Settlements In Ukraine Research Articles

RURAL SETTLEMENT NETWORK OF UKRAINE (THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF CHANGES)

In recent decades, with the intensification of urbanization processes in many countries, there have been numerous notable changes in the size of the rural population, as well as in the number and structure of rural settlements. The purpose of this study is to identify and assess spatial changes in the settlement of the rural population of Ukraine from 1959 to 2021 based on the results of cartographic analysis. The sources of the study are census data for the relevant years (1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001) and subsequent statistical observations. Spatial changes in the regional size and density of the rural population, as well as its territorial dispersion, are traced. Between 1959 and 2001, when the last census was conducted in Ukraine, the number of rural settlements in Ukraine decreased by 13,600. For the first time, the publication highlights certain changes in the characteristics of the rural settlement network, which are new aspects in studying its development.

Особливості використання документарних форм міжнародних розрахунків в Україні

The peculiarities of the use of documentary forms of international settlements by economic entities of Ukraine are analyzed, in particular, advantages and disadvantages, requirements for the use of documentary forms of international settlements, as well as the main directions of innovative approaches to improving their application. The prospects for the development of documentary forms of international settlements in Ukraine are outlined. The stages of decision-making regarding the use of a documentary letter of credit in the implementation of an export operation have been developed. This article analyzed the use of documentary forms of international settlements in Ukraine, which is an important and necessary factor in ensuring the effective and safe implementation of foreign economic activity, especially in conditions of increased volatility of the international environment. The advantage of documentary forms of international settlements is that they provide a high level of protection of the interests of the parties to the agreement. They allow you to avoid risks associated with non-payment of goods delivery, unreliable information about the condition and quality of goods, possible changes in prices or exchange rates and other potential problems. The use of documentary forms of international settlements also ensures trust between the parties by monitoring compliance with the terms of the agreement. However, using a documentary form of settlement can also be a complex and sometimes inconvenient process, as it requires some interaction with paper and compliance with certain procedures. In addition, this form of payment can be expensive due to commissions and other costs associated with banking transactions. Ukraine, as a state with a high level of involvement in international economic relations, actively uses documentary forms for international settlements. This is confirmed by the large number of banks offering this service and the growth of foreign trade volumes. Thus, the use of documentary forms of international settlements in Ukraine is beneficial and necessary to ensure the safety and efficiency of foreign economic transactions. However, it requires some discipline and additional costs. In general, the issue of the use of documentary forms of international settlements in Ukraine requires attention and resolution by improving the legal framework, passing certification courses, improving the qualifications of specialists, and increasing the number of banks that provide services for the use of documentary forms of international settlements. This will help ensure the safety and efficiency of foreign economic activity of Ukrainian companies.

The principles of mediation as a guarantee of the implementation of pre-trial settlement in Ukraine

Goal. Ukrainian legislation has been supplemented by another legal norm, which, with its defined procedural approach, is designed to carry out the process of settlement of conflict situations and disputes, which, as practice shows us, in most cases, were considered only in court. Therefore, this article emphasizes and reveals the essence of the principles on which one of the alternative methods of pre-trial settlement, such as mediation, is based. The main levers that fundamentally differentiate this method from court proceedings are studied. Method. The scientific and theoretical material is analyzed and summarized. During the research, such methods of scientific knowledge as comparative, system-structural were observed. The results. In the course of the research, an analysis of the practical effectiveness of the application of the principles of mediation in the process of dispute settlement, the influence of their nature in the adoption of joint decisions by the parties, as well as the functionality of the principles themselves in maintaining warm relations between the parties to the conflict, was carried out. Scientific novelty. Despite the fact that such a method of pre-trial settlement in the legal field of Ukraine, such as mediation, is already known to some extent, but the novelty itself deserves attention, because its application still requires considerable efforts to implement the introduction into the practical and effective plane of those fundamental principles without which this method unable to exist. And therefore, in fact, this is the content of the novelty, because for a wide range of citizens of Ukraine, it is unfortunately still far from being close to its implementation in their target interests. Practical significance. These research results and conclusions can be applied or taken into account in law enforcement practice, consulting, in the field of judicial and pre-trial proceedings.

Determination of the sanitary protection zone of municipal waste landfill based on evaluation of the environmental hazards: Case study of the Zhytomyr territorial community, Ukraine

Today, Ukraine is far from European standards, and the country's waste management system remains confronted with environmental and technogenic problems, with 7 % of the territory occupied by landfills. Most settlements in Ukraine do not have solid waste management programs or sanitation schemes. Landfills, and especially municipal solid waste dumps, are significant contributors to air, water, and soil pollution. The objective of this research is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the environmental impact of landfills, to translate them from a descriptive and abstract plane to a mathematical plane, and to identify the sanitary protection zones currently utilized for landfills. The subject of this study is the municipal waste landfill of the Zhytomyr territorial community (Ukraine), a typical Ukrainian landfill operated with minimal environmental protection measures.The authors used an original approach to assess the environmental hazard of a municipal waste landfill, taking into consideration the values of absolute indicators of water pollution for specific physicochemical characteristics; maximum permissible concentrations of the studied indicators; distance from the landfill boundary; the amount of excess of the absolute indicator of pollution compared to the MPC; and the intensity of odor in the landfill. The calculated pollution indicators served as the basis for an integrated assessment of the environmental hazards posed by the municipal waste landfill.The study revealed that the Ot indicator (evaluation of the environmental hazards of municipal waste landfills) depends exponentially on the landfill boundary. Based on the value of Ot, environmental zoning was carried out: according to the calculations and taking into account the monitoring of the environmental condition in the landfill's impact zone, the authors recommended the parameters of environmental zoning on the basis of the Ot value.The purpose of this study is to clarify the sanitary protection zones that are currently used for landfills and solid household waste disposals.The research materials can also be used to create databases on landfills, enabling the development of a plan to manage them as sources of heightened environmental risk.

Peculiarities of public administration in the field of urban improvement in Ukraine

The scientific article is devoted to highlighting the features of public administration in the field of urban improvement in Ukraine. The article identifies a number of problems in the field of improvement of settlements in modern Ukraine and suggests practical ways to solve them. Definitions of the terms «improvement of the settlement», «measures for the improvement of the settlement», «maintenance of the territory in proper condition», «roads and street-road network», «green spaces» are given. The field of improvement of settlements as an object of management in modern Ukraine, types of improvement of settlements and objects of improvement are characterized. The differences between the content of state and regional policies in the field of improvement of settlements in Ukraine are determined. Subsystems in the field of improvement of settlements are defined according to the hierarchy of relevance. For example, the street and road network maintenance subsystem, the local outdoor lighting subsystem, the local landscaping subsystem, the communal services subsystem (household waste management, burial, parking), etc., and the problems of these subsystems are also defined and characterized. An assessment of the priority problems in most areas of urban development is given. Directions of theoretical and practical research in the field of improvement of settlements in modern Ukraine are proposed.
 It was established that the main problems of public administration in the field of improvement of settlements are: irrational use of the territory of the settlement; non-use of many facilities of the settlement in accordance with their immediate functional purpose; the unsatisfactory condition of most of the facilities, including roads, alleys, slopes, driveways, pedestrian and bicycle paths (especially in rural areas); the need to increase the number of newly equipped burial places; the presence of unauthorized landfills of household waste; a general low level of care for green spaces within settlements; inadequate conditions for the protection and restoration of an environment favorable for human activity; early development and approval by local councils and heads of newly created united territorial communities of the Rules for the Improvement of Settlements (based on the Model Rules provided for in Article 34 of the Law of Ukraine «On the Improvement of Settlements»); the measures developed by local self- government bodies to maintain the territory of settlements in proper condition, sanitary cleaning and preservation of facilities are not fully implemented in practice due to a lack of human, technical and financial resources, etc.

Leaping on urban islands: further summer and winter range expansion of European bat species

Cities or urban areas are the new types of landscapes that have rapidly developed in the Anthropocene and generally mimic mountains and rock habitats. Such areas attract different vertebrate species that naturally prefer rocky habitats, for example, bats, which are common animal inhabitants of the cities in the Northern Hemisphere. Here we review records of four bat species (Hypsugo savii, Plecotus austriacus, Pipistrellus nathusii and P. pygmaeus) inhabiting human settlements in Ukraine, encompassing the period from 2011 to 2022. Over the last 20 to 30 years, the winter range of P. nathusii has shifted 200-300 km north, and now covers all Black Sea coast steppe regions of continental Ukraine. The Pl. austiacus range most likely covers the whole territory of Ukraine. We documented the first factual records of H. savii in continental Ukraine and the first winter records of P. pygmaeus for the country. Our observations clearly demonstrate colonization of newly formed urban landscapes by bats species from different ecological groups. Therefore, bats, same as some other mammalian species, can be considered beneficiaries of urbanization and urban heat islands.

METHOD OF CHOOSING A TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURE OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE DRAINAGE IN THE SETTLEMENTS OF UKRAINE LOCATED ON EUTROPHED WATER

In the settlements of Ukraine, four types of wastewater drainage systems are used. For all these systems, despite their distinctive differences, the main features that cause technical and ecological problems are identified. It is shown that the gradual reorganization of existing drainage systems of settlements are located at eutrophic water bodies are especially relevant. Due to the unsatisfactory state of wastewater systems, in emergency situations on sewer networks and with insufficiently cleaned surface and drainage wastewater, a significant amount of organic and biogenic substances, pathogenic microflora get into water bodies. This leads to an increase in the ecological unsafety of water bodies. Based on the analysis of literature data, the tasks are identified that need to be solved to achieve the goal.

ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ПЛАНУВАННЯ НОВИХ НАСЕЛЕНИХ ПУНКТІВ НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ У ПОВОЄННИЙ ПЕРІОД

The article highlights the main problems of legal regulation of the planning and construction of new settlements in the light of the recovery of Ukraine from the consequences of the war. The legal status of the settlement as a settlement system and administrative-territorial unit is considered. It has been analyzed that the design of new settlements on the territory of Ukraine in the post-war period will be carried out in the status of a future comprehensively populated territory. It is considered that proposals and justifications for the planning and development of new settlements can be provided by programs for the comprehensive restoration of the region or the territory of the territorial community, planning schemes for the territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, regions and districts, as well as a comprehensive plan for the spatial development of the territory of the territorial community. It is emphasized that the urban planning documentation of the regional level, the documentation on the spatial development and restoration of the territory of the territorial community can only contain proposals regarding the feasibility of building new settlements, their preliminary financial and economic calculation and proposals on the sources of financing such measures. It is argued that the planning and development of new settlements should be carried out by developing master plans. It was found that the planning of a settlement without an approved name, registration in the accounting data and code of the Codifier of administrativeterritorial units and territories of territorial communities is currently impossible due to gaps in legal regulation. In this regard, it was emphasized the need to take into account the experience of foreign countries in the reconstruction of settlements in Ukraine in the post-war period. The need to regulate at the level of normative legal acts the procedure for selecting the territory for the planning and development of new settlements with the definition of urban planning requirements taking into account the natural, climatic and other conditions of the area of their future development is substantiated. Formulated proposals for the improvement of urban planning legislation.

Location of small towns and rural settlements of Ukraine and new realities of the administrative- territorial system: contradictions and perspectives of mutual influences


 
 
 The article reveals the mutual influences of the geography of small towns (mistechka) and rural settlements in Ukraine and the system of administrative-territorial organization at the middle and lowest levels. Based on the statistical analysis, it was concluded that the location of very small cities, urban-type settlements (selyshchа miskoho typu) and villages is significantly differentiated by regions of Ukraine, taking into account the historical-geographical and natural-geographical prerequisites, the level of urbanization and industrialization, as well as differences in the demographic situation. The study proved that before the administrative reform, the small towns of Ukraine played an important role in the organization of the middle link of the administrative territorial system, being the centers of most districts, but as a result of the reform, their administrative importance in the district division became minimal. At the same time, almost half of the small towns became centres of united territorial communities. The author concludes that the loss of the status of medium-sized administrative units by towns could be compensated by transferring a significant part of the functions of regional authorities to new administrative districts, and most of the functions of former district centres to the centres of low-level territorial communities. For this purpose, it is necessary to create appropriate socio-economic conditions for the small towns-centres of new territorial communities to perform all the functions of serving the population of nearby settlements. It was concluded that such changes in administrative powers can ensure, in general, a shift in the weight of socio-economic life deep into the territory, which is necessary to overcome intra-regional disproportions in the development of the economy and the social sphere. The proposition that the structure of rural resettlement also influenced the territorial organization of local self-government in rural areas in different ways at all times was conceptually substantiated. The main socio-geographic parameters that used to determine and currently determine the structure of rural self-government are the density of the rural population, the average population, and the density of rural settlements. The study proved the presence of various regional variants of the combination of these indicators, which were also reflected in the geography of the centres in rural territorial communities. A positive consequence of the administrative reform was the strengthening of the financial base of rural communities, but at the same time, the administrative importance of many rural settlements of Ukraine decreased due to the loss of the status of rural council centres, and the distances between rural settlements and new administrative centres increased. As villages-community centres began to serve larger territories, if their infrastructural potential and economic base were strengthened, they could become new poles of socio-economic development in rural areas.
 
 

Ancient settlements as natural heritage sites: the first occurrence dataset on vascular plant species from ancient settlements in the Lower Dnipro region (Ukraine).

This work is a long-term outcome of an international Ukrainian-Polish teamwork, aiming to assess the role of ancient settlements for steppe conservation and protection. The dataset contains georeferenced occurrences of vascular plant species on 18 ancient settlements (Lower Dnipro, southern Ukraine), collected during the 2015-2020 period. Additionally, to the total species list, the publication presents the taxonomic coverage (according to GBIF Backbone Taxonomy), the frequency classes of occurrences of the total taxa and the floristic differences amongst studied sites. The report also shows the high sozological value of the studied ancient settlements, the high levels of vascular plant species richness and the various means of the plant species protection (according to the Bern Convention, the Red Data Book of Ukraine and regional Red Lists). This work provides the first occurrence dataset from ancient settlements in Ukraine. The dataset includes 3,210 occurrences of vascular plants recorded during the study period of 2015-2020 conducted in the Lower Dnipro region. As ancient settlements were generally considered as steppe refuges, great attention was paid to the native steppe species, as well as to the rare components of the flora. The dataset includes 1,525 occurrences of steppe species and 87 occurrences of rare species, respectively. The dataset could be useful for further research of ancient settlements` floristic richness, but also analyses and comparison with other objects of cultural origin (e.g. kurgans, hillforts, old cemeteries, forgotten parks, sacred groves etc.).

Специфіка господарських відносин у теплоенергетиці України

The main directions of Ukraine’s development in the medium term are the recovery and development of the country after the russian armed aggression, as well as the reform of the mechanisms for managing and regulating the economy in general and the thermal power industry in particular in accordance with the criteria set for accession to the EU. The aim of the study is to identify and generalize the specific features of economic relations in the thermal power industry of Ukraine. The article proposes a classification of factors that can be used to characterize the heat supply system of a particular settlement; the Ukrainian legislation regulating relations in the field of heat supply is studied; the prerequisites for reforming the heat supply sector in the direction of creating regional thermal energy markets are determined. The features of the organization of heat supply in the regions and settlements of Ukraine by types of energy carriers and the structure of thermal energy production are studied (steam or hot-water boilers, combined heat and power district heating, thermal power plants, nuclear power plants). The structure of thermal energy production in some large cities of Ukraine is analyzed. It is determined that an important feature of activity in the field of thermal supply is the centralization of capacities. An analysis of thermal supply systems in large cities of Ukraine has been carried out and it has been proved that the simultaneous use of both large generating capacities and small autonomous boiler houses is typical. Based on the study of existing projects of new buildings from the Database of Energy Certificates of the State Agency on Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving of Ukraine, it is proved that in recent years, in the design and construction of new residential buildings, there has been a tendency to abandon district heating. The features and priority of the use of various heating schemes in residential new buildings of the country are determined. The ownership structure of economic entities in the sphere of district heating of communal energy in Ukraine is analyzed. The number of unprofitable and profitable enterprises of thermal power engineering is studied in the context of forms of ownership. The features of economic relations in the thermal power industry of Ukraine are generalized, which generally characterize the specifics of the organization and functioning of this sphere and constitute the basis for its further reform and post-war development

Аналіз структури українського ринку виробників теплоенергії.

The aim of the article is to study the structure of the market of heat energy producers by organizational and legal forms of economic management and by types of ownership, to determine on this basis the directions of reforming the communal heat and power industry. To achieve the aforementioned goal, the available regional registers of licensees-economic entities in the field of heat supply, as well as the resolutions of the National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission on the issuance of licenses and/or setting the tariffs for heat energy, are analyzed. The accomplished analysis covers the period from 2014 to the first half of 2023 inclusive. 980 economic entities that carried out economic activity during the analyzed period, among them 844 that operated at the end of this period, are identified. These economic entities have different forms of ownership and different organizational and legal forms of economic management. It is determined that the well-known statement that the municipal heat and power industry has been in a state of crisis is valid only for the communal utilities operating large district heating systems. Such enterprises are characterized by a high level of wear and tear of equipment, unsatisfactory financial condition, and inefficient management of the enterprise. Along with the latter, the private sector enterprises are actively developing in Ukraine. Of the total number of economic entities included in the sample (844), more than half (492) are private enterprises, limited liability companies, or individual entrepreneurs. Such economic entities operate effectively in regional markets without receiving any subsidies from local budgets; many of them have been around for more than 10 years. On the basis of the performed analysis, directions of reforming heat and power enterprises of various forms of ownership, first of all, the State-owned and municipal enterprises, are suggested. It is proposed, when expecting an increase in the level of management of a municipal utility enterprise, in particular, to have all kinds of activities unbundled and to implement the outsourcing of the non-core functions. Prospects for further research on this topic would be the study of the organization of heat supply in certain regions and settlements of Ukraine.

Організація централізованого теплопостачання в окремих населених пунктах і напрями формування регіональних ринків теплоенергії

The aim of the article is to study individual settlements from the point of view of organization of their heat supply and to develop on this basis a set of models of regional heat energy markets. The article analyzes a sample of 838 settlements in Ukraine that have centralized heat supply systems. The respective analysis of the sample showed that in the regions of Ukraine there are enterprises of various organizational and legal forms of management, namely: the State-owned and municipal enterprises (including non-profit organizations), business associations, private enterprises and individual entrepreneurs. It is a common phenomenon that the supply of heat energy is carried out by an industrial or energy enterprise, for which this type of activity is not the main one. Different forms of ownership have a certain impact on the organization of relationships between suppliers, local governments and consumers of heat energy. The carried out research allowed to allocate several typical options for the organization of relationships in the field of district heating. It is determined that the organization of these relationships is influenced by the following specific features of an individual settlement and the existing heat supply systems: the number and density of population; provision of the settlement with social facilities; the nature of the predominant buildings; the dimensions of the existing district heating system; presence or absence of mainline and distribution networks for the transportation of heat energy; structure of heat consumption in the context of individual groups of users. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the identified options are analyzed and recommendations for their improvement are elaborated. On this basis, various models of organization of regional heat energy markets and the scope of their use have been proposed. The developed models take into account the specific features of individual settlements and determine the main directions of reforming the relations between suppliers and consumers of heat energy. The implementation of the developed models is aimed at the formation of competitive regional heat markets.

ДО ПИТАННЯ ГРАФІЧНОЇ РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЇ ДЕРЕВ’ЯНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ ОБОРОННИХ ВАЛІВ ХVІ–ХVІІ СТ.

The remains of defensive structures are an important component of the holistic perception of the historical context of many settlements in Ukraine. Local administrations show interest in creating graphic reconstructions of monuments as one of the easiest means of popularizing the historical heritage of the area. Over the past decades, the technical capabilities of modeling historical defense objects in three-dimensional images have significantly improved, which has actualized the problem not only of creating realistic images in the transmission of the environment, but also of creating reliable models that can serve as an information base for scientific discussions and the basis of shaping the cultural development of the population. On the way to creating graphic reconstructions of defense structures, a number of problems arise related to the need to reconstruct lost elements about which there is insufficient information. The remains of wooden and earthen fortifications, although they are more numerous than those of masonry, are much worse preserved. Insufficient study of this type of fortifications, especially from the period of the 16th - 17th centuries, can lead to the selection of false analogues and the implementation of unreliable reconstructions. The article applies the methodology of studying defense structures based on the signs of belonging to a certain system of organization of defense structures. Differences in the solution of wooden shaft structures before and after the period of the spread of artillery are characterized. Problems of interpretation of information from written sources about the existence of shafts and their accompanying wooden structures in the 16th–17th centuries are highlighted. Examples of references to wooden elements of bastion fortifications in written sources are given. Treatises on fortification of the 16th–17th centuries have been analyzed. on the subject of determining the principles of strengthening shafts with wooden elements that were used for external equipment (stockade, paling, wattle, palisade, stakes, etc.). Results of our investigations can be applied in graphic reconstruction and visualization of defensive structures of the 16th–17th centuries, carried on according to the principles of the bastion and round bastion systems of fortifications.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПРАВОВІ ВИМІРИ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ЗАКЛАДУ ДОШКІЛЬНОЇ ОСВІТИ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

The article is devoted to the current problem of the organization of the educational process in preschool education institutions under martial law based on the regulatory documents of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine for the period from February to July 2022, which are timely and regulate the protection of childhood and the restoration of the educational process where possible. The author emphasizes the importance of the documents of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, the content of which is aimed at the organization, restoration of the educational process in preschool education institutions during the martial law, ensuring the support of social adaptation of the participants of the educational process, etc. The leading thesis of all documents of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine of this period is to ensure the maximum possible safety for every child, and every employee of the education system. Due to armed aggression, war crimes, and genocide in Ukraine, some of the settlements in Ukraine do not have basic conditions for the educational process: destroyed infrastructure, residential buildings, and educational institutions, medical institutions, sports facilities, libraries, constant shelling continue, adults and children die. They all need help. It is not only about help in meeting basic life needs, but much more – education and development. It is obvious that in extremely difficult conditions, educational institutions remain the core of the organization of social, psychological, and pedagogical work with children and their parents. In the conditions of martial law, the goals of educational activities of preschool education institutions are significantly expanded and supplemented with new content. Thus, adaptation involves the processing of severe stressful conditions, assistance in perceiving changes and returning to life, assimilating and integrating the experience gained, and creating new life perspectives. It is indisputable that Ukraine, as a social and democratic state, has undertaken to take care of people who have fallen into difficult living conditions, to help them overcome these circumstances. And the children are the priority because they are the ones to rebuild Ukraine. Key words: martial law, legal documents, preschool education institution, statistics, social adaptation.

New records of the invasive species Megachile sculpturalis, Smith, 1853 in Ukraine

Background. Biological invasions are one of the recognized causes leading to the loss of native diversity. Among wild bees in Europe, only three invasive species are known, one of them being Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) – the rapidly spreading giant resin bee whose impact on local diversity remains unexplored. Not only scientists, but also many naturalists are involved in monitoring this invasive species in Europe. The unique appearance of this species and the lack of similar species in the family Megachilidae in Europe makes it easy to identify it even by photo. This oriental species was first recorded in Europe in 2008, in Ukraine in 2018. The aim of our work was to study the distribution of M. sculpturalis in Ukraine and some features of its ecology. Material and Methods. The object of the study is the alien species of wild bees Megachile sculpturalis. For data analysis, we used records of amateur naturalists and their photographic evidence, as well as our own collection material. Insects were identified using binocular stereoscopic microscope Olympus SZX 12 and specialized keys. Results. The article presents analysis of records of the invasive species M. sculpturalis in Ukraine. Five new sites of its distribution were revealed: in the territory Zaporizhzhia region (Zaporizhzhia, Khortytsia island), Odesa region (Odesa, Chornomorsk, Kuyalnytskyi estuary) and Mykolaiv region (Mykolaiv). This allowed us to change the chronology of its settlement in Ukraine and expand the map of its distribution. Bees exhibited relative ecological plasticity when choosing nesting sites, and consistency of nesting cavities recolonization. Conclusions. Data analysis and observations have shown that the alien species M. sculpturalis was brought to Ukraine repeatedly and in different places, which enables it to establish itself in the secondary habitat, form viable offspring and successfully reproduce. Our study also shows the importance of citizen science and the importance of actively involving amateur naturalists in monitoring invasions.

The growth of xenophobia and ethnic hostility during the Russian-Ukrainian war

During the next stage of the Russian-Ukrainian war, started with a full-scale military invasion to Ukraine, the signs of growing xenophobia and ethnic hatred Ukraine has been found, which is the aim of this study. The research methods are based on monitoring of the ethnic and ethnopolitical components of the Russian- Ukrainian war – official and political statements, media reports on crimes based on ethnic hatred, systematic analysis of opinion polls that reflect the ethnicity of the war parties and case studies - analysis of individual situations, which illustrate the rapid degradation of interethnic Russian-Ukrainian cooperation during the Russian war. Despite the high level of xenophobia researching, the convection war waged by Russia against Ukraine has not yet been studied in the current context of total digitalisation, which allows tracking ethnic hatred crimes in real time. Despite the fact that any conventional war is a priori accompanied by an increase in xenophobia and ethnic hatred, as citizens of both states during hostilities in the status of combatants and civilians are being killed, the Russian-Ukrainian war is complicated by a number of circumstances that exacerbate the atmosphere of ethnic hatred and lead to an increase in xenophobia. Although no official increase in xenophobia has been recorded during the Russian-Ukrainian war, as it has not yet been measured, a number of factors analyzed in the article point to an unprecedented rise in Russophobia in Ukrainian society in response to the Russian military invasion. The degree of ethnic hatred is increased by anti-Ukrainian rhetoric and intentions to denationalize Ukraine by the Russian military and political leadership (to destroy the Ukrainian state, the Ukrainian nation), war crimes committed by the Russian military in Ukraine, non-compliance with humanitarian law during the war to intimidate and increase casualties increase civilians, which leads to a humanitarian catastrophe in the settlements of Ukraine. Capture and deliberate destruction of infrastructure, which provides basic needs and livelihoods of people, makes it impossible to maintain normal, decent living conditions in Ukraine. The actions of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine show all the signs of a crime of genocide. Although xenophobia is a destructive phenomenon, an obstacle to democratic development, it has been suggested that defensive Russophobia and ethnic hatred of Russia and Russians are at the core of the consolidation and resilience of Ukrainian society to achieve victory over Russia, a necessary component of preserving the state subjectivity of Ukraine. Key words: Russian-Ukrainian war, xenophobia, genocide.

Використання зонування території як частини генерального планування для визначення площ земель прибудинкових територій

The purpose of this scientific work is to prove the importance and necessity of further development of urban zoning in the settlements of Ukraine in order to improve the adjacent territories. Method. Reform of the residential real estate management system is currently based on three main areas: privatization of residential real estate and the creation of associations of co-owners of apartment buildings (condominiums); reform of housing and maintenance offices (ZhEK); creation of a market of competitive managers and a market of quality housing and communal services. Until 2002, ie until the entry into force of the Land Code of Ukraine (LCU) and the Law on ACMHs, the issue of registration of rights to land under “ordinary” apartment buildings was not settled. The exception was cooperative houses. Article 66 [Land Code of Ukraine, 2022], as amended on March 13, 1992, provided that: “Housing, housing-building, garage-building and countrybuilding cooperatives are provided with permanent land plots for residential, garage and country construction, the size of which is set in accordance with the norms approved in the prescribed manner and design and technical documentation. In practice, this rule was used infrequently. The situation began to change with the update of land legislation. Results. The essence of the developed methodology is to determine the shares of residential areas for all real estate units in proportion to the area of these units in the total area of a residential building. In the general case, the area of the adjoining share calculated for the owner or user of the real estate unit consists of the area of the land plot under the building in which the real estate unit is located and the area of the land plot in the adjacent territory minus all buildings within their perimeter. Scientific novelty and practical significance. On the basis of the stated judgments the technique of definition of adjacent territories in the part of calculation of adjoining shares of real estate units taking into account town-planning zoning is improved. Its essence is to determine the boundaries of the residential quarter (neighborhood), which will calculate the boundaries of adjacent areas and determine the areas within the quarter, which are removed from the area of the residential area. Such territories include: land plots that are privately owned and designed in accordance with current legislation; area of privately owned land plots; land plots that are in permanent use and designed in accordance with current legislation: the area of land plots of permanent use.

Reorganization of Military Cavalry Settlements in Ukraine in the first third of the XIX c.

Reorganization of Military Cavalry Settlements in Ukraine in the first third of the XIX c.

CONSIDERATION OF INFLATION FACTORS IN THE TACTICS OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS TO RESTORE WAR-LOST UKRAINIAN CITIES AND THEIR INFRASTRUCTURE

CONSIDERATION OF INFLATION FACTORS IN THE TACTICS OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS TO RESTORE WAR-LOST UKRAINIAN CITIES AND THEIR INFRASTRUCTURE