Memory Set Research Articles

Working Memory Capacity for Mid-Air Gestures in Human–Computer Interaction

Mid-air gesture interactions have emerged as one of the predominant modalities used in human-computer interaction (HCI). However, extant research on gestures predominantly concentrates on the design of gestures for singular functionalities, which requires a comprehensive investigation into gesture interaction design from an integrative HCI system perspective. Working memory capacity plays a pivotal role in constraining the number of gestures accommodated within an HCI system. This study adopts the change detection paradigm to conduct an empirical investigation into the working memory capacities associated with mid-air gestures, aiming to elucidate the working memory capacity for such gestures. The experimental design included two independent variables: five distinct categories of mid-air gestures (physical, symbolic, metaphorical, abstract, and mixed) and memory set sizes ranging from two to nine items. The findings revealed that working memory capacities for different types of gestures fluctuate between three and five items, with symbolic gestures presenting the most negligible cognitive load for recall and abstract gestures proving to be the most challenging. The outcomes of this research have significant implications for both the design of individual gestures and the overarching design of gesture interaction systems, serving as a valuable reference for future endeavors in HCI design optimization.

Electrophysiological Correlates of Visual Memory Search.

In everyday life, we frequently engage in 'hybrid' visual and memory search, where we look for multiple items stored in memory (e.g., a mental shopping list) in our visual environment. Across three experiments, we used event-related potentials to better understand the contributions of visual working memory (VWM) and long-term memory (LTM) during the memory search component of hybrid search. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that the FN400 - an index of LTM recognition - and the CDA -an index of VWM load - increased with memory set size (target load), suggesting that both VWM and LTM are involved in memory search, even when target load exceeds capacity limitations of VWM. In Experiment 3, we used these electrophysiological indices to test how categorical similarity of targets and distractors affects memory search. The CDA and FN400 were modulated by memory set size only if items resembled targets. This suggests that dissimilar distractor items can be rejected before eliciting a memory search. Together, our findings demonstrate the interplay of VWM and LTM processes during memory search for multiple targets.

Exponential Learning Advantages with Conjugate States and Minimal Quantum Memory

The ability of quantum computers to directly manipulate and analyze quantum states stored in quantum memory allows them to learn about aspects of our physical world that would otherwise be invisible given a modest number of measurements. Here we investigate a new learning resource, which could be available to quantum computers in the future—measurements on the unknown state accompanied by its complex conjugate ρ⊗ρ∗. For a certain shadow tomography task, we surprisingly find that measurements on only copies of ρ⊗ρ∗ can be exponentially more powerful than measurements on ρ⊗K, even for large K. This expands the class of provable exponential advantages using only a constant overhead quantum memory, or minimal quantum memory, and we provide a number of examples where the state ρ∗ is naturally available in both computational and physical applications. In addition, we precisely quantify the power of classical shadows on single copies under a generalized Clifford ensemble and give a class of quantities that can be efficiently learned. The learning task we study in both the single copy and quantum memory settings is physically natural and corresponds to real-space observables with a limit of bosonic modes, where it achieves an exponential improvement in detecting certain signals under a noisy background. We quantify a new and powerful resource in quantum learning, and we believe the advantage may find applications in improving quantum simulation, learning from quantum sensors, and uncovering new physical phenomena. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Validating the CogSleep Screener in older adults at a memory and cognition clinic.

While sleep disturbances are prevalent in older people and are linked with poor health and cognitive outcomes, screening for the range of sleep disturbances is inefficient and therefore not ideal nor routine in memory and cognition clinic settings. We aimed to develop and validate a new brief self-report questionnaire for easy use within memory and cognition clinics. The design for this study was cross-sectional. Older adults (aged ≥50 in Sydney, Australia) were recruited from a memory and cognition research clinic. Participants (N = 402, mean age 67.3 years, range 50-86, 63.6% female) completed a comprehensive medical, neuropsychological, and mental health assessment, alongside self-report instruments, including existing sleep questionnaires and a new 10-item sleep questionnaire, the CogSleep Screener. We examined the factor structure, convergent validity, internal consistency, and discriminant validity of this novel questionnaire. Using exploratory principal component analysis, a 3-factor solution was generated highlighting the factors of Insomnia, Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Symptoms and Daytime Sleepiness. Each factor was significantly correlated with currently used sleep questionnaires for each subdomain (all Spearman rho >0.3, all p < 0.001), suggesting good convergent validity. Internal consistency was also good (Cronbach's α = 0.73). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed good discriminative ability between participants with and without sleep disturbances (all area under curve >0.7, all p < 0.01). The CogSleep Screener has good psychometric properties in older to elderly adults attending a memory and cognition clinic. The instrument has the potential to be used in memory clinics and other clinical settings to provide quick and accurate screening of sleep disturbances.

Investigating the effects of context, visual working memory, and inhibitory control in hybrid visual search.

In real-life scenarios, individuals frequently engage in tasks that involve searching for one of the distinct items stored in memory. This combined process of visual search and memory search is known as hybrid search. To date, most hybrid search studies have been restricted to average observers looking for previously well-memorized targets in blank backgrounds. We investigated the effects of context and the role of memory in hybrid search by modifying the task's memorization phase to occur in all-new single trials. In addition, we aimed to assess how individual differences in visual working memory capacity and inhibitory control influence performance during hybrid search. In an online experiment, 110 participants searched for potential targets in images with and without context. A change detection and go/no-go task were also performed to measure working memory capacity and inhibitory control, respectively. We show that, in target present trials, the main hallmarks of hybrid search remain present, with a linear relationship between reaction time and visual set size and a logarithmic relationship between reaction time and memory set size. These behavioral results can be reproduced by using a simple drift-diffusion model. Finally, working memory capacity did not predict most search performance measures. Inhibitory control, when relationships were significant, could account for only a small portion of the variability in the data. This study provides insights into the effects of context and individual differences on search efficiency and termination.

Memristive Characteristics in an Asymmetrically Charged Nanochannel.

The emergent nanofluidic memristor provides a promising way of emulating neuromorphic functions in the brain. The conical-shaped nanopore showed promising features for a nanofluidic memristor, inspiring us to investigate the memory effects in asymmetrically charged nanochannels due to their high current rectification, which may result in good memory effects. Here, the memory effects of an asymmetrically charged nanofluidic channel were numerically simulated by Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations. Our results showed that the I-V curves represented a diode in low scanning frequency and then became a memristor and finally a resistor as frequency increased. We successfully replicated the learning behavior in our system with history-dependent ion redistribution in the nanochannel. Some critical factors were quantitatively analyzed for the memory effects including voltage amplitude, optimal frequency, and Dukhin number. Experimental characterizations were also carried out. Our findings are useful for the design of nanofluidic memristors by the principle of enrichment and depletion as well as the determination of the best memory settings.

Testing the response suppression mechanism of working memory.

Many working memory (WM) paradigms involve recalling multiple items from the same memory set. Participants rarely repeat items they have already recalled, avoiding repetition errors. To prevent these errors, WM models incorporate a response suppression mechanism that removes recalled items from the set of response options. Despite its importance for our understanding of WM, response suppression has received limited direct testing. To address this gap, we used computational models implementing two hypothetical mechanisms of response suppression to derive predictions and tested these predictions experimentally. Participants were asked to recall the same items multiple times during a single trial. If already recalled items are removed from the response set to prevent repetition errors, memory performance should be impaired when the same item is tested again. Contrary to this, we found that memory performance was unimpaired when the same item was tested a second time, and even displayed a recall advantage. Therefore, this study demonstrates the implausibility of response suppression to account for how people avoid repetition errors. We discuss alternative explanations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Scalable Distributed Inverted List Indexes in Disaggregated Memory

Memory disaggregation separates compute (CPU) and main memory resources into disjoint physical units to enable elastic and independent scaling. Connected via high-speed RDMA-enabled networks, compute nodes can directly access remote memory. This setting often requires complex protocols with many network roundtrips as memory nodes have near-zero compute power. In this paper, we design a scalable distributed inverted list index for disaggregated memory architectures. An inverted list index maps a set of terms to lists of documents that contain this term. Current solutions either partition the index horizontally or vertically with severe limitations in the disaggregated memory setting due to data and access skew, high network latency, or out-of-memory errors. Our method partitions lists into fixed-size blocks and spreads them across the memory nodes to balance skewed accesses. Block-based list processing keeps the memory footprint of compute nodes low and masks latency by interleaving remote accesses with expensive list operations. In addition, we propose efficient updates with optimistic concurrency control and read-write conflict detection. Our experiments confirm the efficiency and scalability of our method.

Activated long-term memory and visual working memory during hybrid visual search: Effects on target memory search and distractor memory.

In hybrid visual search, observers must maintain multiple target templates and subsequently search for any one of those targets. If the number of potential target templates exceeds visual working memory (VWM) capacity, then the target templates are assumed to be maintained in activated long-term memory (aLTM). Observers must search the array for potential targets (visual search), as well as search through memory (target memory search). Increasing the target memory set size reduces accuracy, increases search response times (RT), and increases dwell time on distractors. However, the extent of observers' memory for distractors during hybrid search is largely unknown. In the current study, the impact of hybrid search on target memory search (measured by dwell time on distractors, false alarms, and misses) and distractor memory (measured by distractor revisits and recognition memory of recently viewed distractors) was measured. Specifically, we aimed to better understand how changes in behavior during hybrid search impacts distractor memory. Increased target memory set size led to an increase in search RTs, distractor dwell times, false alarms, and target identification misses. Increasing target memory set size increased revisits to distractors, suggesting impaired distractor location memory, but had no effect on a two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) distractor recognition memory test presented during the search trial. The results from the current study suggest a lack of interference between memory stores maintaining target template representations (aLTM) and distractor information (VWM). Loading aLTM with more target templates does not impact VWM for distracting information.

A nanoscale study of hafnium oxide resistive memory switching dynamics

This paper deals with the set and reset time measurements of a resistive memory consisting of a Ti/TiN/HfO2 layer stack contacted with the tip of a conductive atomic force microscope in ultra high vacuum. We present measurements of the set and reset switching times in voltage pulse regime for different voltages and compliance currents. The experimental results are well reproduced by simulation. We derive analytical expressions for the set and reset times as function of experimental conditions. The effect of voltage and current on reset and set switching times is then discussed with the help of their analytical expressions, which are also applied on standard devices characteristics.

A signal-detection account of item-based and ensemble-based visual change detection: A reply to Harrison, McMaster, and Bays.

Growing empirical evidence shows that ensemble information (e.g., the average feature or feature variance of a set of objects) affects visual working memory for individual items. Recently, Harrison, McMaster, and Bays (2021) used a change detection task to test whether observers explicitly rely on ensemble representations to improve their memory for individual objects. They found that sensitivity to simultaneous changes in all memorized items (which also globally changed set summary statistics) rarely exceeded a level predicted by the so-called optimal summation model within the signal-detection framework. This model implies simple integration of evidence for change from all individual items and no additional evidence coming from ensemble. Here, we argue that performance at the level of optimal summation does not rule out the use of ensemble information. First, in two experiments, we show that, even if evidence from only one item is available at test, the statistics of the whole memory set affect performance. Second, we argue that optimal summation itself can be conceptually interpreted as one of the strategies of holistic, ensemble-based decision. We also redefine the reference level for the item-based strategy as the so-called "minimum rule," which predicts performance far below the optimum. We found that that both our and Harrison et al. (2021)'s observers consistently outperformed this level. We conclude that observers can rely on ensemble information when performing visual change detection. Overall, our work clarifies and refines the use of signal-detection analysis in measuring and modeling working memory.

Category-based attention facilitates memory search.

We often need to decide whether the object we look at is also the object we look for. When we look for one specific object, this process can be facilitated by feature-based attention. However, when we look for many objects at the same time (e.g., the products on our shopping list) such a strategy may no longer be possible, as research has shown that we can actively prepare to detect only one or two objects at a time. Therefore, looking for multiple objects additionally requires long-term memory search, slowing down decision making. Interestingly, however, previous research has shown that distractor objects can be efficiently rejected during memory search when they are from a different category than the items in the memory set. Here, using EEG, we show that this efficiency is supported by top-down attention at the category level. In Experiment 1, human participants (both sexes) performed a memory search task on individually presented objects from different categories, most of which were distractors. We observed category-level attentional modulation of distractor processing from ∼150 ms after stimulus onset, expressed both as an evoked response modulation and as an increase in decoding accuracy of same-category distractors. In Experiment 2, memory search was performed on two concurrently presented objects. When both objects were distractors, spatial attention (indexed by the N2pc component) was directed to the object that was of the same category as the objects in the memory set. Together, these results demonstrate how top-down attention can facilitate memory search.Significance statement When we are in the supermarket, we repeatedly decide whether a product we look at (e.g., a banana) is on our memorized shopping list (e.g., apples, oranges, kiwis). This requires searching our memory, which takes time. However, when the product is of an entirely different category (e.g., dairy instead of fruit), the decision can be made quickly. Here, we used EEG to show that this between-category advantage in memory search tasks is supported by top-down attentional modulation of visual processing: The visual response evoked by distractor objects was modulated by category membership, and spatial attention was quickly directed to the location of within-category (vs. between-category) distractors. These results demonstrate a close link between attention and memory.

Differences in the content and coherence of autobiographical memories between younger and older adults: Insights from text analysis.

Several studies have shown that older adults generate autobiographical memories with fewer specific details than younger adults, a pattern typically attributed to age-relate declines in episodic memory. A relatively unexplored question is how aging affects the content used to represent and recall these memories. We recently proposed that older adults may predominately represent and recall autobiographical memories at the gist level. Emerging from this proposal is the hypothesis that older adults represent memories with a wider array of content topics and recall memories with a distinct narrative style when compared to younger adults. We tested this hypothesis by applying natural language processing approaches to a data set of autobiographical memories described by healthy younger and older adults. We used topic modeling to estimate the distribution (i.e., diversity) of content topics used to represent a memory, and sentence embedding to derive an internal similarity score to estimate the shifts in content when narrating a memory. First, we found that older adults referenced a wider array of content topics (higher content diversity) than younger adults when recalling their autobiographical memories. Second, we found older adults were included more content shifts when narrating their memories than younger adults, suggesting a reduced reliance on choronology to form a coherent memory. Third, we found that the content diversity measures were positively related to specific detail generation for older adults, potentially reflecting age-related compensation for episodic memory difficulties. We discuss how our results shed light on how younger and older adults differ in the way they remember and describe the past. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Hong-Ou-Mandel interference of single-photon-level pulses stored in independent room-temperature quantum memories

Quantum repeater networks require independent absorptive quantum memories capable of storing and retrieving indistinguishable photons to perform high-repetition entanglement swapping operations. The ability to perform these coherent operations at room temperature is of prime importance for the realization of scalable quantum networks. We perform Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference between photonic polarization states and single-photon-level pulses stored and retrieved from two sets of independent room-temperature quantum memories. We show that the storage and retrieval of polarization states from quantum memories does not degrade the HOM visibility for few-photon-level polarization states in a dual-rail configuration. For single-photon-level pulses, we measure the HOM visibility with various levels of background in a single polarization, single-rail QM, and investigate its dependence on the signal-to-background ratio. We obtain an HOM visibility of 43%, compared to the 48% no-memory limit of our set-up. These results allow us to estimate a 33% visibility for polarization qubits under the same conditions. These demonstrations lay the groundwork for future applications using large-scale memory-assisted quantum networks.

Hybrid visual and memory search for scenes and objects with variable viewpoints.

In hybrid search, observers search visual arrays for any of several target types held in memory. The key finding in hybrid search is that response times (RTs) increase as a linear function of the number of items in a display (visual set size), but RTs increase linearly with the log of the memory set size. Previous experiments have shown this result for specific targets (find exactly this picture of a boot on a blank background) and for broad categorical targets (find any animal). Arguably, these are rather unnatural situations. In the real world, objects are parts of scenes and are seen from multiple viewpoints. The present experiments generalize the hybrid search findings to scenes (Experiment 1) and multiple viewpoints (Experiment 2). The results replicated the basic pattern of hybrid search results: RTs increased logarithmically with the number of scene photos/categories held in memory. Experiment 3 controls the experiment for which viewpoints were seen in an initial learning phase. The results replicate the findings of Experiment 2. Experiment 4 compares hybrid search for specific viewpoints, variable viewpoints, and categorical targets. Search difficulty increases from specific viewpoints to variable viewpoints and then to categorical targets. The results of the four experiments show the generality of logarithmic search through memory in hybrid search.

A DIGITAL LIFE STORY BOOK ACTIVITY FOR OLDER ADULTS WITH MEMORY DIFFICULTIES: PROGRAM EVALUATION

Abstract Reminiscence activities are based on maintaining a core set of personal memories to aid self-continuity (Woods, 2012). Some interventions find limited effects (Charlesworth et al, 2016) but with participants reporting high satisfaction with the program. The aims of the current study were to: (i) demonstrate feasibility of intervention delivery to older individuals with memory difficulties, and (ii) provide analyses of program efficacy using a pre-posttest, control group design. Participants (N = 45; Mage = 76.12) were randomized to the Life Story Book intervention or Waitlist Control. A Life Story Book Interview was developed, using five evidence-based principles of autobiographical memory. Personalized multimedia books were created and reviewed by participants for fourteen days. To assess feasibility, participants in the intervention completed a memory quality questionnaire and feedback survey. Those who reviewed Life Story Books reported improved memory quality pre-post intervention, t(22) = -2.39, p = .026. Participants also positively rated their intervention experience at post-test, (M = 4.46/5). All participants completed self-related questionnaires (e.g., self-continuity, self-esteem) at pretest-posttest. No measure showed significant effects. Our results represent a conundrum for researchers. We provide evidence of feasibility of, and participant enthusiasm for, this reminiscence-based intervention. As seen in the literature, however, (Elfrink et al., 2021), sensitivity to detect pretest-postest change remains a challenge. The current study highlights participants positive reactions to reminiscence-based Life Story Books. Findings are discussed in terms of methods for assessing intervention efficacy in individuals with memory decline.

Sleep disturbances in the memory clinic: Associations with clinical features and neuropsychological performance

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of sleep disturbances increases in ageing and may further increase in neurodegeneration. In a memory and cognition (MC) clinic setting, our study aims to: 1) determine the rates of various sleep disturbances including obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), short and long sleep duration, insomnia, sleep quality, and rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD); and 2) examine whether these sleep disturbances are associated with neuropsychological performance in older adults without dementia.MethodWe captured data between 2009 and 2022 from a MC clinic for older adults aged over 50 with new cognitive and/or mood concerns. Self‐reported history, pulse oximetry, and polysomnography (PSG) captured rates of OSA. Actigraphy (&gt;7 days) was used to measure sleep duration (defined short duration as &lt;6 hours and long duration as &gt;9 hours). Validated self‐report questionnaires were used to capture insomnia, sleep quality, and RBD. We examined group differences between those with and without sleep disturbances in the following cognitive composites: verbal learning and memory, processing speed, executive function, and language skills.ResultsWe recruited 1016 participants (mean age = 66.9 (SD = 9.0), mean MMSE = 28.3 (SD = 2.2), male = 436 (43%)). For rates of OSA, 15% (n = 152/1016) self‐reported history of OSA, 76% (n = 383/504) had OSA as classified by PSG, 84% (n = 115/137) had OSA as classified by pulse oximetry. From actigraphy data, 10% (n = 55/566) had short sleep and 5% (n = 29/566) had long sleep duration. From self‐report data, 15% (n = 85/579) had moderate or severe clinical insomnia, 61% (n = 544/893) reported having poor sleep quality, 10% (n = 56/579) had RBD. Individuals with OSA (from PSG) performed worse in verbal learning compared to those without OSA (p&lt;0.05). Individuals who had long sleep duration performed worse on both verbal learning (p&lt;0.05) and memory (p&lt;0.05) than those with short sleep and normal sleep duration. There were no other significant group differences in cognition outcomes, amongst the other sleep disturbance groups (p&gt;0.05).ConclusionIn MC clinics, there are very high rates of sleep disturbance in this at‐risk population. The large discrepancy in rates of OSA between self‐reported history and PSG suggests OSA is under‐diagnosed. Sleep disturbances may be associated with cognitive outcomes, in particular learning and memory.

Postmemory Twice: Poetic and Narrative Transformation in George Szirtes’s Biographies of His Mother

The Hungarian-born English contemporary poet George Szirtes has written several times about two traumas of his family history: the Holocaust, which both his parents survived, while several of their relatives perished, and the Revolution of 1956, which forced them into exile. My paper focuses on two major narratives about Szirtes’s mother: a cycle of poems “Metro” (1988) and a biography in prose The Photographer at Sixteen (2019). Exploring the differences in perspective and form as well as the similarities in themes and structure, I seek the answer to the questions how one’s own memories are intertwined with the past of the communities where one belongs; how these controversial sets of memories might lead to internal conflicts; and how the memory of one’s predecessors are being transformed by the process of the speaker’s own transformation in the time span of three decades. Investigating these aspects, I argue that Marianne Hirsch’s concept of postmemory not only proves to be instrumental in understanding several books by Szirtes better but also that Szirtes goes one step further than Hirsch by revealing how individual memory not only is embedded into and influenced by communal memory, but also is constructed in the form of family memories passed on from one generation to the next.

An interference model for visual and verbal working memory.

Research on working memory (WM) has followed two largely independent traditions: One concerned with memory for sequentially presented lists of discrete items, and the other with short-term maintenance of simultaneously presented arrays of objects with simple, continuously varying features. Here we present a formal model of WM, the interference model (IM), that explains benchmark findings from both traditions: The shape of the error distribution from continuous reproduction of visual features, and how it is affected by memory set size; the effects of serial position for sequentially presented items, the effect of output position, and the intrusion of nontargets as a function of their distance from the target in space and in time. We apply the model to two experiments combining features of popular paradigms from both traditions: Lists of colors (Experiment 1) or of nonwords (Experiment 2) are presented sequentially and tested through selection of the target from a set of candidates, ordered by their similarity. The core assumptions of the IM are: Contents are encoded into WM through temporary bindings to contexts that serve as retrieval cues to access the contents. Bindings have limited precision on the context and the content dimension. A subset of the memory set-usually one item and its context-is maintained in a focus of attention with high precision. Successive events in an episode are encoded with decreasing strength, generating a primacy gradient. With each encoded event, automatic updating of WM reduces the strength of preceding memories, creating a recency gradient and output interference. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

1 Efficacy of Digital and Non-Digital Compensatory Strategies in Supporting Prospective Memory Task Completion Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Objective:Compensatory strategies (CS) can assist in supporting everyday memory and functional independence. Digital compensatory strategies (e.g., calendar and notes apps) are being used more by older adults, but their effectiveness compared to paper-based strategies has been questioned due to their novelty and potential suitability. This study examined whether digital and non-digital strategies vary in quality and lead to accuracy differences in carrying out a set of real-world prospective memory (PM) tasks.Participants and Methods:Seventy community-dwelling older adults (Mage= 70.80, SD = 7.87) completed two testing sessions remotely from home via Zoom. Participants were presented four real-world PM tasks (packing for overnight trip, creating physical activity summary, paying bill by due date, and calling lab to leave message) and were encouraged to use their typical CS to support task completion. The type and quality of CS, as well as accuracy of PM task completion, were assessed using lab-developed coding schemas. Quality scores were on a 0-3 point scale per task step (maximum total score = 63), and accuracy scores were on a 0-4 point scale (maximum score = 16). Participants were differentiated into two groups: those who used at least one digital CS (40 participants) and those who did not use digital CS (30 participants). T-tests were examined for group differences in number of CS utilized, CS quality, and PM accuracy. Within each group, correlations between CS quality and PM accuracy were conducted. Group comparisons were also conducted for demographics, cognitive test performances, and questionnaires.Results:The technology group (M = 13.90, SD = 5.43) utilized significantly more strategies than the non-technology group (M = 9.50, SD = 4.12), t(68) = -3.71, p &lt; .05, d = 0.91, and the technology group’s strategies (M = 42.48, SD = 10.47) were significantly higher quality than the non-technology groups (M = 33.80, SD = 13.02), t(68) = -3.09, p &lt; .05, d = 0.73. However, the technology (M = 12.30, SD = 2.48) and non-technology (m = 11.87, SD = 3.16) groups completed the four PM tasks with equivalent accuracy, p &gt; .05. Correlational analyses revealed that higher quality strategies were associated with better PM performance for both the technology (r = .67, p &lt; .001) and the non-technology group (r = .71, p &lt; .001). Although the technology group reported higher comfort with technology, both groups reported comparable levels of quality of life and functional independence and performed similarly on cognitive tests. The technology group trended towards being younger and having a higher level of global cognitive status (p = .07), but there were no group differences in education level or premorbid verbal ability.Conclusions:Digital compensatory strategies resulted in higher CS quality scores and more strategies used, but there was no significant difference in PM accuracy scores between digital and non-digital CS. Regardless of technology use, using high quality CS supported real-world PM performance. Interventions that focus on improving the quality of compensatory strategies being utilized by older adults may enhance everyday functioning.