Combination Of Several Conditions Research Articles

Unpacking complementarity in innovation ecosystems: A configurational analysis of knowledge transfer for achieving breakthrough innovation

To achieve breakthrough innovation, firms often need to acquire complementary knowledge from cross-industry actors in the innovation ecosystem, where unique and supermodular complementarities make knowledge exchange essential for value co-creation. This study examines the impact of the acquisition of knowledge transfer on breakthrough innovation by considering the complementors of unique and supermodular complementarity. We draw on data from 51 firms in the Chinese information and communication technology sector and apply the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), in which we adopt factors on the complementor, relationship, and knowledge characteristics to determine the configurations that lead to firms' breakthrough innovation in the innovation ecosystem. The results show that several combinations of conditions drive firms' breakthrough innovation. Unique complementarities require conditions of explicit knowledge and cultural similarity within the realm of knowledge and complementors' characteristics. Conversely, supermodular complementarity underscores the importance of tacit knowledge, along with trust and tie strength within the characteristics of knowledge and relationships. Our study has practical and theoretical implications for complementors seeking breakthrough innovation in non-generic complementarities.

Is there a happy culture? Multiple paths to national subjective well‐being

AbstractThis study relies on a novel research approach to analyze how national income, income inequality, institutional quality, and culture combine to generate different recipes for eliciting subjective well‐being (SWB). Specifically, we use fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis, which facilitates the study of the combinations of conditions (paths) that act synergistically to achieve a certain outcome. The study uses data from over 70 countries and finds several combinations of conditions for different periods which lead equally to high SWB, as well as several configurations equally leading to low SWB. Additionally, we find that high national income, income equality, high‐quality institutions, and each of the cultural dimensions are not necessary conditions for high SWB. However, high‐power distance and low individualism are necessary conditions to achieve low SWB. The results for a few individual conditions are in line with previous studies, but we also determine that the effect of the remainder depends on the other conditions present in each combination. Overall, the results deliver an original and contrasting view of the factors leading to a nation's high or low SWB.

Complementarity and substitutability between antecedent conditions of eco-innovation: the case of German companies

ABSTRACT Despite extant literature on the drivers of eco-innovation, understanding the complementarity and substitutability between them is an open question. This study takes a configurational approach and examines whether antecedent conditions of eco-innovation complement each other or are interchangeable. Using data from 2049 German companies, multiple regression analysis and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis are employed to identify relations between eco-innovation and its antecedents, as well as configurations that consistently lead to eco-innovation. The results show that several combinations of conditions can lead to eco-innovation, allowing the identification of complementarities among the antecedent conditions and also some conditions that can be considered substitutes. However, some form of market pull is likely to be present when companies engage in eco-innovation, namely, the willingness to improve the reputation of the company or to reduce the cost of energy, water or materials. The present study’s insights provide guidance for future policy design. The results show that mandatory regulations are possibly more effective in large companies and suggest that regulations could provide a better policy instrument than taxes for promoting eco-innovation. Policy-makers should be aware of specific configurations that are associated to eco-innovation and government policies may emphasise the strategic importance of building companies’ engagement in eco-innovation for their reputation.

Time-to-unicorn and digital entrepreneurial ecosystems

This study examines the influence of a digital entrepreneurial ecosystem in setting the pace of how fast a start-up becomes a unicorn (time-to-unicorn). We apply a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis approach (fsQCA) in which we use factors such as supply and demand conditions, innovation and change, institutional environment, and digital trust to determine the configurations that lead to unicorn success, measured by time-to-unicorn. We draw on data on unicorns from CB Insights and use the digital evolution and digital trust scores from the Digital Intelligence Index to analyze 766 unicorns from 39 countries that achieved this status between 2014 and 2021. The results show that several combinations of conditions increase the average national speed that a start-up takes to become a unicorn. Institutions, resources, and infrastructures have a stronger effect on unicorn success than digital trust. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate on the role of digitalization and institutions in the performance of digital entrepreneurial ecosystems.

Solvent extraction of cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries: Dynamic optimization of the number of extraction stages using factorial design of experiments and response surface methodology

The optimization of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) recycling is crucial not only from a waste management perspective but also to decrease the dependence on imports of critical raw materials. In addition, the diversification of the recycling technologies is very important for better flexibility of the market. This study aims at investigating the recovery of Co from spent LiBs using solvent extraction from a real chloride-based solution obtained after the removal of Mn, which is very rarely reported. Cyanex 272 was used as the extractant and the effect of several variables on the extraction efficiency was considered to model and optimize the separation of Co and Ni. The number of extraction stages directly affects not only the process efficiency but also its cost. Thus, in this work, a novel approach was developed to assist in the selection of the number of extraction stages using a dynamic method based on the factorial design of experiments and response surface methodology combined with the Kremseŕs Equation. This method can assist the process design, decrease the overall cost of the operation, and optimize the separation of Co and Ni in a reduced number of extraction stages. The concentration of Co and Ni in the feed solutions is ∼ 8.3 g/L and 1.9 g/L, respectively. Based on the results, 98% extraction efficiency for Co can be achieved in 1 to 2 extraction stages with low co-extraction of Ni (<5%) when using 0.6–0.8 M Cyanex 272, O:A ratio below 1 and pH ∼ 5, but several combinations of conditions could provide similar results.

Contested water- and miningscapes – Explaining the high intensity of water and mining conflicts in a meta-study

Conflicts around access to, control over, and quality of water accompany mining projects all over the globe. Often, they are associated with high intensity as means of contestation range from verbal complaints to protest marches, civil disobedience and violent confrontations. While numerous case studies on water-related mining conflicts exist, scholarship that synthesizes insights remains rare. In order to better understand the dynamics that lead to the escalation of conflicts and to further theory development on the role of, e.g., political economic contexts, hydro-social conditions and social relationships, a systematic overview of the existing empirical evidence is needed.Our meta-study of 53 water and mining conflicts identifies several combinations of conditions that are tied to large-scale mobilization and the use of civil disobedience measures, sabotage or hunger strikes by environmental defenders. As our results show, raised stakes and ontological differences, e.g. in situations where water is essential for livelihoods and cultural and spiritual practices, play a role, in particular when coupled with a lack of meaningful participation. Discursive or physical coercion by the state or by private security forces also intensify mobilization rather than containing it while the role of international NGOs is more ambiguous. To identify explanatory scenarios, we conducted a two-step, fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) based on data collected in a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles and book chapters. Taking its data from published research, our study identifies a geographic bias towards Latin America in academic literature on water and mining conflicts and points out topical blind spots. By looking for conditions that are consistently associated with high-intensity conflicts, it also provides insights on priority areas of engagement for community leaders, policy-makers, and private sector and civil society representatives seeking to avoid the escalation of conflicts.

Konsep Diri Dan Kenakalan Remaja Pada Anak Jalanan

The phenomenon of street children is a problem that has become a worldwide concern because of the increasing number. This study aims to determine the relationship between self-concept and juvenile delinquency in street children. This research was conducted in the city of Salatiga with the number of respondents as many as 34 teenagers with a quantitative descriptive approach. The sampling technique used is the technique Accidental Sampling. The results found in this study are the relationship between self-concept and juvenile delinquency in street children with a value obtained of -0.572 with a sig of 0.000. With this, that juvenile delinquency in street children is not a stand-alone situation but is a combination of several conditions experienced by street children, if a street child does not get direction from their parents and education, then delinquency in street children is a unavoidable problem.

Technical inspection of vehicles in order to eliminate JACKKNIFE accidents

Traffic accidents involving articulated vehicles are characterized by severe consequences and great material damage. Particularly accidents involving articulated vehicles such as tractors with semi-trailers have these aforementioned characteristics. In a large number of accidents involving these vehicles, the main cause of the accident is the human factor, while in others it may be caused by technical failure on the tractor or semi-trailer, road conditions, unfavorable road characteristics, etc., or a combination of several conditions. According to the NHTSA data, about 6 million traffic accidents occur in the United States annually. Heavy goods vehicles are involved in about 10% of all accidents, of which more than 50% of accidents involve tractors with semi-trailers. Accidents involving tractors are caused by technical failure on vehicles in more than 30% of cases, which is significantly higher than in traffic accidents involving other types of vehicles. The most common form of these traffic accidents is a semi-trailer skid, also called jackknifing. This paper explains the most common causes of jackknife accidents, as well as the phenomenon that is closely related to this type of accident, which in theory is called trailer swing. Special emphasis is given to the methodology of technical inspection of vehicles as a factor of preventive actions in order to eliminate technical malfunction of articulated vehicles as the cause of the destabilization of tractors or semi-trailers.

Examining Capabilities of Social Entrepreneurship for Shared Value Creation

Social entrepreneurship can be represented as a transitional vehicle that serves for creating shared value among an entrepreneur, society and the environment. Social entrepreneurship is a sub-discipline within entrepreneurship that remains a poorly-understood complex phenomenon. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was used to empirically analyze the complex relationships among a set of capabilities (namely mission-driven, stakeholder, cross-sector collaboration and environmental management) and social entrepreneurship. Their relationships and effects on the shared value in social, environmental and economic dimensions were analyzed based on data from 22 social enterprises in Thailand. Findings show that there was no single condition that necessarily and solely contributed to high or low social entrepreneurship and shared value. However, a sufficiency analysis revealed several combinations of conditions that sufficiently produced high and low expected outcomes. Because of the special characteristics of social entrepreneurship, the findings highlight the importance of fsQCA for finding different combinations of conditions leading to the same outcomes. In addition, the social and environmental values were found to be a source of competitive advantage and superior economic value that enable the identification and creation of new market opportunities.

Tetanus in children: current concepts of the infection management

The review presents current data on epidemiology, prophylaxis and treatment of tetanus in children. The highest rates of morbidity and mortality, primarily those for neonatal tetanus, are seen in the warm climatic zone countries with a low level of medical care. According to World Health Organization estimates, in 2013, neonatal tetanus killed about 49,000 newborns. Due to active immunization in Russia, only isolated cases of tetanus do occur. However, due to rare incidence and absence of causal treatment, its diagnosis and management can be challenging. The article focuses on the surgical management of wounds as an important element of non-specific disease prevention. The concept of active surgical strategy is proposed in tetanus, based on a one-stage radical excision of infected tissues, up to the amputation of the limb if vitally indicated. The effectiveness of treatment of tetanus patients depends on a combination of several conditions, such as the presence of highly skilled experienced personnel in a specialized multidisciplinary center, modern equipment and medical preparations, as well as rational use of specific therapy.

A French migrant business network in the period of export-led growth (ELG) in Mexico: The case of the Barcelonnettes

After independence, Mexico became the destination for a current of migration from Barcelonnette, France. This migration increased between 1870 and 1930. The combination of several conditions, strategies, and characteristics of these businessmen’s social networks allowed a significant proportion to become wealthy. This paper uses the example of the Barcelonnettes to show that the development of manufacturing industry in Mexico was not directly dependent on the need for foreign currency generated by exports in this period; however these manufacturers benefited from the growth of the domestic market, which was the result of increase of exports of primary goods.

Apolipoprotein E knock-out and knock-in mice: atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, and beyond

Given the multiple differences between mice and men, it was once thought that mice could not be used to model atherosclerosis, principally a human disease. Apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoEKO) mice have convincingly changed this view, and the ability to model human-like plaques in these mice has provided scientists a platform to study multiple facets of atherogenesis and to explore potential therapeutic interventions. In addition to its well-established role in lipoprotein metabolism, recent observations of reduced adiposity and improved glucose homeostasis in apoEKO mice suggest that apoE may also play a key role in energy metabolism in peripheral organs, including adipose tissue. Finally, along with apoEKO mice, knockin mice expressing human apoE isoforms in place of endogenous mouse apoE have provided insights into how quantitative and qualitative genetic alterations interact with the environment in the pathogenesis of complex human diseases.

The game of Double‐Silver on intervals

Silverman′s game on intervals was analyzed in a special case by Evans, and later more extensively by Heuer and Leopold‐Wildburger, who found that optimal strategies exist (and gave them) quite generally when the intervals have no endpoints in common. They exist in about half the parameter plane when the intervals have a left endpoint or a right endpoint, but not both, in common, and (as Evans had earlier found) exist only on a set of measure zero in this plane if the intervals are identical. The game of Double‐Silver, where each player has its own threshold and penalty, is examined. There are several combinations of conditions on relative placement of the intervals, the thresholds and penalties under which optimal strategies exist and are found. The indications are that in the other cases no optimal strategies exist.

Where are the large hydrothermal sulphide deposits in the oceans?

Large sulphide deposits have been identified on slow and fast spreading ridges and backarc basins. Their formation is controlled by a combination of several conditions, each of which alone is often...

The Rolling Resistance, Wear and Traction Properties of Tread Compounds

Abstract The paper gives a brief survey of the state of friction and abrasion research with a view of the possibility to use laboratory methods for the development of new compounds with optimal traction and abrasion properties. It shows that viscoelasticity plays a decisive role in friction and in this way measurements of the dynamic properties give a good indication of the possibilities for good traction properties. However, friction is still a good deal more complex than the modulus or loss factor curves. It takes in different frequency ranges and temperatures in the contact area so that a direct laboratory measurement of these properties is still very desirable. If the speed and temperature correspond to the log aTv values experienced in practice and the laboratory track structure and texture is not too far removed from that of road surfaces, the correlation with road tests is high. To simulate the structure and texture of road surfaces with durable laboratory surfaces, a combination of two surfaces may be necessary. Abrasion is not only influenced by the strength properties of the rubber but also by oxidation and thermal degradation. To give these processes the correct weight in the laboratory, the testing conditions have to be mild and a combination of several conditions is necessary in order to demonstrate the complexity of interactions, which can lead to ranking reversals. Energy dissipation, speed, and abrasive surface structure and texture are identified as prime variables to achieve a high correlation with road wear. Since viscoelasticity, encompassing not only polymer but also filler, oil-extension, curing and other compound additives, plays a major role in both friction and wear, the rolling resistance of the compound is always effected and has to be taken into account. Modern polymerization methods and new filler concepts make it possible to change the viscoelastic properties in such detail that high friction and—to the degree to which strength contributes to wear—high wear resistance can be combined with low rolling resistance. This development has certainly not reached its climax yet. Exciting times lie ahead for tire compounders, polymer- and filler chemists alike.

Survival of micro-organisms in deep-frozen barley and figfeed

Deep freezing at −23°C was not found to have any effect on colony counts of field and storage fungi and bacteria in barley under several combinations of conditions. The factors studied were time in deep-freeze, moisture content, size of sample and thawing rate. Deep-freezing also had no effect on the count of a storage yeast Hyphopichia burtonii in a pig feed.

Influence of temperature upon tricaine methane sulphonate uptake and induction of anesthesia in rainbow trout ( Salmo Gairdneri)

1. The influence of temperature upon the uptake of tricaine methane sulphonate and induction of anesthesia has been evaluated in rainbow trout exposed to eight combinations of test conditions (5° and 15°C, Stage I and 15 min exposures, 60 and 100 mg/1 anesthetic solutions). 2. While all factors considered tended to prompt increases in anesthetic levels and to decrease the time required for induction of the Stage I level of anesthesia several combinations of conditions were without significant effect. 3. Several combinations of conditions lead to attainment of the brain anesthetic levels required for deep anesthesia and two combinations (15°C, 60 mg/l; 5°C, 100 mg/l) lead to particularly high levels, and presumably to more prolonged anesthesia, than did the combination of higher dosage and temperature (15°C, 100 mg/l). However, surgical planes of anesthesia were achieved at 5°C with lower brain anesthetic concentrations than are usually regarded as essential. 4. Cold-acclimated animals consistently displayed higher muscle anesthetic levels than were encountered in 15°C trout. In contrast to the situation observed in the latter group “volumes of anesthetic distribution” consistently exceeded extracellular phase volumes, suggesting a major distinction in anesthetic handling by the muscle tissue of warm- and cold-adapted specimens. 5. Onset of anesthesia can be correlated with attainment of a critical blood level of tricaine methane sulphonate which is apparently weight- and temperature-independent.