Setaria Italica Beauv Research Articles

Postulation of putative host differentials and pathotyping of Pyricularia setariae (Nishikado) causing leaf blast on foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv] in India

Postulation of putative host differentials and pathotyping of Pyricularia setariae (Nishikado) causing leaf blast on foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv] in India

Principal component analysis of foxtail millet accessions under rainfed condition

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv) is one of the earliest cultivated millet for grain, hay and silage. There is wide genetic diversity available in foxtail millet and characterization of available germplasm is a pre-requisite for the genetic improvement of any crop. Keeping the above fact in view 30 foxtail germplasm lines were evaluated during kharif 2020 and 2021 for morphological traits, stover yield, dry fodder yield and seed yield under rainfed conditions of Haryana. The results (based on pooled data of two years) revealed that enough variability was present among germplasm lines for further exploitation. High heritability and positive correlation was reported between traits like plant height, leaf length, leaf stem ratio, stover yield, grain yield etc. Principal component analysis also revealed that PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4 and PC5 contributed for 31.8%, 15.05%, 12.31%, 11.43% and 10.14%, respectively to the total variation. Five foxtail accessions viz., SEA8, SEA12, SEA48, SEJ184 and SEA37 were identified promising for yield and related traits under rainfed conditions of Haryana.

Exploring the Correlation between Yield Components and Nutrient Content in Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] Genotypes Subjected to Drought Stress Condition

The study evaluated 30 genotypes of foxtail millet at Millets Research Station Dholi, RPCAU, Pusa, during Kharif 2021. A randomized block design with three replications was used. Before selecting genotypes based on micronutrient content (Fe and Zn) for nutritional quality traits, it's crucial to understand their potential impact on yield. The study examined the relationships between quality traits and yield attributes in foxtail millet genotypes using a diverse range of genotypes. Correlation analysis under normal condition revealed positive relationships, particularly between panicle girth and number of productive tillers per plant, grain yield per plant and days to maturity, days to 50% flowering and iron content and days to 50% flowering and zinc content, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.307 to 0.333. This indicates that these traits collectively enhance plant productivity under favorable conditions. However, under drought conditions, the relationships shift. Grain yield per plant showed significant positive correlation only with days to 50% lowering and number of productive tillers per plant with panicle girth, with correlation coefficients of 0.315 and 0.314, respectively. Further, significantly negative correlation of days to maturity with number of productive tillers per plant, panicle girth and zinc content was observed. Similarly, days to 50% flowering was found negatively correlated with panicle girth. This suggests that under water stress, fewer traits positively influence yield, with panicle girth becoming a crucial factor in maintaining grain yield. This analysis highlights how environmental conditions affect the relationships between plant traits. Under normal conditions, a broader set of traits, including micronutrient levels, contribute to productivity. In contrast, under drought stress, the focus shifts to key traits like panicle girth, essential for resilience and yield stability. These insights can improve and speed up breeding programs aiming to enhance drought tolerance in crops, by prioritizing traits that significantly impact yield under adverse conditions.

Volatile Fingerprint and Differences in Volatile Compounds of Different Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica Beauv.) Varieties.

Aroma components in foxtail millet are one of the key factors in origin traceability and quality control, and they are associated with consumer acceptance and the corresponding processing suitability. However, the volatile differences based on the foxtail millet varieties have not been studied further. The present study was undertaken to develop the characteristic volatile fingerprint and analyze the differences in volatile compounds of 20 foxtail millet varieties by electronic nose (E-Nose), headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS), and headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). A total of 43 volatile compounds were tentatively identified in foxtail millet samples, 34 and 18 by GC-IMS and GC-MS, respectively. Aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones were the major volatile compounds, and the hexanal content was the highest. The characteristic volatile fingerprint of foxtail millet was successfully constructed. A total of 39 common volatile compounds were found in all varieties. The content of hexanal, heptanal, 1-pentanol, acetophenone, 2-heptanone, and nonanal were explored to explain the aroma characteristics among the different varieties, and different varieties can be separated based on these components. The results demonstrate that the combination of E-Nose, GC-IMS, and GC-MS can be a fast and accurate method to identify the general aroma peculiarities of different foxtail millet varieties.

The Effects of Meteorological Factors on Grain Yield of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica Beauv.) under Different Water Supply Conditions

Meteorological factors have significant impacts on crop yield. To account for the impact of meteorological factors on foxtail millet (Setaria italica Beauv.) production in different water conditions, a total of 38 collected varieties were grown in nine seasons from 2011 to 2020 (except 2016) under well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) conditions. The results showed that there was a large seasonal variation in GY; the variation ranged from 4.92 t ha−1 to 6.95 t ha−1 under the WW treatment and from 3.50 t ha−1 to 5.77 t ha−1 under the WS treatment. The impacts of meteorological factors on foxtail millet under the WW and WS treatments were different; sunshine duration during the whole stage, vegetative stage and reproductive stage had the greatest impact under the WW treatment, while under the WS treatment, sunshine duration and the diurnal temperature range during the whole stage and reproductive stage were the greatest impact factors on grain yield. This work could help us in high-yield foxtail millet cultivation and breeding.

Trait Selection for Yield Improvement in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica Beauv.) under Climate Change in the North China Plain

Weather factors and drought could impact the yield of foxtail millet, and varieties with traits that could alleviate the negative effects of deteriorating weather factors in the future should be developed. A total of 25 foxtail millet varieties were evaluated in experiments from 2016 to 2020 under well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) treatments. Future climate change might favor an increased temperature that impedes grain yield, so varieties with characters that are less sensitive to temperature change are preferred. Varieties with a high panicle dry-weight per plant, thousand grain weight, leaf area and water productivity in deep soil layer usually gave better grain production under both water treatments. Under the WW treatment, low grain abortion rate, optimal chlorophyll and canopy temperature and more roots in the upper soil layer could favor a high yield and drought resistance. Under the WS treatment, varieties with a high harvest index, low rate of water loss and more roots in the upper soil layer usually produced a high yield.

Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] over-accumulates ammonium under low nitrogen supply

Nitrogen (N) deficiency is a primary limiting factor for crop production worldwide. Previously, we reported root system architectural modifications of hydroponically cultured foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] to facilitate N translocation under N limitation. Here, we investigated foxtail millet for its shoot adaptation to low N in terms of internal N regulation under hydroponic culture. The results of this study revealed that the shoot N and nitrate (NO3−) concentrations significantly declined as compared to control (CK); however, the shoot over-accumulated ammonium (NH4+) under low N (LN). N shortage resulted in down-regulation of expressions of SiPetA, SiccsA, SipsbA, SirpoB, SipsaA, SiatpA, Sirps16, and SiPEPC which, undermined chloroplast functioning and CO2 assimilation for the provision of carbon skeleton. Carbon deficiency and lower activities of GS decelerated ammonia assimilation and led to over-accumulation of NH4+ in the LN-shoot, as indicated by lower concentrations of total amino acids. Thus, enhanced GOGAT activity was to assimilate NH4+ while, those of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) of NH4+ toxicity framework. The weakened chloroplast factory eventually minimized photosynthesis and reduced dry mass of the LN shoot. Such regulation of N by the shoot, perhaps, resurrected physiological functions which maintained internal mineral status under nitrogen limitation in foxtail millet.

Evaluation of drought tolerance in different genotypes of foxtail millet during the entire growth period

AbstractDrought significantly affects foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] yield, and its adverse effects can be mitigated via genetic improvement to generate drought‐tolerant varieties. This study aimed to screen drought‐tolerant materials and genes in foxtail millet germplasm resources to improve the efficiency of breeding for drought tolerance. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized incomplete block design (α‐lattice design) and repeated thrice with 30 foxtail millet genotypes treated under drought stress or normal water supply (control) for 2 yr. The agronomic traits and drought tolerance coefficient (DC) of each genotype were assessed during the entire growth period. The soil water environment and genotype significantly affected the indices. Moreover, the interaction between genotype and soil water environment significantly affected the growth traits of foxtail millet. A genotype plus genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot revealed mixed correlations among the DC indices. Various indices had different effects on the drought tolerance of foxtail millet. The drought tolerance performance and evaluation indices of foxtail millet were ranked according to the distance from the “ideal” drought tolerance genotype and index. The drought tolerance was classified into five categories according to the comprehensive evaluation index (D‐value) cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis showed that the plant height and spike weight could be used as indices for identifying drought tolerance identification in foxtail millet. The GGE biplot results were consistent with the results based on the D‐value. Therefore, multiple agronomic traits combined with D‐value as an evaluation parameter can effectively and accurately identify drought‐tolerant foxtail millet.

Fertilizer recommendation for foxtail millet based on yield response and nutrient accumulation

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) is an economically and nutritionally important crop grown primarily in Asian countries. However, optimal NPK fertilizer application rates and ratios have not been established for foxtail millet cultivation. In this study, a two years field experiment was conducted in typical warm-temperate sub-humid continental monsoon climate of brown soil, aimed to establish a rational nitrogen:phosphorus: potassium (N:P:K) ratio to improve foxtail millet production. Four N (0, 112.5, 225.0, and 337.5 kg ha−1), four P (0, 45.0, 90.0, and 135.0 kg ha−1), and four K (0, 75.0, 150.0, and 225.0 kg ha−1) fertilization rates were employed in fourteen different treatments. Crop yield, agronomic characteristics, and nutrient enrichment were evaluated. Crop yield was significantly influenced by the N:P:K ratio. The highest crop yield (3927.0 kg ha−1) was achieved with 112.5 kg ha−1 N, 90.0 kg ha−1 P, and 150.0 kg ha−1 K treatment. It was 68.8% higher than the control. The optimal N, P, and K application rates were 130.4–173.5, 83.5–103.8, and 133.4–153.2 kg ha−1, respectively. Crop yield was positively correlated with plant height, leaf length and width, kernel P and K, and chlorophyll. Rational fertilization improves foxtail millet yield and may be applied for the improvement of crop productivity and the mitigation of agricultural pollution.

Genetic variability and correlation studies for morphological and seed quality parameters in foxtail millet (Setaria italic (L.) Beauv.)

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) is one of the world’s oldest cultivated crops. It’s domestication and cultivation is estimated to have occurred over 4000 years ago (Chang, 1968). By virtue of it’s composition it is quite comparable to Rice and Wheat in it’s nutritive value. It has got fairly high proportion of crude protein (8.2%), minerals (6.7%), digestible protein (4.9%) and exceptionally higher fibre contents (25.3%). But, in India, the potentiality of foxtail millet is not yet exploited properly. Hence, the present investigation was conducted with 46 genotypes of Foxtail millet with an objective to study the genetic variability and correlation for morphological as well as seed quality parameters. Twenty-three characters were examined in the field for morphological and yield contributing traits while twelve parameters were examined in the laboratory for seed quality. The analysis of variance revealed significant variation among different genotypes. Most of the seed quality and field parameters recorded high estimates for broad sense heritability. All of the seed quality parameters exhibited positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation with each other. Based on studies it was concluded that all the genotypes included in the present study are having wide array of variation for different yield contributing traits as well as seed quality parameters. So, these genotypes could be further adopted for breeding improvement.

Weed management effect on weed growth and yield of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv

A field experiment was conducted during (rainy season) Kharif 2020 at wetland farm of S.V. Agricultural College, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India to study the effect of different pre-emergence herbicides alone or in combination with inter-cultivation on weeds growth and yield of foxtail millet. The predominant weed flora associated with foxtail millet was Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (42%), Cyperus rotundus L. (22%), Cucumis callosus (9%), Boerhavia erecta L. (6%), Commelina benghalensis L. (5%) and others (16%). The hand weeding (HW) twice at 20 and 40 days after seeding (DAS) resulted in lower density and biomass of all weeds with higher weed control efficiency, grain yield and benefit-cost ratio. Next best treatment was pre-emergence application of pretilachlor 500 g/ha or pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 15 g/ha followed by fb) inter-cultivation at 20 DAS. The decrease in grain and straw yield due to weeds in unweeded check was 63.42 and 26.95% respectively, compared to HW twice.

An investigation into the beneficial effects and molecular mechanisms of humic acid on foxtail millet under drought conditions.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of humic acid (HA) on foxtail millet (Setaria italica Beauv.) under drought conditions. The rainless climate of the Shanxi Province (37°42'N, 112°58'E) in China provides a natural simulation of drought conditions. Two foxtail millet cultivars, Jingu21 and Zhangza10, were cultivated in Shanxi for two consecutive years (2017–2018) based on a split-plot design. Plant growth, grain quality, and mineral elements were analyzed in foxtail millet treated with HA (50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg L-1) and those treated with clear water. Transcriptome sequencing followed by bioinformatics analysis was performed on plants in the normal control (CK), drought treatment (D), and drought + HA treatment (DHA) groups. Results were verified using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). HA at a concentration of 100–200 mg L-1 caused a significant increase in the yield of foxtail millet and had a positive effect on dry weight and root-shoot ratio. HA also significantly increased P, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mg content in grains. Moreover, a total of 1098 and 409 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in group D vs. CK and D vs. DHA, respectively. A protein-protein interaction network and two modules were constructed based on DEGs (such as SETIT_016654mg) between groups D and DHA. These DEGs were mainly enriched in the metabolic pathway. In conclusion, HA (100 mg L-1) was found to promote the growth of foxtail millet under drought conditions. Furthermore, SETIT_016654mg may play a role in the effect of HA on foxtail millet via control of the metabolic pathway. This study lays the foundation for research into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the alleviating effects of HA on foxtail millet under drought conditions.

The Assessment of Technology Millet (Setaria Italica (L) Beauv.) Based Multiple Cropping on Dry Land in Moluccas

Millet (Setaria italica (L) Beauv.) is classified as a cereal plant, potentially developed as an alternative food ingredient to support food self-sufficiency in the region and nationally. The study was carried in Waeperang, Lilialy Subdistrict, Buru Regency in 2017 with the aim of obtaining recommendation for technology package for millet-based double cropping that was able to increase productivity > 20%. The study was carried out with an adaptive approach, field trial approach, and dry land agroecosystem approach, using Randomized Block Design with four treatments and repeated five times (farmers as replications). Four treatments were tested, namely: (1) Technology of Existing Planting Pattern (Millet - Peanuts - Fallow), (2) Technology of Improved Farmer Planting Pattern (Millet + Corn - Peanuts - Fallow), (3) Technology of Introducing I Planting Pattern (Millet + Corn - Peanuts - Mungbeans) and (4) Technology of Introducing II Planting Pattern (Millet + Corn/Cassava - Peanuts - Mungbeans). The results of the study indicated that the multiple cropping pattern based on millet can increase productivity of millet compared to monoculture. Intercropping of millet, namely Introduction I Planting Pattern (C Pattern): Millet + Corn - Peanuts - Mungbeans and Introduction II Planting Pattern (D Pattern): Millet + Corn/Cassava - Peanuts - Mungbeans can increase the productivity of millet crops are 23.04% and 51.55%, respectively. Introduction D Pattern (Millet + Corn/Cassava - Peanuts - Mungbeans) can be recommended as a double cropping pattern on dry land in Moluccas, and support dimensions of a food security, i.e access, availability, utilization and stability of food.

In vitro polyploidy induction of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L) beauv) cv. buru hotong using colchicine treatment

In vitro polyploidy induction of foxtail millet (Setaria Italica (L.) Beauv) was done using callus from the basal leaf of 10-day old seedlings. Callus was treated using three different concentrations of colchicine (0, 125, 250 and 500 ppm) and two exposure times (24 and 48 hours). Results showed that colchicine declines the survival rate and the number of shots on all combinations. Putative polyploidy plant was produced on the combination of K3T1 (500 ppm colchicine; 24 hour exposure time). Based on field experiment data, putative polyploid plant has smaller characteristics in the term of plant height, the number of tillers, and number of seed per panicle than the diploid plant. However, leaf width, panicle length and diameter, seed size, and weight of 100 seeds of putative polyploid plant bigger than the diploid plant.

English

English

Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman Jewawut [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] pada Perlakuan Dosis Radiasi dengan Pengurangan Frekuensi Penyiraman untuk Seleksi Toleran Kekeringan

ABSTRACT Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] is one of potential cereal plants that can be developed as a source of carbohydrates in marginal and dry lands. The purpose of this study was to examine the tolerance to drought of foxtail millet accession of Buru Merah as a result of gamma radiation treatment. In this study, the seeds of the Buru Merah accession were treated with gamma ray at doses of 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 Gy. The established growing plants were then treated with different intervals of watering, which were every day (as control), 2 days, 4 days, and 6 days which were arranged in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The observed variables were increase plant height, increase of leaf number, leaf chlorophyll content, plant water potential and yields. The results revealed that the radiation treatment did not show any significant difference in the production of plant biomass. With radiation treatments of 0, 25, 50 and 100 Gy. and a two-day watering interval the plants can still maintain its water potential above -3 MPa and showing optimum growth. However radiation treatment resulted a significant difference in panicle production, especially between the radiation dose of 200 Gy. and others. The combination of 0-100 Gy. radiation treatment and 2-day watering interval produced plants with optimum panicle production. Keywords: drought, growth, millet, production, radiation, tolerant

Assessment of genetic diversity in Indian Italian millet genetic resources [Setaria Italica (L.) Beauv

Assessment of genetic diversity in Indian Italian millet genetic resources [<i>Setaria Italica</i> (L.) Beauv

Short Communication: Evaluation of drought tolerance indices for genotype selection of foxtail millet (Setaria italica)

Lapuimakuni S, Khumaida N, Ardie SW. 2018. Evaluation of drought tolerance indices for genotype selection of foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Trop Drylands 2: 37-40. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv) is one of underutilized crop grown for its nutritious grain and its relative tolerance to drought stress. Although foxtail millet has been reported as to be relatively tolerant to drought stress, the drought tolerance level of this crop is varied between genotypes. Thus, breeding approaches to develop drought-tolerant foxtail millet variety is of great importance. This study aimed to: (i) evaluate several drought tolerance indices to determine one or more predictors among studied indices, and (ii) identify the drought tolerance level of the evaluated foxtail millet genotypes. Eight foxtail millet genotypes were planted in a greenhouse with a completely randomized design and five replications under both drought and normal watering conditions. Staggered planting was applied to synchronize flowering time. Water was withheld for 15 days during the flowering period, and then plants were re-watered until harvest time. Multiple indices for drought tolerance were calculated based on the potential yield (Yp) under non-stress and yield (Ys) under stress conditions. Based on the correlation, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis, yield index (YI) and harmonic mean (HM) were considered the best indices for the selection of drought-tolerant foxtail millet genotypes. By using the best indices, two foxtail millet genotypes (ICERI-5 and ICERI-6) were considered as drought tolerant genotypes.

Carotenoid composition and expression of biosynthetic genes in yellow and white foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv

Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv], an important minor crop in semi-arid regions of Northern China, is valued for its flavor, color and nutrition. In order to understand the relationship between carotenoid accumulation and expression of related genes in foxtail millet, two contrasting varieties were studied. 'Jingu21', which produces yellow millet and 'Zhisheng', white millet, were analyzed for the accumulation and composition of millet carotenoids and for the expression profiles of genes involved in their metabolism.The total yellow pigment content in Jingu21 was 19.23 mg kg−1 due to the high levels of lutein (13.58 mg kg−1) and zeaxathin (3.77 mg kg−1), whereas Zhisheng contained only 2.01 mg kg−1 with 0.81 mg kg−1 lutein and 0.22 mg kg−1 zeaxathin. The expression patterns of 14 carotenoid-related genes at different grain maturing stages indicated that the marked differences in the accumulation of carotenoids in foxtail millet might be explained by the continued up-regulation of SiPSY1 accompanied by the significant down-regulation of SiCCD1 in Jingu21.

Role of activated charcoal and amino acids in developing an efficient regeneration system for foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) using leaf base segments.

An efficacious, reproducible direct in vitro regeneration system has been developed from leaf base segments (LBs) of six high yielding genotypes of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.). LBs excised from 4-day-old seedling were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different types and concentrations of cytokinins. The shoots induced per explant significantly increased with the supplementation of BAP to auxin containing medium. The results showed that a maximum shoot induction, 58.8% was obtained on MS medium incorporated with 8.9µM BAP and 2.7µM NAA in 'CO5' genotype. Further, the highest frequency of multiple shoots was produced on MS(I) medium containing 8.9µM BAP, 2.7µM NAA, 700mgL-1 proline, 0.5mgL-1 cysteine, 2.0mgL-1 glycine and 150mgL-1 arginine. MS(I) medium additionally fortified with 5.0g L-1 activated charcoal (AC) was found to achieve the best precocious plant regeneration. Elongated shoots were rooted on half-strength MS medium amended with 2.9µM IAA and achieved maximum root number (8.7) within 10days. Rooted plantlets were acclimated in soil with 92% survival rate. Molecular marker analysis of in vitro regenerated and field grown plants revealed no somaclonal variations. Briefly, amino acids and activated charcoal could significantly enhance the foxtail millet direct multiple shoot proliferation and plant regeneration. Here we report, a short-term, genotype independent, direct plant regeneration protocol for future genetic transformation studies in foxtail millet genotypes.