Settlement Of Question Research Articles

О формировании предпосылок стратегирования городской конкурентоспособности

Strategic urbanization needs new theoretical and methodological tools at the current stage of Russia’s territorial development. This article identifies prerequisites for a new approach to urban development based on strategizing the urban competitiveness. Using the general theory of strategy and the methodology of strategizing developed by Professor V.L. Kvint, the author studied the socio-economic phenomenon of urban competitiveness. The review of scientific publications involved a narrative bibliographic analysis, which made it possible to determine and classify the key factors of urban competitiveness. By strategizing the urban competitiveness, municipal authorities obtain scientifically based theoretical and methodological foundations for solving various issues of urban development. The review also highlighted urban competitiveness as a socio-economic phenomenon and revealed four groups of factors, i.e., social, economic, infrastructural, and institutional. The main prerequisites for strategizing the urban competitiveness should rely on a comprehensive analysis and forecast of endogenous and exogenous factors, while taking into account the dichotomy of the subject to be strategized. The main directions of strategizing should depend on the system of unique competitive advantages of the urban settlement in question. The approach and the basic strategizing principles introduced in this article do not complete urban competitiveness as a system: the matter needs further methodological research. However, the groundwork can be independently used to strategize urban development.

Preliminary result of archaeological and petrographic classification of Neolithic pottery from Bahçelievler settlement in Northwestern Anatolia

In prehistoric archaeology, pottery is a significant fragment in defining and making sense of the culture. The pottery forms and the differences in the variety of decorations are used together with other archaeological elements in the stratification of the settlement at the local scale. Bahçelievler settlement is located in the southeast of the Marmara Sea and in a mountainous area, unlike many other settlements with similar cultural characteristics. Bahçelievler Neolithic settlement was inhabited for the first time between 7192 and 7052 BCE and continued to be used until 6063–5971 BCE. Therefore, the settlement in question has a crucial role in the beginning and development of the Pottery Neolithic Period, especially in Northwestern Anatolia. Both the differences in form variation and the change in decoration preferences, as well as the changes in undefined stone, limestone, quartz, volcanic rock, basalt, etc. additives, provide meaningful results in the settlement stratigraphy. As a result of petrographic research, Bahçelievler Neolithic potteries are divided into four main groups and are very compatible with the archaeological classification. Clay and clay paste used in pottery are almost entirely consistent with local clays. It has been understood that the tempered material, which is strictly compatible with the geology of the immediate environment, is preferred for pottery. Although different forms and ware groups were selected chronologically to evaluate all the data together, it can be quickly asserted that the samples were of local production.

Growth of Alternative Dispute Resolution Method in The Legal System

Alternative Dispute Mechanism is viewed as the most significant and critical perspective in present day time of dispute settlement. It is an old peculiarity and technique to determine the questions through amicable settlement. It will assist with settling the debate without meddling by unbending court method and conventions. ADR component demonstrate exceptionally helpful, essential and more successful in commercial and civil dispute. The complicity of business and common questions can undoubtedly oversee through the ADR without meddling by details and complex methodology of regulation. The non-intercession by supporters and court will make it more powerful instrument for question settlement. It might consider as elective technique for equity conveyance framework in India. In this exploration paper the specialist will attempt to examination the ADR framework is elective strategy for dispute settlement and way for the Alternative mechanism of existing complex legal framework. The examination will be contended with a goal to investigate the concentrate between the ordinary strategy versus ADR technique for debate settlement and will close by giving a few viable arrangements that ADR is considered as an essential choice in settlement of questions.

Agrarian Law Enforcement In Land Dispute Settlement

Land ownership that is unfair to the community will offer opportunities for some parties to act undemocratically by taking land from the community. Conflict is a phenomenon that often occurs in human life, and arises from the conditions of the diversity of social systems. Conflict, no matter how it is seen, is inextricably linked with social existence. Property rights according to Article 20 paragraph (1) of the UUPA, namely hereditary, strongest, and fulfilled rights that people can own over land by considering that all land rights have a social function. The review utilizes a standardizing juridical methodology and the kind of legitimate survey is an extensive investigation of essential lawful materials, optional legitimate materials, and tertiary legitimate materials. The consequences of this exploration are the goal of land debate cases as specified in Regulation Number 51 of 1960, in Article 2 and Article 6 passage (1) letter a, that the utilization of land without consent from the legitimate individual or their lawful intermediary is a disallowed act and undermined with criminal punishments. Nonetheless, in tending to clashes and land debates that emerge, one should take a gander at it according to a few points of view while as yet focusing on equity and not hurting the two players, so it isn't just seen from the side of the inhabitant's activities yet additionally as far as the endlessly utilization of the land by the proprietor if, as far as usage, the land isn't used ideally and even appears to have been dismissed by the proprietor for roughly 15 years. Settlement of questions through consultation through intervention is followed as the way to taking care of land issues, remembering that the fundamental objective of intervention is to determine issues, apply standards or make request, yet in its execution, it should likewise be founded on broad standards

Research of the range of medication for pulmonary hypertension pharmacotherapy in adults in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a group of rare diseases, malignant in nature, without optimal treatment quickly lead to death. Such patients usually require expensive, continuous and lifelong treatment. Therefore, the study of the assortment structure of drugs used for the treatment of drugs in adults in the domestic market of medicines (drugs) is very relevant.
 The aim of the study was to analyze the range of drugs for the pharmacotherapy of drugs in the modern pharmaceutical market of Ukraine. The object of the study was information on drugs registered in Ukraine, which are included in the protocol of treatment of patients with PH. In the process of research, system-review, graphic, documentary and marketing research methods were used. The result of the study showed that in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine there are no drugs based on INN Epoprostenolum, Treprostinil, Beraprostum, Selexipagum, Macitentan, Tadalafilum, Vardenafilum, recommended by the Adapted clinical guidelines for the treatment of adult patients with PH and Unified clinical protocol of emergency, primary, secondary (specialized) and tertiary (hypersensitivity) medical care «Pulmonary hypertension in adults». Simultaneously INN Rivaroxabanum, Apixabanum, Dabigatranum etaxilatum, Iloprostum, Torasemide, Bosentanum, Ambrisentanum, Riociguat are included in the Unified clinical protocol of emergency, primary, secondary (specialized) and tertiary (hypersensitivity) medical care «Pulmonary hypertension in adults» and tertiary (hypersensitivity) Ukraine, however, are not included in the National List of Essential Medicines, which legally limits the possibility of their purchase by health care institutions for budget funds, but only centrally by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. The structure of drugs for the treatment of PH in adults according to the ATX classification indicates that the largest share have groups С03С – Diuretics – 36.47%, С08С – Selective calcium antagonists with a predominant effect on blood vessels – 32.94%.
 The import dependence of the pharmaceutical market of medication for PH treatment is relatively high and constitutes about 60% of the number of trade names of medication for PH pharmacotherapy that needs research in the directions of its expansion through import substitution and legislative settlement of questions of improving the accessibility of this medication group.

Христианский Мангуп. Современная источниковая база и основные этапы истории

Throughout the entire period of the Middle Ages, the settlement of Mangup was one of the most important ideological centres for the spread of Christianity in the south-western Crimea. From the creation of the independent Gothic bishopric on, it housed the residence and the cathedral church of the hierarchs of Crimean Gothia. This is evidenced by numerous churches and monasteries discovered by many-year-long excavations of the site (27 in total). This paper is the first in the scholarship attempt of systematization of all available information from the sources related to the Christian history of the castle of Mangup, written, epigraphic, archaeological, and so on. Particular attention has been paid to the results of modern excavations of the church archaeology monuments at the settlement in question, carried out systematically in 2012–2021. They formed the basis for the reconstruction of the main stages of church building and the most important periods in the history of the local Christian community. Generally, it covers a wide period from the mid-sixth century, when a big basilica featuring the nave and two aisles, the future cathedral of the Gothic bishopric (metropolia), was built at Mangup along with the large Byzantine castle, and finished in the early seventeenth century. The construction and functioning of most part of known churches and monasteries of the castle of Mangup dates to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, when this site finally developed into a large mediaeval city, the capital of the principality of Theodoro in the south-western Crimea.

Traces of Strong Eneolithic and Medieval Earthquakes Hitting the Durankulak Archaeological Settlement in Northeastern Bulgaria

We have conducted paleo- and archaeoseismological surveys in the Durankulak Eneolithic archaeological settlement in northeastern Bulgaria, identifying many earthquake-related deformations of different ages. The ubiquitous presence of counterfort walls added to damaged original (nearly north–south) walls on the eastern side provides evidence of the first significant earthquake in Durankulak that seems to have occurred during Middle to Late Eneolithic time (4650–4100 B.C.). This seismic event made the north–south walls tilt westward, so that the ancient residents had to build counterfort walls to prevent the original walls from collapsing. However, the upper excavations in the archaeological settlement show that the next, later, seismic deformation induced a tilting and collapse of remains of the original walls eastward, producing a gap of a few tens of centimeters between the original walls and the counterfort walls. Afterwards the settlement was abandoned. It may be surmised that the later earthquake was stronger than the earlier one, which left room for reconstruction work. The local seismic intensity of the earlier earthquake seems to have been at least Il ≥ VIII, while the later event had Il ≥ IX on the МSК-64 scale. Considering that the masonry of both walls, the original and the counterfort ones, is about the same age, the time interval between the two seismic events must have been short, one or two hundred years. Nevertheless, the epicenters of both of these earthquakes were to different directions from Durankulak. The seismic motion (compressive waves and shocks) went from the west during the first earthquake and from the east during the second. The rupture zone of the first seismic event was obviously related (1) to an earthquake-generating zone in continental Bulgaria situated west of the archaeological settlement in question, or (2) to the Intramoesian active fault that was responsible for the large earthquake of 1444. The rupture zone of the second seismic event was nearby, in the coastal part of the Black Sea; the responsible feature seems to have been the Shabla–Kaliakra seismogenic zone. Considerable seismic deformations were also identified in structures on the southern slope of the island in a dwelling dating back to the First Bulgarian Kingdom (the 9th century A.D.). This seismic event produced distortions in the walls (in map view), sigmoidal patterns, as well as fractures and rotations in the walls. The local seismic intensity due to this earthquake is supposed to be at least Il ≥ VIII. The rupture zone of a third seismic event was likely to be nearby, in the coastal part of the Black Sea, and the responsible feature must have been the Shabla–Kaliakra seismogenic zone.

New perspectives of studies in the Przeworsk culture in the Lublin region – on the example of the results of interdisciplinary studies of site 5 in Nieszawa Kolonia, Opole Lubelskie district, Lublin voivodship

The last twenty years have brought discoveries which provide a large number of sources concerning the archaeology of the Roman Period in the Lublin region. The interdisciplinary studies related to site 5 in Nieszawa Kolonia, Opole Lubelskie district, Lublin region, Poland, have generated a substantial part of these new sources. The multi-aspectual analysis of archaeological and biological sources allowed us to characterize of the economy of the dwellers of the settlement which was constituted by agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing. The relative chronology of the settlement was established, and the first stage of its functioning was determined as belonging to phase B2, until phase C1a inclusive. The second stage of the utilisation of the settlement is dated to phase C3-D1. Three instances of radiocarbon dating confirm the chronological frame established by relative dating. The presented analysis of selected archaeological sources from site 5 in Nieszawa Kolonia, especially of ceramic material, seems to confirm the possibility that in the early Roman period, in the Lublin region, especially in its western part, infiltration of Dacian cultural elements into the Przeworsk environment took place. It is undeniable that the chronology of the settlement in Nieszawa Kolonia extends beyond the established time frame assumed for the functioning of the Przeworsk culture in the Lublin region. It is possible that in the late Roman Period the history of the settlement in question is part of a series of changes that took place in the areas of Barbaricum and Roman provinces. Some of the settlers of northern origin could have returned to the former settlements. The settlement in the mesoregion of the Lesser Poland Gorge of the Vistula is of particular importance for the revision of previous interpretations of the cultural changes taking place in the Lublin region in the Roman Period and in the early Migration Period.

НАПРЯМИ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ МІСЦЕВИХ БЮДЖЕТІВ УКРАЇНИ ЗА УМОВ ФІНАНСОВОЇ ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЇ

Pre-condition of increase of efficiency of budgetary process at local level is decentralization of power, optimum distributing of plenary powers and legislative settlement of questions, in the field of forming of the self-sufficient proper capital base. Sharing the looks of leading research workers of economists and practical workers, we will mark that one of important pre-conditions of increase of efficiency of budgetary process at local level in the conditions of financial decentralization is creation of effective capital base, capable enough to provide implementation of both own and delegated, plenary powers.For effective control of such it is necessary to use a wide range of tools that involve the use of variousmarketing tools, primarily to enhance the image of appropriate administrative units which lead to a gradual influx of investment that will ensure the economic well-being of the respective territories. This, in turn, will determine a sufficient capital base to increase the efficiency of the budget process at the local level in the transformation of inter-budgetary relations.In the process of developing the areas of financial support of local budgets, it is necessary to take a set of measures to inform about the prospects of doing business, the corresponding development of business zones, the establishment of cooperation, et al. As positive experience shows, more attractive for investment are territories where efforts of the proper organs of local self-government are oriented on solution of the complex decision of problems of local value, in particular such as complex development of infrastructure, improvement of terms of dwelling, assistance realization of economic activity; a significant increase in the level of competitiveness of economic entities, etc.The pre-condition for the increase of efficiency of budgetary process at local level in the conditions of financial decentralization is determination of level of attractiveness of territorial formations witha purpose of bringing in investment resources, which will contribute to expansion of different types of activity, placing new enterprises on different territories, providing of increase of level of employment of local population, rational and effective use of factors of production, which will provide growth of gross regional product, growth of welfare, and bring investments in a social sphere

Judicial Review of the Fairness and Reasonableness, as between Class Members, of Federal Class Action Settlements

Settlement is the most common way in which federal class actions are resolved in Australia. In order to safeguard the interests of absent class members the settlement or discontinuance of class actions must be judicially approved. A crucial component of this judicial scrutiny entails a determination of whether the settlement in question gives preferential treatment to some class members over others and, if so, whether there are strong reasons that justify the approval of the settlement agreement notwithstanding this differential treatment. Despite the conceptual and practical importance of this dimension of the judicial review of class action settlements, it has been largely ignored in the legal literature. The aim of this article is to address this lacuna by exploring the way in which federal trial judges have, over the last 25 years or so, evaluated the fairness and reasonableness, between the class members inter se, of federal class action settlements.

Self-Government Without Disestablishment: From the Enabling Act to the General Synod

The process of Church–State separation began 90 years before the 1919 Enabling Act, which gave the Church Assembly legislative powers. The Assembly was conceived not by William Temple's Life and Liberty movement but by aristocratic Conservative politicians, motivated by practical efficiency and High Church principles. With Church lawyers, they dominated it for 40 years. The Church's response to Parliament's rejection of the 1928 Prayer Book, to the Matrimonial Causes Act 1937 and, in the 1950s, to the impossibility of fully articulating in the Church of England's canon law its doctrine on marriage discipline and the seal of the confessional, was united, confident and defiant. The Worship and Doctrine Measure 1974 largely completed efforts to achieve legislative autonomy without disestablishment. The General Synod era has seen changes in both Church and State. The traditions that eclipsed the Church's former ‘Centre-High’ consensus have been less concerned to underline the Church's distinctive identity and doctrines, about which the Synod has been less united. Among MPs, Conservative High Churchmanship and concern for minorities have waned, while expectation that the Church's practice will reflect contemporary social attitudes has increased, placing the long-term survival of the 1919 settlement in question.

A Multi-Objective Harmony Search Algorithm for Sustainable Design of Floating Settlements

This paper is concerned with the application of computational intelligence techniques to the conceptual design and development of a large-scale floating settlement. The settlement in question is a design for the area of Urla, which is a rural touristic region located on the west coast of Turkey, near the metropolis of Izmir. The problem at hand includes both engineering and architectural aspects that need to be addressed in a comprehensive manner. We thus adapt the view as a multi-objective constrained real-parameter optimization problem. Specifically, we consider three objectives, which are conflicting. The first one aims at maximizing accessibility of urban functions such as housing and public spaces, as well as special functions, such as a marina for yachts and a yacht club. The second one aims at ensuring the wind protection of the general areas of the settlement, by adequately placing them in between neighboring land masses. The third one aims at maximizing visibility of the settlement from external observation points, so as to maximize the exposure of the settlement. To address this complex multi-objective optimization problem and identify lucrative alternative design solutions, a multi-objective harmony search algorithm (MOHS) is developed and applied in this paper. When compared to the Differential Evolution algorithm developed for the problem in the literature, we demonstrate that MOHS achieves competitive or slightly better performance in terms of hyper volume calculation, and gives promising results when the Pareto front approximation is examined.

Swaledale's ‘Early Medieval Kingdom’ Revisited

Andrew has proposed that an early medieval kingdom occupied the upper end of Swaledale in North Yorkshire, based primarily on the suggestion that the westernmost of the Grinton-Fremington dykes post-dates a settlement of Romano-British origin. Based on new field surveys, this study argues that the settlement in question is probably of medieval origin, but in any case that the dyke is the earlier feature. Moreover, field boundaries associated with a recently recognised bona fide late Iron Age or Romano-British settlement close by certainly do post-date the dyke. Accordingly the westernmost dyke, and perhaps the other cross-valley dykes in the vicinity (but not necessarily the whole of the so-called ‘dyke system’), can be reassigned to the late Bronze Age or earlier Iron Age.

Local or regional? Cost—benefit analysis of a hypothetical new structure in public primary education in Hungary

Local governments are responsible for the provision of primary education in Hungary, this being the largest expenditure item in their budget. The segmented structure of Hungarian local government may be a source of inefficiencies, since one of the most important source of inefficiencies is diseconomies of scale. This paper, using data of two counties — Baranya and Békés — presents a cost—benefit calculation with respect to the operational costs of a hypothetical, newly structured primary education system, where only institutions of “optimal (efficient) size” are operated. Two scenarios are presented. According to the first one all schools of inefficient size would be closed down, while according to the second this could happen only if there is at least one additional social/cultural institution in the settlement in question. The results of the simulation, being rough calculations, may provide guidance on what kind of questions might occur and what the approximate magnitudes of expenditures of a new system might be under specific conditions of reorganisation.

農家の構造分析から見た中山間地域整備の方向に関する事例的研究 岐阜県八幡町の事例

In hilly and mountainous areas, the operation and maintenance of farm and forest and is becoming a major problem Makeupas the number of inhabitants decreases and the impact of the international agricultural situation is felt. Based on an investigation into actual conditions which targets the individual farmers, this problem must be studied with a view to a comprehensive policy for hilly and mountainous areas. From this standpoint, the present research has elucidated the causes for the occurrence of unplanted paddy fields and abandoned cultivation land in terms of a structural analysis of farms in the case of the Sugo settlement, Hachiman-cho of Gifu Prefecture, and has studied trends in the maintenance of hilly and mountainous areas based on this.1. The conditions of unplanted paddy fields and abandoned cultivation land were analyzed with regard to the town as a whole and the targeted rural settlements. Rural settlements with many unplanted paddy fields are found along the major rivers and in the valley plains of mountainous areas. The unplanted paddy fields are fields which are far removed from the farmers and fields which are irregularly shaped or which have a poor work environment on tableland. The average aomunt of farmland owned by farms with unplanted paddy fields is 60 ares, and the unplanted paddy fields account for approximately 20% of this. In addition, these farms possess approximately 40 ares of abandoned cultivation land. The average amount of farmland owned by farms without unplanted paddy fields is approximately 30 ares. With regard to farms with unplanted paddy fields, the number of family members, the age of the householder, and the age of the successor of the farmer are greater than in the case of farms without unplanted paddy fields.2. An analysis was made of the state of the living environment which is one of the conditions of stable settlement in the rural settlement in question. The state of the living environment was considered in terms of living spheres such as the location of the main public facilities, commuting, and shopping. There are no main public facilities in the rural settlement in question ; these are all concentrated in the key settlement of the old village, and the town center. There is a high degree of dependency on the town center for the living sphere, and it was clear that the living sphere of farms with unplanted paddy fields is narrower than farms without such fields. 3. An analysis was made of family makeup and the changes therein, and their relation to the state of managing farmland. With regard to farms with many uncultivated paddy fields, the holding farmland area is comparatively large, and the householder is primarly engaged in part-time labor. The “decrease” in the number of family members combined with the “ageing” of the average age of the family can be observed in farms with a large holding land aera. It would seem that these changes in family makeup are related to the incidence of unplanted paddy fields.4. The relation between changes in family makeup and the state of managing farmland was modeled according to the 3 cases of (a) unstable maintenance of farmland, (b) low-stable maintenance of farmland, and (c) no unplanted paddy fields. While referring to survey results on trends in hilly and mountainous areas, the trends in hilly and mountainous ares maintenance were studied based on these 3 models. As a result, it would seem necessary to secure oppotunities for income generation in industries other than agriculture and forestry, to promote the development of living environment infrastructure, and to adopt not only ageing countermeasures but also a support system for infants and toddlers. Furthermore, it would appear necessary to establish a low-stable maintenance system for farm and forest land.

The Composition of Irrigated and Non-Irrigated Apples

Expression is frequently given to an apparently widespread belief that irrigated in comparison with non-irrigated fruits are flat in taste and less resistant to the various agencies which effect decay. In support of that belief this statement in substance is almost invariably advanced: “The irrigated fruits contain abnormally high percentages of water and consequently low percentages of solid or dry matter; they are, therefore, deficient in the particular compounds upon which taste and body or solidity of structure depend.” We do not presume to say that from analyses alone can the many questions relating to quality in fruits be definitely settled, but since those alleged characteristics of irrigated fruits are charged by this statement to radical deficiencies in certain compounds, it would seem that analytical data would be of material service in the settlement of questions relating to quality. This view of the matter and the fact that here in the north-west, in both the irrigated and the non-irrigated sections, the hardy fruits are grown extensively and shipped to distant markets induced us to undertake some two years ago extensive analyses of fruits grown with and without irrigation. We wish to report here in summarised form the results of that work on the apple; for it, in point of commercial importance, stands pre-eminent among all other fruits grown in the north-west.

The International Court of Prize

On February 15, 1911, the Senate of the United States advised and consented to the ratification of the International Prize Court Convention adopted by the Second Hague Peace Conference and signed by the American delegates October 18, 1907. Although transmitted to the Senate with the various Hague conventions on February 27, 1908, and favorably recommended by the President and Secretary of State, action upon the convention was deferred by the Committee on Foreign Relations because the convention in its original form involved an appeal from the Supreme Court of the United States to the international court at The Hague. This feature of the otherwise acceptable convention raised doubts as to its constitutionality, because Article 3, section 1, of the Constitution provides that “ the judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court.” An appeal from the Supreme Court to the court at The Hague seemed to some inconsistent with this provision, for a court can not be considered supreme if an appeal lies from its decisions. To this it may be answered that the court to be established at The Hague is not a court of the United States, and, therefore, is not contemplated by the Constitution; for the Hague court is a diplomatic tribunal for the settlement of questions which would otherwise be adjusted by diplomacy, or referred to a mixed commission specially constituted for their determination, or which if not determined by either of these methods, might result in war.