Settlement In Britain Research Articles

Falling Leaves Not Returning to the Roots: Agency, Meaning and Complex Emotions in Chinese Women’s Narratives of Settling in Britain Since 1978

ABSTRACT Within the historiography of post-war migration to Britain, many authors have used oral history to explore women’s history of migration to and their lived experiences in Britain. However, current historiographical attention to the Chinese in Britain neglects post-war experiences, particularly those of women, and is yet to engage with rich oral history collections. Drawing on the voices of twelve women, this paper argues that, against the backdrop of relaxing exit controls in post-1978 China, women utilised socioeconomic resources and navigated accessible routes for crossing regional and national borders, displaying their will and resilience to use migration as a means of personal development, and, in some cases, showed pragmatism in seeking to emigrate. This paper expands the historiography of Chinese migration to Britain and adds to our understanding of gender and migration. It indicates that, despite their seeking personal development, Chinese women’s migration was conditioned by family responsibilities, and their narratives of migration incorporated consideration of family members. It highlights how changing policies in China enabled and motivated women’s migration to and permanent settlement in Britain. Teasing out these rationales helps us to rethink the history of ethnic minorities in Britain, moving beyond a (post)imperial framing.

Settlement growth and military conflict in early colonial New England 1620–1700

Property rights are secure, and violence over land can be attenuated when the treatment and delineation of the property are consistent, stable, and interpreted similarly by each party. In the absence of a mutual understanding of property rights, land-use stability becomes strained as the area of contested land between two rival parties expands—when one party (or group) is perceived as asymmetrically and rapidly accumulating land at another’s expense. While relations between Algonquian tribes and English settlers were generally peaceful in the first half of the 17th century, subsequent colonial growth accelerated and lead to violent conflict. The latter half of the 17th century experienced some of the most devastating conflicts during early colonial American development—beginning with Pequot’s War, peaking during King Philip’s War, and ending with a European proxy war in North America during King William’s War. Using probate data for 72 settlements in New England to measure the growth of farmers as a proxy for colonial territorial growth, I find a general pattern that English settlements with higher rates of population and territorial growth experienced more violent conflict during King Philip’s War. The same relationship between territorial growth and violent conflict was not as strong for wars that preceded and succeeded King Philip’s War.

Photography in Social Work and Social Change: Theory and Applications for Practice and Research, Matthias J. Naleppa, Kristina M. Hash and Anissa T. Rogers

This book poetically describes photography as ‘painting with light’ and makes a convincing case for the fit between photographic approaches and ‘the social work profession’s focus on the importance of place, the environment, and the needs and assets that they can encompass’ (p. 120). It consists of three parts: Photography in Social Work, which considers historical, practical, theoretical and research issues; Photographic Methods and Applications, which presents five specific methods; and Technical Aspects and Future Applications. The introductory chapter helpfully presents a brief history of photography before moving on to its use in social work. It provoked new thinking for me: for instance, what photographic evidence there is of the work of the Settlements in England in the early years of photography and whether there was any photographic accompaniment to influential documents like Charles Booth’s Poverty maps of London, which themselves rely on image, if not of a photographic type. I was attracted to the authors’ ideas about social work journalism in which different media combine to tell the stories of the people and communities in contact with social work.

Repetition in abundant landscapes: dynamic approaches to Iron Age and Roman settlement in England

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we draw attention to several regions of England where the knowledge of Iron Age and Roman settlement has reached a level of ‘abundance’ such that what we can say about the past goes beyond simply creating a gazetteer of ‘sites’, or discussing the presence or absence of particular settlement types. We explore how this level of ‘abundance’ has come about, and what the wider implications are interpretatively and for future work.

Making Friends, Making Families: Post-World War II Marriages between Austrian Women and British Soldiers, 1945–1955

Between 1945 and 1955, Austria, like Germany, was divided into four zones under the control of the Soviet Union, the United States of America, Britain, and France. This article discusses marriages between British “occupiers” and Austrian “occupied” between 1945 and 1955, examining the policies for contact from the enactment of the non-fraternisation order until the lifting of the marriage ban. It shows how marriages were concluded despite bureaucratic and legal obstacles and discusses the experiences of Austrian “war brides” upon their arrival and settlement in Britain. The analysis draws upon a wide range of documents to survey the response of the British government and military authorities to British–Austrian relationships and marriage applications. Case studies of an Austrian war bride and children of married British–Austrian couples represent the links between state and military intervention and individual experiences set off by the presence of Allied soldiers in Austria during the first decade after the end of World War II.

Marshall and Dahrendorf: theories of citizenship 1945-2022

ABSTRACT The development of citizenship studies and changes in citizenship is examined between 1945 and 2022 with special reference to Britain. Although the idea of citizenship was established as early as Greek political thought, the development of citizenship based on a welfare state starts in Britain with post-war legislation on education, health, and welfare. The early sociology of citizenship was the work of T. H. Marshall in Britain and Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf in Germany. These two sociologists established a vocabulary and research agenda that has remained influential including basic concepts such as social citizenship, civility, life chances, and public cultures. The post-war settlement in Britain that involved a strategy for the reform of capitalism began to come apart during the Thatcher Years (1979–1990) in which neo-liberalism became the dominant political-economic paradigm. This period saw the creation of ‘casino capitalism’, the erosion of the welfare state or in Thatcher’s words ‘the Nanny State’. Whereas citizenship in the twentieth century was based on notions of sameness and solidarity, citizenship studies have to address increasing social and cultural diversity, a global refugee crisis, the relationship between social and human rights, a demographic crisis, and above all the erosion of citizenship.

Intestinal parasites in the Neolithic population who built Stonehenge (Durrington Walls, 2500 BCE).

Durrington Walls was a large Neolithic settlement in Britain dating around 2500 BCE, located very close to Stonehenge and likely to be the campsite where its builders lived during its main stage of construction. Nineteen coprolites recovered from a midden and associated pits at Durrington Walls were analysed for intestinal parasite eggs using digital light microscopy. Five (26%) contained helminth eggs, 1 with those of fish tapeworm (likely Dibothriocephalus dendriticus) and 4 with those of capillariid nematodes. Analyses of bile acid and sterol from these 5 coprolites show 1 to be of likely human origin and the other 4 to likely derive from dogs. The presence of fish tapeworm reveals that the Neolithic people who gathered to feast at Durrington Walls were at risk of infection from eating raw or undercooked freshwater fish. When the eggs of capillariids are found in the feces of humans or dogs it normally indicates that the internal organs (liver, lung or intestines) of animals with capillariasis have been eaten, and eggs passed through the gut without causing disease. Their presence in multiple coprolites provides new evidence that internal organs of animals were consumed. These novel findings improve our understanding of both parasitic infection and dietary habits associated with this key Neolithic ceremonial site.

Commonalities, Differences and Lacunae: Some Comments on Elite Settlement in England and Ireland in the Early Middle Ages

The two papers that inspire this comment piece appear at an interesting time in the study of power structures in the early middle ages. The topic itself has seen renewed vigour among scholars throu...

Editor's Note

Editor's Note Marion Rust For the second issue of 2021, we have many exciting awards to announce. The Early American Literature Book Prize for 2020 has been awarded to Lindsay DiCuirci, an associate professor of English at UMBC (the University of Maryland, Baltimore County), for Colonial Revivals: The Nineteenth Century Lives of Early American Books, published by the University of Pennsylvania Press in 2019. A full statement regarding this award can be found on page 323 of this issue. Congratulations, Professor DiCuirci! The Modern Language Association Forum on Early American Literature has awarded its 2019 Richard Beale Davis Prize, which honors the best essay to appear in Early American Literature in a single year, to two cowinners: Reed Gochberg, for "Circulating Objects: Crèvecoeur's 'Curious Book' and the American Philosophical Society Cabinet," and Ana Schwartz, for "Mercy as Well as Extremity": Forts, Fences, and Fellow Feeling in New England Settlement." Both essays appeared in EAL 54, no. 2 (2019). A full statement regarding this award can be found on page 325 of this issue. Congratulations, Professors Gochberg and Schwartz! Congratulations are also due to Ajay Kumar Batra, doctoral candidate in English at the University of Pennsylvania, on winning the American Literature Society's yearly 1921 Award for Best Essay in American Literature (untenured category) for "Reading with Conviction: Abraham Johnstone and the Poetics of the Dead End." This essay appeared in Early American Literature's special issue "Beyond Recovery" (55, no. 2), guest edited by Professors Steffi Dippold and Lauren Coats. Thanks to the ALS for sponsoring this award, to the guest editors for including it in their special issue, and to Ajay Kumar Batra for his fine work. The EAL issue here is hard to sum up. Its four essays in the field of Black studies address crowd action (Betsy Erkkila), multispecies narrative (Kyle Keeler), scholarly projection (Rio Bergh), and embodied Black knowledge (Samantha Pinto). Two other contributions correct long-standing [End Page 327] misappraisals of key texts in the field: early seventeenth-century iconoclast Thomas Morton's May Day poem (Robert Hudson Vincent) and the anonymous post-Revolutionary "Panther Captivity" narrative (Alex Gergely). A revisionary assessment of fictional interventions in eighteenthcentury theories of consciousness (Matthew Rebhorn), a teasing out of literary nationalist satirical employments of the British Gothic (Ellen Bulford Welch), a review of new methodologies in the study of natural history (Elizabeth Polcha) and a cowritten twenty-first-century "beast fable" in the voice of a raven and a bobolink (Chi-Ming Yang and Sarah Rivett) round out the list. Taken together, these works overlap in their engagements with animal studies, Black studies, cognitive literary studies, gender studies, genre studies, natural history studies, settler colonial studies, textual criticism, Wampanoag studies, and more. This issue attests to the range, as well as quality, of work now going on in the capacious field of early American literary studies. I commend it to your attention. [End Page 328] Copyright © 2021 The University of North Carolina Press

Ethno-religious socialisation, national culture and the social construction of British Muslim identity

This paper interfaces a specific theory of socialisation, derived from Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann’s influential book The Social Construction of Reality, with the empirical story of Muslim settlement in Britain. It makes a key distinction between the primary socialisation experiences of immigrants, which unfolded in their countries of origin, and that of their diaspora-born offspring whose identity is forged between an inherited ethno-religious culture and the wider British collective conscience. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork conducted with the Islamic revivalist movement Tablighi Jama’at, the paper explores the cultural embodiments of religion as it evolves over generations through an examination of identity markers such as language, dress and food. The analysis triangulates Berger and Luckmann’s concepts of primary and secondary socialisation with a tripartite model of British Muslim identity developed by Ron Geaves. It further argues, in light of Kwame Gyekye’s theory of nation-building, that recent government efforts to promulgate a set of fundamental British values in schools represent an essentially Durkheimian attempt to supply the ‘social glue’ that binds citizens together. While the article acknowledges the increasing salience of religion for many British-born Muslims, it argues for the ongoing influence of ethnicity and nationality in determining their lived experience.

Cultures of risk: On generative uncertainty and intergenerational memory in post-Yugoslav migrant narratives

The disintegration of Yugoslavia not only marked the end of a decades-long socialist multinational project, but also reorganised former Yugoslavs’ possibilities for imagining certain futures. This article examines intergenerational narratives of rupture amongst migrant families living in Britain, showing how uncertain pasts produce distinctly diasporic post-Yugoslav cultures of risk. Unlike sociological accounts of risk that foreground the conditions of late Western modernity, this approach to risk is grounded in collective experiences of late socialism, violent state collapse, and unexpected migration, as well as intergenerational experiences of migration and settlement in Britain. The article puts forth two main arguments. On the one hand, British-born children of former Yugoslav migrants ‘inherit’ and re-narrate their families’ stories of rupture, which transform the specific events of the 1990s into narratives of potentially universal existential uncertainty. While future uncertainty cannot be avoided, it can be partly mitigated by focusing on the present. On the other hand, both parents and children invoke the more positive aspects of risk when they imagine optimistic mobile futures for the younger generation. Here young people’s diasporic hybridity, another inheritance of post-Yugoslav migrations, is favourably contrasted with the postsocialist ‘stuckedness’ that characterises much of the post-Yugoslav space. By focusing on the multi-temporal and generative qualities of narrative uncertainty, the article proposes that intergenerational stories of rupture can contribute valuable interpretive resources for dealing with open-ended futures, both within and beyond migrant communities.

The use of Animals at Roman Roadside Settlements in Britain: Contextualizing some new Results from Ware, Hertfordshire

SummaryRecent analysis of a large faunal assemblage from a Roman roadside settlement at Ware, Hertfordshire has indicated potentially strong links between the nature of animal exploitation on site and its location on Ermine Street. Animal husbandry was focused on the production of cattle and sheep, both of which had experienced stock ‘improvement’ by the late Roman period. Relatively high proportions of horse, and the presence of young horses, suggest the importance of this animal and the potential for its local breeding; the site could have acted as a station for changing or selling horses. The presence of marine fish and black rat also indicate clear links to the wider trade network. This was not an isolated settlement, outside the sphere of Roman influence, as rural Roman sites are often considered to be, but well‐connected to wider economic networks. This paper places these new results in context, by providing a review of faunal assemblages from Roman roadside settlements across Britain. The review indicates that most of the characteristics of animal exploitation at Ware are shared with other roadside settlement sites, though interesting differences also emerge.

"Mercy as Well as Extremity": Forts, Fences, and Fellow Feeling in New England Settlement

"Mercy as Well as Extremity": Forts, Fences, and Fellow Feeling in New England Settlement

Transformation of Identity as a Travelling Concept: A Case Study

In his essay “Travelling Theory” Edward Said claims that when a theory and an idea moves from one place to another, it is influenced and to “some extent transformed by its new uses and its new position in new times and places.” This essay will employ the travelling theory to analyse the transformation of the identities of immigrants and ethnic minorities and will focus on how and why this transformation has been identified and explored as one of the major societal changes of migration. Since the interaction between different cultures and societies has accelerated in recent decades, the question of identity or, rather, identities is at stake. With an application Said's travelling theory, the present study seeks to investigate the identity crisis arising from the acculturation experiences of immigrants. However, the principal concern of this essay is to locate how the process of migration and settlement in Britain or the United States – so-called First World nations – might offer possibilities for (re)construction and (re)definition of an immigrant's identity. The essay adopts a case study approach in order to elucidate the relationship between travelling theory and transformation of identity. For this purpose, Buchi Emecheta's Second Class Citizen (1974), Ravinder Randhawa's A Wicked Old Woman (1987), Bharati Mukherjee's Jasmine (1989), Monica Ali's Brick Lane (2003), and Jhumpa Lahiri's The Namesake (2003) will serve as case studies.

Approaches to Interpreting Mesolithic Mobility and Settlement in Britain and Ireland

The Mesolithic communities of northwest Europe have generally been considered inherently mobile, and all the material evidence associated with them has been interpreted accordingly. This has resulted in entrenched, theoretically polemical and largely hypothetical mobility models, focusing on seasonal rounds and extraction activities. However, recent reanalyses of the ethnographic sources, and discoveries of both substantial and ephemeral Mesolithic structures, as well as new data from recent innovative lithic and scientific analyses (including DNA, isotope research on human remains, and geochemical analyses of lithic artefacts), have forced us to rethink the rather static models of Mesolithic mobility strategies. This paper, examining Mesolithic hunter-gatherer mobility and settlement models from Britain and Ireland, is part of that reassessment. In particular, it assesses the impact of the multiple lines of consilience on our understanding of Mesolithic habitation of landscapes. These include the archaeological evidence and the efficacy of recent theoretical and methodological approaches that have been employed to interpret it.

Between East and West: Jewish Secondary Migration through Ireland and Wales, 1900–1930

This paper compares and contrasts Russian Jewish migration through Ireland and Wales during the period 1900–1930. In doing so, this paper sets out to explore two key questions: (i) Did the Jews who settled in different parts of Britain and Ireland originate from specific provinces in Russia? (ii) Did the location of Jewish settlement in Britain and Ireland have any bearing on the rate of secondary migration to the USA?

Struggles Over Memory: Indigenous People and Commemorative Culture

Struggles Over Memory:Indigenous People and Commemorative Culture Lisa Blee (bio) David W. Grua. Surviving Wounded Knee: The Lakotas and the Politics of Memory. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016. ix + 276 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $34.95. Andrew Denson. Monuments to Absence: Cherokee Removal and the Contest Over Southern Memory. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017. xii + 289 pp. Halftones, notes, bibliography, and index. $29.95. Once the purview of southern scholars, historical studies in American memory have recently turned to regions beyond the South, relations beyond the black-white binary, and stubborn myths beyond the Lost Cause. Tiya Miles's research on African American and Cherokee relations (The House on Diamond Hill, 2010) shows us that memory is a complicated force that can articulate and shape identity; it reveals structures of power and the unstable meanings of family, race, and place. In addition to Miles's study, there has been growth in the fertile ground of Indigenous memory studies. Jean O'Brien's Firsting and Lasting (2010) and Christine DeLucia's Memory Lands (2018) argue that memories of colonial violence and settlement in New England continue to shape perceptions of dispossession and Indigenous persistence in the region. Ari Kelman's A Misplaced Massacre (2015) and a handful of others turned westward to contend with memorials of violent events that Americans lamented as the price of progress. Other recent scholars consider the fraught capitalist realm of heritage tourism, noting how the marketplace of memory can be a double-edged sword for Indigenous people. Emerging within this vibrant scholarly field, David W. Grua and Andrew Denson likewise focus on the fraught process of memory-making while centering Indigenous peoples' perspectives. Their unique studies advance new insights about the politics of memory in which Indigenous people have long been active participants, while also modeling different approaches to evidence, scope, and framing in their respective books. [End Page 597] Grua's Surviving Wounded Knee and Denson's Monuments to Absence set their studies in distinct regions of the United States: the Northern Plains and the South, respectively. They each engage with the memory of a violent event. They read Lakotas' and Cherokees' engagement with non-Indian memorial practices in the specific context of each tribal nation and federal Indian policy shift. They consider Indigenous history as constitutive of the American settler state, and their respective battles over the meaning of the past as fundamental struggles over the memory of the nation. Grua limits his study to the surviving generation who held the event in living memory, while Denson focuses on commemorative practices that began nearly a century afterward. These books not only provide excellent summaries of the events in question; the authors' distinct choices about how to frame and structure their analyses of what happens in the aftermath of colonial violence also raise productive questions over the definition and stakes of memory studies. On December 29, 1890, the U.S. Seventh Cavalry engaged members of Minneconjou Lakota Chief Big Foot's band in a violent altercation. Jumpy and suspicious that the group of Ghost Dancers camped at Wounded Knee creek intended to attack them, the soldiers attempted to disarm and then fired upon the Lakota men, women, and children who fled for their lives. Almost immediately afterward, survivors insisted that the Seventh Cavalry had murdered innocent people. The survivors' quest for justice was personal, but also holds national significance. Wounded Knee is commonly understood to mark the moment when armed American Indian resistance ended and the United States secured military dominion over their lands. For Grua, this "history of ways that Wounded Knee has been remembered, contested, and reimagined during the five decades after 1890" is paramount to understanding national memory and the origins of American power borne of violence. Surviving Wounded Knee is composed of seven mainly chronological chapters and divided into two parts: "Official Memory" and "Lakota Countermemory." The neat organization refers mainly to written text and can be a bit misleading, for it belies the complex ways in which historical narratives are constructed in various forms. Indeed, as Grua demonstrates, Lakota survivors and non-Indian critics did raise challenges to the version that became the official...

Interview with Zygmunt Bauman: From the Modern Project to the Liquid World

In these conversations with Simon Tabet, Zygmunt Bauman narrates important parts of his biographical and intellectual itineraries, from his formative years at the University of Warsaw to his Polish exile and final settlement in England, and how this influenced his sociological vision, as an ‘outsider’. Bauman considers some central concepts of his thought, his main sources of critical inspiration, and his position on such contemporary phenomena as the rise of populism and terrorism in Europe and the consequent relationship between politics and insecurity.

Del proyecto moderno al mundo líquido. Conversación con Zygmunt Bauman

This interview was actually conducted at two different occasions: the first one on the 10th of May 2015 and the second one the 10th of December of that same year. The final written interview respects the chronology of the questions asked in May and December. Both took place at Zygmunt Bauman's house in the suburbs of Leeds. In these conversations with Simon Tabet, Bauman narrates important parts of his biographical and intellectual itineraries, from his formative years at the University of Warsaw, his Polish exile and final settlement in England, and how this influenced his sociological vision, as an “outsider”. Bauman considers some central concepts of his thought, his main sources of critical inspiration, and his position on such contemporary phenomena as the rise of populism and terrorism in Europe and the consequent relationship between politics and insecurity.

The Irish in Coventry: the Social Geography of a Relict Community

Few studies have been made of the social geography of recent Irish migration and settlement in Britain. This paper presents the results of an exploratory investigation of the evolving character and spatial distribution of the Irish community in Coventry. The Irish-born in Coventry have settled almost exclusively as part of the ‘second wave’ of Irish immigration to Britain, during the period between the 1930s and the 1960s. Census data enable the evolving spatial pattern to be described and some possible explanatory factors behind the changing distribution are discussed. Diocesan and school records arc used to supplement the census data, especially for the period since 1981. The suburbanisation of the Irish-born and the second generation has led to a decline in the Irish character of certain inner city neighbourhoods which have been recently resettled by Asian immigrants. The character of the community depends largely on its institutional expressions in the Catholic church and in various clubs. However, given the ageing character of the Irish-born, most of whom settled in Coventry in the 1950s, and the apathy of most of the second generation towards their Irish heritage, it is difficult to foresee a vibrant future for the community.