Several Tens Of Centimeters Research Articles

Numerical Groundwater Model to Assess the Fate of Nitrates in the Coastal Aquifer of Arborea (Sardinia, Italy)

The Arborea plain in Sardinia (Italy) is classified as a nitrate vulnerable zone (NVZ). In the present study, the individual work steps that are necessary to progress from the existing 3D hydrogeological model to a 3D numerical groundwater model using the interactive finite-element simulation system FEFLOW 7.4 are shown. The results of the transient flow model highlight the influence of the drainage network on the overall groundwater management: the total water volume drained by the ditches accounted for approximately 58% of the annual outflow volume. The numerical transport simulations conducted from 2012 to 2020 using hypothetical field-based nitrate input scenarios globally underestimated the high concentrations that were observed in the NVZ. However, as observed in the field, the computed nitrate concentrations in December 2020 still varied strongly in space, from several mg L−1 to several hundreds of mg L−1. The origin of these remaining local hotspots is not yet known. The modeling of rainfall fluctuations under the influence of climate change revealed a general long-term decline in the groundwater level of several tens of centimeters in the long term and, in conjunction with a zero-nitrate scenario, led to a significant decrease in nitrate pollution. Although hotspots were attenuated, the concentrations at several monitoring wells still exceeded the limit value of 50 mg L−1.

Estimating differential penetration of green (532 nm) laser light over sea ice with NASA's Airborne Topographic Mapper: observations and models

Abstract. Differential penetration of green laser light into snow and ice has long been considered a possible cause of range and thus elevation bias in laser altimeters. Over snow, ice, and water, green photons can penetrate the surface and experience multiple scattering events in the subsurface volume before being scattered back to the surface and subsequently the instrument's detector, therefore biasing the range of the measurement. Newly formed sea ice adjacent to open-water leads provides an opportunity to identify differential penetration without the need for an absolute reference surface or dual-color lidar data. We use co-located, coincident high-resolution natural-color imagery and airborne lidar data to identify surface and ice types and evaluate elevation differences between those surfaces. The lidar data reveals that apparent elevations of thin ice and finger-rafted thin ice can be several tens of centimeters below the water surface of surrounding leads, but not over dry snow. These lower elevations coincide with broadening of the laser pulse, suggesting that subsurface volume scattering is causing the pulse broadening and elevation shift. To complement our analysis of pulse shapes and help interpret the physical mechanism behind the observed elevation biases, we match the waveform shapes with a model of scattering of light in snow and ice that predicts the shape of lidar waveforms reflecting from snow and ice surfaces based on the shape of the transmitted pulse, the surface roughness, and the optical scattering properties of the medium. We parameterize the scattering in our model based on the scattering length Lscat, the mean distance a photon travels between isotropic scattering events. The largest scattering lengths are found for thin ice that exhibits the largest negative elevation biases, where scattering lengths of several centimeters allow photons to build up considerable range biases over multiple scattering events, indicating that biased elevations exist in lower-level Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) data products. Preliminary analysis of ICESat-2 ATL10 data shows that a similar relationship between subsurface elevations (restored negative freeboard) and “pulse width” is present in ICESat-2 data over sea ice, suggesting that biased elevations caused by differential penetration likely also exist in lower-level ICESat-2 data products. The spatial correlation of observed differential penetration in ATM data with surface and ice type suggests that elevation biases could also have a seasonal component, increasing the challenge of applying a simple bias correction.

Деформированное состояние угольного пласта в краевой зоне и условие его разрушения при отработке очистной выработкой

The fields of deformations and displacements of the marginal zone of the coal seam are determined on the basis of the associated law of plastic flow, in which the stress components are constructed within the framework of the previously developed model of the geomechanical state of the rock mass containing the coal seam and the workings passed through it. In this model, the stresses in the limiting zone of the seam are determined by the methods of mechanics of the bulk medium developed by the soviet scientist V.V. Sokolovsky. The condition for the destruction of the part of the marginal zone of the coal seam, which, according to the Coulomb-Mohr criterion, passed into the limit state (without hardening), that corresponds to the idealized Prandtl diagram, is that it exceeds the limiting indicator of the intensity of plastic deformations corresponding to the deformations of the coal sample during its uniaxial destruction by compression. This indicator is determined by the results of laboratory experiments with coal samples, or on the basis of available reference information on the mechanical characteristics of coal seams. Destruction of the part of the seam may be accompanied by such a dynamic phenomenon as a rock burst. Seam deformation in the extremely stressed zone is accompanied not only by a decrease in its thickness, but also by the movement of its edge into the goaf. With a significant size of the mined-out space, these displacements (bulging) can extend to several tens of centimeters.

The Large Earthquakes and Deformation Waves as Possible Triggers of Climate Warming in the Arctic and Glacier Destruction in the Antarctic

According to the modern climate paradigm, anomalous phenomena occurring in the polar regions of the Earth, such as rapid warming in the Arctic and intensive destruction of glaciers in the Antarctic, are a serious danger and challenge for civilization since they can potentially lead to global climate warming by several degrees and a rise in the level of the World Ocean by several tens of centimeters as soon as the 21st century. It is presumed that the main cause of these processes, which have strongly accelerated since the second half of the 1970s, was the anthropogenic factor of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, leading to the greenhouse effect. This statement, taken for granted in most developed countries, has led to several international agreements to limit carbon emissions and ideas about the need for a rapid transition to a low-carbon green economy. As for the influence of natural factors on the development of the mentioned dangerous processes, no one denies such a possibility since the facts of climatic changes in preindustrial eras are well known in the geological history of the Earth. However, the geological time scales are so large that most climatologists implicitly proceed from the assumption that short-term climate changes observed over the past and present centuries with a characteristic time of tens of years are mainly determined by rapidly changing atmospheric and oceanic processes. However, one should bear in mind the influence of rapid geophysical processes, such as cycles of earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, which are comparable in time scales with modern climate changes. If an analysis is based on the large megathrust earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 8 and the large-scale deformation waves caused by them in the lithosphere, then, considering physically based trigger mechanisms, it is possible to construct a geodynamic scheme that explains the observed climatic changes in the Arctic and the glacier destruction processes in the Antarctic. This article describes this new geodynamic concept.

Adaptive sampling for accelerating neutron diffraction-based strain mapping * *This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive,paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of

Neutron diffraction is a useful technique for mapping residual strains in dense metal objects. The technique works by placing an object in the path of a neutron beam, measuring the diffracted signals and inferring the local lattice strain values from the measurement. In order to map the strains across the entire object, the object is stepped one position at a time in the path of the neutron beam, typically in raster order, and at each position a strain value is estimated. Typical dwell times at neutron diffraction instruments result in an overall measurement that can take several hours to map an object that is several tens of centimeters in each dimension at a resolution of a few millimeters, during which the end users do not have an estimate of the global strain features and are at risk of incomplete information in case of instruments outages. In this paper, we propose an object adaptive sampling strategy to measure the significant points first. We start with a small initial uniform set of measurement points across the object to be mapped, compute the strain in those positions and use a machine learning technique to predict the next position to measure in the object. Specifically, we use a Bayesian optimization based on a Gaussian process regression method to infer the underlying strain field from a sparse set of measurements and predict the next most informative positions to measure based on estimates of the mean and variance in the strain fields estimated from the previously measured points. We demonstrate our real-time measure-infer-predict workflow on additively manufactured steel parts—demonstrating that we can get an accurate strain estimate even with 30%–40% of the typical number of measurements—leading the path to faster strain mapping with useful real-time feedback. We emphasize that the proposed method is general and can be used for fast mapping of other material properties such as phase fractions from time-consuming point-wise neutron measurements.

Detection Process in Macroscopic Air-Based Molecular Communication Using a PIN Photodiode

An air-based macroscopic molecular communication (MC) testbed is presented exploiting the fluorescent properties of a highlighter-ink water-based solution. The testbed consists of a pressure sprayer as its transmitter, a 2 m long tube as the transmission channel, and a newly designed PIN-photodiode-based detector at the receiver side. The considered transmission distances cover a range over several tens of centimeters to meters. The on-off keying (OOK) modulation scheme is implemented in the new setup and a bit error rate (BER) analysis is performed over the channel length. A data transmission rate of 50 bit/s is achieved, which is more than twice that of the erstwhile implemented testbed using a camera-based detector, at a comparable BER. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is perhaps the fastest transmission rate ever achieved across all existing macroscale MC testbeds employing OOK.

Efficient Magnetic Resonance SIMO WPT Insensitive to Load Impedance at Short Distances

In general, it is known that magnetic induction (MI) wireless power transfer (WPT) is used at a short distance (~several millimeters) and magnetic resonance (MR) WPT is applied at a longer distance (more than several tens of centimeters). In this letter, it is shown that the MR coil can be robustly designed to have higher efficiency, even when the load impedance changes significantly at short distances. The simulated power transfer efficiencies of MI and MR coil show that the MR coil was more insensitive to load impedance than the MI coil. A 1:4 single input and multiple output (SIMO) MR coil wasdesigned and fabricated. Its performance with the variation of load impedance was verified through measurement.

Digital Communication Techniques in Macroscopic Air-Based Molecular Communication

An air-based macroscopic molecular communication testbed exploiting fluorescence properties of water-based solutions of Uranine and Rhodamine 6G dyes is presented in this work. The testbed comprises of an industrial sprayer as its transmitter, a 2 m long tube as the transmission channel, and a high-speed camera-based detector. The considered transmission distances cover a range over several tens of centimeters to meters. The analytical end-to-end system model is extended to include the noise model in this work. Various modulation schemes exploiting the concentration levels of the sprayed dyes as the information source have been implemented and their performances are compared to the standard on-off keying. Spatial domain, along with the concentration of the dyes has been introduced as an additional degree of freedom into the testbed to improve the bit rate, and the performance is compared with respect to those modulation schemes using color and concentration levels of the dyes as degrees of freedom. Various equalization techniques and detection algorithms have also been implemented and compared. All comparative analyses are performed with respect to the measurements obtained from the testbed, the analytical models, and the particle-based Pogona simulator.

Temperature characteristic of a gain fiber core in distributed side-coupled cladding-pumped fiber amplifiers with different pump schemes

In this paper, we study the temperature characteristic of a gain fiber core in distributed side-coupled cladding-pumped (DSCCP) fiber amplifiers by optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first temperature distribution measurement of a fiber core in DSCCP fiber lasers. The temperature distributions are also firstly measured among forward, backward, and bidirectional pump schemes. In addition, the bidirectional pump scheme has lower temperature distribution than unidirectional pump schemes. The experimental fiber core temperature is in according with the numerical simulation, which was once introduced for the temperature study of DSCCP fiber amplifiers. By experimental measurement and theoretical modeling, it is found that the maximum core temperature is several tens of centimeters away from the injected end of the DSCCP fiber, such that it will distribute the heat load along the longitudinal direction and reduce the maximum thermal load with better thermal management advantages than ordinary double cladding fiber (DCF).

Reexamination of Eruptive Activity of Akanfuji in the Me-Akan Volcano, Eastern Hokkaido, Japan

Eruption history of Akanfuji in the Me-akan volcano, eastern Hokkaido, has been examined by comparing multiple natural outcrops. In a previous study, at least 17 layers of scoria fall deposits were recognized. To obtain more detailed geological information and reexamine the eruptive activity of Akanfuji, we conducted trench surveys. At each survey site, the scoria fall deposits from Akanfuji are layered with a total thickness of several tens of centimeters to 1 m. A light brown volcanic ash layer is deposited just under the lowest layer of Akanfuji, and the fresh glass in the light brown volcanic ash shows the glass composition of the volcanic ash that erupted at Tarumai volcano 2500 BP. In addition, volcanic ash ejected from Ponmachineshiri of the Me-akan volcano is deposited on top of the newest deposits in the Akanfuji series with a thin soil layer in between. The volcanic ash ejected from Ponmachineshiri contains patches of volcanic ash from the Mashu volcano that erupted 1000 years ago. Therefore, Akanfuji was active from about 2500 to 1000 years ago. Akanfuji ejected scoria fall deposits at least 17 times (Akf-1 to Akf-17), and assuming that it erupted an average number of times during the activity period, it would be once every 90 years. The eruption rate was estimated to be 0.12 km3 DRE/ka.

Particle Layer Effects on Flowfield and Infrared Characteristics of Aircraft Exhaust Plume

Most existing plume infrared (IR) suppression techniques are difficult to apply to an already established aircraft system and cannot be applied in an active way. As an alternative solution, the present study explores an active technique for shielding IR signals by injecting particles into the engine exhaust plume. A Eulerian–Lagrangian-based discrete phase method was used to calculate a multiphase flow composed of exhaust gas and injected particles. To analyze the characteristics of thermal flow and particle distribution under flight conditions, a cruise condition of Mach number 0.7 at an altitude of 20,000 ft was considered. Water droplets and carbon particles with diameters of 5 and were considered, and placed randomly within the particle layer. To analyze the shielding effect according to particle size, material type, and distribution pattern, the transmittance of IR electromagnetic waves of wavelength was analyzed using a Maxwell multilevel fast multipole method. When the total mass was kept the same, water droplets in wavelength bands below , and water droplets or carbon particles in wavelength bands above were more effective for shielding. If the single-layer transmittance information obtained in the present study is extended to actual particle layers of several tens of centimeters, it is expected that the shielding effect will be significantly higher.

A novel borehole surveying system for underground mining: Design and performance assessment

At present there is a lack of an instrument to measure the trajectory of up-holes in a safe and efficient way with minor disruption of underground production. To overcome this, a mechanically operated probe equipped with Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) and centralisers is integrated in an explosive charge-up unit, which allows the operator to start and stop the measurements from a safe area, while he views the records in real time in a handheld PC. The system incorporates a real-time quality indicator based in the 95% confidence standard deviational ellipse (SDE) of the toe’s positions that clearly indicates whether the survey should be repeated before moving to the next blasthole to ensure measurements with limited uncertainty. In-field data shows an accuracy and repeatability between measurements below 1.3 cm/m, which ensures detecting drilling errors in production rings, often of amount to several tens of centimetres, that may compromise blast results.

Carbon Nanotube Liquid Crystal Dispersion for Large-Area, Micropatterned Aligned Films

Aligned single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films are potential materials for devices with excellent electrical and optical properties. However, the fabrication of well-aligned SWCNT films is limited, along with practical issues such as the area size and mass production. In this study, we successfully developed a method to fabricate SWCNT films with high alignment by applying an SWCNT dispersion to a substrate using a general wet-coating technique. The prepared SWCNT film showed a high degree of orientation with a nematic order parameter of 0.86 and 0.56 based on Raman spectroscopy and near-infrared (NIR) absorption spectroscopy, respectively. An orientation film several tens of centimeters in length can be prepared on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film by wet-coating and drying. Furthermore, using the photoresponsive property of the dispersant, micrometer-scale patterning is also possible. The proposed method paves the way for the development of SWCNT-aligned devices for electronic and optical applications, such as the NIR/infrared polarizer and the detector and the electrode.

Modelling sea-level fingerprints of glaciated regions with low mantle viscosity

Abstract. Global patterns of sea-level change – often termed “sea-level fingerprints” – associated with future changes in ice/water mass re-distribution are a key component in generating regional sea-level projections. Calculation of these fingerprints is commonly based on the assumption that the isostatic response of the Earth is dominantly elastic on century timescales. While this assumption is accurate for regions underlain by mantle material with viscosity close to that of global average estimates, recent work focusing on the West Antarctic region has shown that this assumption can lead to significant error where the viscosity is significantly lower than typical global average values. Here, we test this assumption for fingerprints associated with glaciers and ice caps. We compare output from a (1D) elastic Earth model to that of a 3D viscoelastic model that includes low-viscosity mantle in three glaciated regions: Alaska, southwestern Canada, and the southern Andes (Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) regions 1, 2, and 17, respectively). This comparison indicates that the error incurred by ignoring the non-elastic response is of the order of 1 mm in most areas (or about 1 % of the barystatic signal) over the 21st century with values reaching the centimetre level in glaciated regions. However, in glaciated regions underlain by low-viscosity mantle, the non-elastic deformation can result in relative sea-level changes with magnitudes of up to several tens of centimetres (or several times the barystatic value). The magnitude and spatial pattern of this non-elastic signal is sensitive to variations in both the projected ice history and regional viscosity structure, indicating the need for loading models with high spatial resolution and improved constraints on regional Earth viscosity structure to accurately simulate sea-level fingerprints in these regions. The anomalously low mantle viscosity in these regions also amplifies the glacial isostatic adjustment signal associated with glacier changes during the 20th century, causing it to be an important (and even dominant) contributor to the modelled relative sea-level changes over the 21st century.

3D bioprinted human iPSC-derived somatosensory constructs with functional and highly purified sensory neuron networks

Engineering three-dimensional (3D) sensible tissue constructs, along with the complex microarchitecture wiring of the sensory nervous system, has been an ongoing challenge in the tissue engineering field. By combining 3D bioprinting and human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technologies, sensible tissue constructs could be engineered in a rapid, precise, and controllable manner to replicate 3D microarchitectures and mechanosensory functionalities of the native sensory tissue (e.g. response to external stimuli). Here, we introduce a biofabrication approach to create complex 3D microarchitecture wirings. We develop an hPSC-sensory neuron (SN) laden bioink using highly purified and functional SN populations to 3D bioprint microarchitecture wirings that demonstrate responsiveness to warm/cold sense-inducing chemicals and mechanical stress. Specifically, we tailor a conventional differentiation strategy to our purification method by utilizing p75 cell surface marker and DAPT treatment along with neuronal growth factors in order to selectively differentiate neural crest cells into SNs. To create spatial resolution in 3D architectures and grow SNs in custom patterns and directions, an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-SN-laden gelatin bioink was printed on laminin-coated substrates using extrusion-based bioprinting technique. Then the printed constructs were covered with a collagen matrix that guided SNs growing in the printed micropattern. Using a sacrificial bioprinting technique, the iPSC-SNs were seeded into the hollow microchannels created by sacrificial gelatin ink printed in the gelatin methacryloyl supporting bath, thereby demonstrating controllability over axon guidance in curved lines up to several tens of centimeters in length on 2D substrates and in straight microchannels in 3D matrices. Therefore, this biofabrication approach could be amenable to incorporate sensible SN networks into the engineered skin equivalents, regenerative skin implants, and augmented somatosensory neuro-prosthetics that have the potential to regenerate sensible functions by connecting host neuron systems in injured areas.

Investigation of Multiple Fluorescent Dyes in Macroscopic Air-Based Molecular Communication

An air-based macroscopic molecular communication testbed exploiting fluorescence properties of water-based solutions of Uranine and Rhodamine 6G is presented in this work. The testbed comprises of an industrial sprayer as its transmitter, a 2 m long tube as transmission channel, and a high-speed camera-based detector. The transmission distances considered cover a range over several tens of centimeters to meters. Concerning modulation schemes, molecular shift keying and molecular concentration shift keying are implemented and compared with on-off keying serving as a benchmark. It is shown that the former two can be used to decrease the bit error rate and/or to increase the bit rate. Furthermore, a platform is set for implementing a multiuser scenario, where the same channel is made accessible to multiple users by simultaneous use of different dyes for data transmission with small co-channel interference.

Simulation Method for the Transport System of a Small-Sized Reconfigurable Mobile Robot

This study focuses on the features of transport (locomotion) systems of mobile mini-robots (MMR), i.e., small unmanned ground vehicles of a portable type measuring several tens of centimeters and weighing no more than 15 kg. A distinctive feature of the considered MMR is the possibility of its both structural reconfiguration (i.e., the ability to function in two options—tracked and wheeled) and geometric reconfiguration in the tracked option (i.e., chassis geometry variation). Thus, the transport system of such a mobile robot is divided into two components: a locomotion subsystem and a chassis geometry variation subsystem. The article examines the factors that are necessary for the correct mathematical description of such a small-sized and relatively high-speed transport system. A method for constructing a computer model of the transport system as an electromechanical device only is proposed. Such a computer model of the MMR transport system is developed for two types of chassis configurations: tracked and wheeled. The experimental studies performed and the comparison of the experimental and simulated data obtained showed their close convergence, within 5 to 7%. Thus, it is shown that the revealed features of the MMR transport systems along with the proposed method for their computer model development considering these features make it possible to increase the accuracy and adequacy of the MMR motion simulation in comparison with previously known approaches used in the computation of larger vehicles. The results obtained make it possible to consider the proposed computer model of the transport system as an electromechanical component of the complete model of a mobile robot.

3-D Point Cloud Generation From Airborne Single-Pass and Single-Channel Circular SAR Data

This article presents a framework to generate 3-D point clouds by very-high-resolution single-pass and single-channel circular synthetic aperture radar (CSAR). The focus is both on the precise 3-D determination of very small, detached objects and on larger buildings in complex urban scenes. Inspired by optical flow methods, our approach evaluates the tracked aspect dependent backscatter energy flow of objects above the focusing reference plane. Besides the derivation of the exact projection geometry in CSAR, we give answers to the question of how accurate 3-D information can be extracted by this approach as a function of aspect interval and the object’s signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR). A further coherent adaption uses considerably larger subapertures while focusing the data on different reference heights. The computed 3-D information from multiple aspect views is then fused to a georeferenced 3-D point cloud. This results in the first demonstration of 3-D point cloud generation from CSAR data collected with a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar at the W-band. The results were validated with light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, and the height accuracy was evaluated in relation to the aspect integration interval and the number of aspect views. For small point targets with edge lengths of 3 cm, we could demonstrate that an aspect interval of only 8.5° leads to a height accuracy below 20 cm. Building roofs reach a height accuracy of several tens of centimeters. Besides the spatial information, we can reveal the angular scattering behavior of individual objects and determine over which aspect interval they are even visible.

A Novel Metal Foreign Object Detection for Wireless High-Power Transfer Using a Two-Layer Balanced Coil Array with a Serial-Resonance Maxwell Bridge

In a wireless high-power transfer system with a distance of several tens of centimeters apart between the transmitter and receiver coils, one of the most challenging issues is to detect metallic foreign objects between the transmitter and receiver coils. The metallic foreign objects must be detected and removed since these reduce the transmission efficiency and cause heat generation of the transmitter and receiver. This paper presents two-layer symmetric balanced coil array so that if there are metallic foreign objects, it can be detected through the change of the inductance of the balanced coils. Since the balanced coil is composed of coils that are in a symmetrical relationship in position, there is no need for a reference coil, and interference between coils is reduced by dividing the coil into two layers. In addition, a novel serial-resonance Maxwell bridge circuit to improve the inductance change detection performance is presented in this paper. The proposed metallic foreign object detection system is implemented using two-layer balanced coil array with a serial-resonance Maxwell bridge and the experimental results show that voltage changes of hundreds of mV to several V occur when a metallic foreign object is inserted, so that even small metals such as clips can be detected.

200×200 µm2 structured light source.

3D structured illumination is important in high-speed 3D metrology where beam patterns are roughly categorized into multi-dot and fringe patterns. For example, large-scale multi-dot patterns are utilized for facial recognition in an iPhone X on the basis of an active stereo method, while fringe patterns are utilized in Grey code patterns or fringe projection profilometry including Fourier transform profilometry and the phase shifting profilometry, which is suitable for high-resolution measurement. Among these applications, the light sources include a combination of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and diffractive optical elements (DOEs), a projector, and so on. Recently, we demonstrated static arbitrary two-dimensional beam patterns without a zero-order beam from needle-tip sized integrable spatial-phase-modulating surface-emitting lasers (iPMSELs). Due to their compactness (they are one order of magnitude smaller than DOE), surface-emitting device, lack of zero-order beam, and ease of switching the beam patterns electrically, iPMSELs will be suitable as an ultra-compact light source for 3D metrology that not only downsizes the conventional light source but also contributes to 3D inspections in narrow spaces such as dental and endoscope examinations. In this context, we have examined two beam patterns (multi-dot and fringe) both without a zero-order beam by using the iPMSELs. In the former, we have demonstrated projection of large-scale dot patterns of more than 10,000 points, which is the same order of magnitude as points in a practical device from a 200×200-µm2 emitter. Since the emitter has approximately 1 mega scattering points, this structure enables 1-mega-pixel images in the wavenumber space, which are comparable to the images of a typical projector emitting several-mega-pixel images from several tens of centimeters. In the latter, we successfully shifted the fringe patterns, which is vital to applying the phase shifting profilometry, despite the superposition of the conjugate ±1st order beam patterns.