to our country, what assessments they made about the top officials in the administration of the Russian Empire, as well as about the Russian people in general.

The relationship of the Russian Orthodox Church with the Jerusalem Patriarchate in 1948-1953 in the context of Soviet-Israeli relations.

The subject of this article is the problem of the relationship between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Jerusalem Patriarchate in 1948-1953 in the context of Soviet-Israeli relations. The specified chronological framework was not chosen by chance, since it was during these years that significant events took place in the development of bilateral relations: the formation of the State of Israel, the establishment of diplomatic relations, the drafting of the statute on Jerusalem, and the severance of diplomatic relations. The ROC was involved in the Soviet Middle East policy, the purpose of which was to strengthen ties between the Moscow Patriarchate and the Eastern Patriarchates. The methodological basis of the research is the principle of historicism, which assumes taking into account the specific historical conditions and events in which the development of the process of interest to us took place. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the previously unexplored process of the relationship between the Moscow Patriarchate and the Jerusalem Orthodox Church during this period has been studied. The source base of the research is unpublished documents of the Foundation of the Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of archival materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, it is concluded that, on the one hand, contacts between the ROC and the Jerusalem Patriarchate were maintained through the Soviet diplomatic mission in the State of Israel. Therefore, the state of bilateral relations influenced the relationship between the Churches. On the other hand, after the rupture of diplomatic relations in February 1953, the situation of the RDM in Jerusalem worsened, but contacts between the Moscow and Jerusalem Patriarchies were not interrupted. Representatives of the Jerusalem Church had the right to freely cross the border, as a result, they could visit the Mission despite the state of Soviet-Israeli relations.

Iran's regional relations after 2000 (Study in relation between Iran and Arab countries)

Relations between Iran and the Arab countries have seen a real fluctuations ranging from support, if not the coalition to tension limit the severance of diplomatic relations, and then the war, since the success of the Islamic revolution in Iran, and fears of the spread of Shiism, and export it to neighboring Arab countries, which are dominated by Sunnis. If the Iranian politics before the Islamic revolution has been characterized Bastbdadah Shah (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi), the leader of the pro-Western, this policy after the Islamic revolution had known Jdida.ovi turning point of this study to review these policies in the two pre-Revolution and Beyond two sections.

韓中建交與韓台斷交的複合關係硏究 -以北韓與台灣對應策略爲中心-

韓中建交與韓台斷交的複合關係硏究 -以北韓與台灣對應策略爲中心-

The Fighting and the Propaganda: The Uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto from the Perspective of ‘Polish London’

The text talks about the reaction of the Polish government in London to the outbreak of the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto and Szmul Zygielbojm’s suicide. The author analyses stenographic records of the sessions of the Polish government in exile, daily logs of the president’s and PM’s activity, stenographic records of the National Council sessions, correspondence sent by the government to Warsaw, the content of official declarations of the government, and the Polish press between April and June 1943. The author reconstructs the government’s state of knowledge regarding the situation in Warsaw and presents the chronology of its popularisation. He also wonders what influence the-then political crisis (the German propaganda’s revelation of the massacre of Polish officers in Katyń and Stalin’s severance of diplomatic relations with the Polish government) had on the government’s approach to the situation in the occupied country, particularly with regard to the fighting in the Warsaw ghetto.

Iraqi-British Relations After 2003

The British knew the importance of Iraq strategy since the beginning of the seventeenth century, so they planned to control it, and it became a big influence them there until 1914, when British forces occupied Iraq. Although Iraq's entry into the League of Nations and declared an independent state in 1932, but it remained under British influence until the 1958 revolution.Relations between the two countries had not stabilized after 1958, and in 1991 Britain participated Gulf War against Iraq and the severance of diplomatic relations. In 2003, Britain entered into an alliance with the United States to occupy Iraq, and after this date restored diplomatic relations between the two countries. And developed relations politically, economically and culturally after 2003.

Działalność Związku Patriotów Polskich w ZSRS w audycjach rozgłośni imienia Tadeusza Kościuszki

Appraising the activity of the Union of Polish Patriots on the basis of radio broadcasts in Polish, one can come to two conclusions. First, the Union of Polish Patriots was an organization dealing with Poles and Jews staying on the territory of the Soviet Union. After the severance of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union the aforementioned organization undermined the legitimacy of the Polish government in London. It was also responsible for passing an ideological declaration, which consisted of theses relating to the post-war borders of Poland. It should be noted however, that all postulates the declaration included (inter alia the subject matter of the post-war Polish-Soviet demarcation) were in fact solutions proposed by the USSR’s authorities. The board of the Union of Polish Patriots organized in war conditions both cultural and educational life for hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens. They were provided with material being to the greatest extent possible and thanks to it countless compatriots lived through that traumatic period. Broadcasts of the Tadeusz Kosciuszko Polishlanguage radio station never misrepresented actions of the Union of Polish Patriots. It arose from the fact that the radio station was functioning and acting as propaganda of its authorities, that is the USSR.

Saudi Arabia and Iran: Friends, Rivals or Foes in Geopolitical Flux

Abstract In recent years, the rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran has become increasingly important in shaping the nature of Middle Eastern security. The execution of the Shiʿi cleric Nimr al-Nimr resulted in the storming of the Saudi embassy and the severing of diplomatic relations between the two states. Nimr's execution was the latest in a long line of incidents that increased tensions between the two, dating back to the time of the Shah. A growing literature exists that seeks to understand the nature of this rivalry, with a particular focus on its sectarian and geopolitical dimensions. This article reviews a number of recent works on this rivalry, which approach the discussion from a range of different backgrounds. Such approaches all seek to challenge the conventional narrative that the rivalry can be boiled down to sectarian differences.

La política exterior canadiense en el gobierno de Stephen Harper: entre la convicción y la polémica

This article looks at different events marking Canada’s foreign policy under Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s government. It aims to explain the origins and dynamics that have allowed Canada to take up new stances in the international arena, steering away from its traditional positions that favored multilateralism and environmental protection. A great many polemics have resulted from this, giving rise to challenges leveled at the Conservative government in Ottawa, particularly in the wake of its departure from the Kyoto Protocol or its unqualified support for Israel. Similarly, its severing of diplomatic relations with Iran has added further controversy to Stephen Harper’s administration.

Persepsi Suharto dan Perubahan Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia terhadap Cina pada Awal Orde Baru

Leadership change from Sukarno to Suharto had given impact to Indonesia foreignpolicies. One of many changes of Indonesia foreign policies in Suharto regime is the severance ofdiplomatic relations with China. This paper aim to explain the Indonesia’s foreign policy change inthat time, especially the severance of diplomatic relations with China in 1967. Despite it becomes ahistorical relic, a case study of Indonesia’s foreign policy under Suharto remains important sincethere have been no specific research focusing on the severance of diplomatic relations betweenIndonesia and China. Using Perception Theory from Ole R. Holsti as the tool of analysis, thispaper concludes that the deteriorating relations between Indonesia and China in 1967 wasinfluenced by Suharto’s perception considered that China is a threat to Indonesia following theattempted coup in 1965.Keywords: Suharto’s perception, Indonesia’s foreign policy, China

Walka i propaganda. Powstanie w getcie warszawskim z perspektywy polskiego Londynu

Tekst traktuje o reakcjach tzw. polskiego Londynu na wybuch powstania w getcie warszawskim i samobójstwo Szmula Zygielbojma. Przedmiotem analizy są stenogramy posiedzeń rządu polskiego na uchodźstwie, dzienniki czynności prezydenta i premiera, stenogramy posiedzeń Rady Narodowej, korespondencja przesyłana do rządu z Warszawy, treść oficjalnych enuncjacji rządowych i zawartość polskiej prasy z okresu kwiecień–czerwiec 1943 r. Autor rekonstruuje stan wiedzy rządu na temat sytuacji w Warszawie oraz przedstawia chronologię jej upowszechniania. Zastanawia się także nad wpływem ówczesnego kryzysu politycznego (ogłoszenie przez propagandę niemiecką informacji o mordzie polskich oficerów w Katyniu i zerwanie przez Stalina stosunków dyplomatycznych z rządem polskim) na traktowanie sytuacji w okupowanym kraju, a szczególnie walk w getcie warszawskim.

An Assessment of Ambassador Luo Jialun’s Mission to India

Luo Jialun (1897– 1969) was the first Ambassador of the Republic of China to India. In his tenure as Ambassador to India (1947– 9), he had intensive interactions with leaders of newly independent India. He was also often consulted for his expertise and opinions related to nation building. Unfortunately, his ambassadorship ended in December 1949 after New Delhi decided to recognise the communist-ruled People’s Republic of China and break off diplomatic ties with the Republic of China. Acknowledging that Luo’s diplomatic career in India has not received much publicity, this article tries to establish the significance of his India mission. The article argues that Luo should not be blamed for the severance of diplomatic relations between India and the Republic of China, which was affected by the global and regional systemic changes resulting from the defeat of the Nationalist government in China. Despite the eventual severance of ties, Luo’s passage to India from May 1947 to January 1950 was largely productive. He had relied on his knowledge and experience to fulfil his assignment as an envoy.

Guantánamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution

Guantánamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution

Israeli-Soviet relations, 1953-1967: from confrontation to disruption

Part 1 From severance of diplomatic relations in February 1953 to their renewal in July 1953: idealogical and psychological aspects of the USSR's decision to sever its relations with Israel changes in Soviet internal and foreign policy after Stalin's death and the resumption of Israeli-Soviet diplomatic relations. Part 2 Bilateral relations - from their resumption to their severance: Israel between East and West phases in the USSR's attitude towards Israel, 1953-1967 trade relations cultural and scientific relations Aliyah, emigration from the USSR and eastern Europe to Israel. Part 3 The Jewish problem in the USSR: continuity and change in Soviet policy regarding the National Question and its attitude towards the Jewish nationality in the USSR the national awakening of the Jews in the USSR and Israel's dissemination of information among them the struggle on behalf of Jews in the USSR. Part 4 The impact of the East-West superpowers' confrontation on the Arab-Israeli conflict and on Israeli-Soviet relations: the Middle East in the Soviet strategy the USSR's policy during and after the Sinai Campaigh Soviet proposals for the prevention of world war and improvement of relations between states intensification of Soviet activity in the Arab states and intensification of tension the Six Day War and the breach of Soviet-Israeli diplomatic relations.

Conservatives and Conservatism: Early Catholic Controversy about the Politics of Charles Maurras

The years from the Dreyfus Affair to the outbreak of the first world war were the years which saw the Action Fran aise (founded by Henri Vaugeois and Maurice Pujo in 1898) change from being a small intellectual coterie, whose common denominator included neither royalism nor Catholicism but was simply nationalism and antisemitism, into a fully-fledged extra-parliamentary political movement which enjoyed a large sympathy among the electorate of the parliamentary right and one of whose main distinguishing marks was a widely advertized and forceful clericalism. Underlying this evolution were the changing politics of the Third Republic itself as well as the changes in the Republic's relations with the Vatican. Thus of consequence for the growth of the Action Franqaise were Combes's wholesale dissolution of the religious orders in 1903 in virtue of his spirited application of Waldeck-Rousseau's right-of-association law enacted two years earlier, the severing of diplomatic relations with the Holy See in 1904, the passing of the law providing for the separation of Church and State in 1905, the inventories' conflict and Pius X's intransigent encyclicals in 1906, and, after an interval of some years, the tide of nationalist and patriotic revival that stirred the country from about 1911 onwards and whose political animators were Poincare, Millerand and Barthou.

The Rio Lauca: Dispute over an International River

have made newspaper headlines, particularly when they resulted in armed clashes between competing claimants. Others, though they have been acrimonious and have even led to the severing of diplomatic relations between states, have escaped general public notice. All of them illustrate that no welldeveloped body of international law exists pertaining to the agricultural, domestic, and industrial use of the water from such rivers and lakes. Disputes over the Nile, Indus, Colorado, and Columbia Rivers have all been settled, at least for the present, on an ad hoc basis, but no real legal precedents have been set for the resolution of similar problems elsewhere. Even smaller rivers, such as the Jordan, can provoke serious conflicts, and as the pressure of world population on the available supplies of fresh water intensifies, smaller and smaller streams are likely to be the focuses of international tension. It is for this reason that the dispute between Bolivia and Chile over the Rio Lauca, though magnified by the internal politics of both countries, is worthy of study.

Legal Aspects of Internationalization of Interoceanic Canals

Twice in the last twelve years the Suez Canal has fallen victim to the Middle East crisis. Today, the Canal remains blocked, with no sign as to when it may be reopened to traffic. Pursuant to the Security Council resolution unanimously adopted on November 22, I967,1 Dr. Gunnar Jarring, Special Representative of the SecretaryGeneral, has been dispatched to the Middle East to help bring about a peaceful settlement2 based upon principles which include the guarantee of freedom of navigation through international waterways.3 It may be noted that the free navigation principle was contained also in the draft resolutions submitted to the Security Council by the Soviet Union,4 the United States5 and one jointly by Mali, Nigeria and India6 as well as one submitted to the General Assembly co-sponsored by twenty Latin American states, including Panama.7 The invariable inclusion of this principle in all these proposals underscores the universal concern for a permanent and sound arrangement whereby international waterways could be converted into instruments of peace and progress, instead of being sources of war and destruction. Halfway around the globe from Suez is the Panama Canal, itself, just a few years ago a scene of disorder and violence resulting in the severance of diplomatic relations between the United States and Panama.8 Though the relations appear normal

Government of France v. Isbrandtsen-Moller Co., Inc.

Foreign States — Right to Sue — Effect of Severance of Diplomatic Relations.Reco11nition — Of Governments — Withdrawal of — As Result of Occupation of Territory — Occupation of France by Germany in 1942.337War — Effects of — Enemy State — Right to Sue — Effect of Severance of Diplomatic Relations.